Kumalungelo omphakathi, ukuqoqwa kobufakazi ngokuvamile kuyisici esisodwa esinqumayo esithinta umphumela wecala. Ubufakazi bungafakazela noma buphikise ukusho kokucwaswa kobandlululo, ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, noma ukwephulwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Inqubo lapho ubufakazi butholakala khona, nokho, ilawulwa imithetho eqinile engokomthetho, ephakeme phakathi kwabo imfuneko engokomthetho. Abanqobi basebenza njengendawo yokuhlola yomthetho, beqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho nezithunywa zikahulumeni aziwunyathinti inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye lapho beqoqa ubufakazi. Ngakho ukuqonda indlela izimfuneko zokuthola ubufakazi ezingokomthetho ezimelelwe emacaleni elungelo ezakhamuzini zamalungelo abantu kubaluleke ngayo kubameli, abameleli, abameleli, nanoma ubani okhathalela ubuqotho besimiso sobulungisa.

Ukuqonda Izimfuneko Ezinhle

Imvume iwumyalo ongokomthetho okhishwa umahluleli noma imantshi ongathathi hlangothi ogunyaza umthetho ukuba uqhube ukuseshwa, uphange impahla noma uboshe. Isisekelo sezimfuneko zokugunyazwa siseSichibiyelweni Sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, othi:

“Ilungelo labantu lokuphepha kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, ngokuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka, ngeke liphuzwe, futhi akukho maWarrant azakuphuma, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, asekelwe u-Oath noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo okumelwe ihlolwe, nabantu noma izinto ezithinjwe.”

Lokhu kulungisa kumisa izimiso ezimbili eziyisisekelo: okokuqala, ukuphenya nokuquleka kumelwe kube “nokuqonda”; okwesibili, okugunyaza ukuthi ubufakazi buyinqubo ejwayelekile yokuqinisekisa ukuba nengqondo. Ukuze uthole isiqinisekiso, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kumelwe kubonise imbangela [[] [inkolelo enengqondo, esekelwe ebufakazini obuyiqiniso, ukuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa noma ukuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu bukhona endaweni ethile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiqinisekiso kumelwe sibe ngokwengxenye: kumelwe sisho ukuthi ukuphesha kuzoba khona nokuthi yiziphi izinto noma abantu bangabanjwa. Lokhu kuyimfuneko kuvimbele izithiso ezivamile, ukuhlola okuvamile, ukuhlola okuvamile, ukuhlola okubhekiselwa “ngokwezinto ezingekho yimfihlo.[FLT]

Ngokomlando, imfuneko isukela emuva kumthetho wesiNgisi ovamile nasekwenqabeni kwamakoloni “ukunikezwa kosizo,” okwavumela iziphathimandla zaseBrithani ukuba zihlole amakhaya ngaphandle kwesizathu esiqondile. Abakhi beSichibiyelo seSine sazihlomisela ukuqapha ukuxhashazwa okunjalo, ukwenza isiqinisekiso somthetho wenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Kulokhu, imvume ihlala iyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokulinganisela ukugcinwa komthetho ngokuvikela komthetho, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zamalungelo omphakathi lapho izigxobo-"inkululeko, ukulingana, nesithunzi.

Umphumela Wezimfuneko Ezinamandla Embusweni

Izimfuneko eziqinile zimisa ukuqoqwa kobufakazi ezicaleni zamalungelo abantu ngezindlela eziningi ezibucayi. Uma ukugcinwa komthetho kunamathela ezinqubweni ezifanele, ubufakazi obutholakalayo bungathandeka futhi bumelane nezinselele zomthetho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwehluleka ukuthola isiqinisekiso (nesithi) sokuncika ezivumelwaneni ezingagunyaziwe ) kululaza sonke isisekelo esisobala secala.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukuba Ngokomthetho Nokungavumelani Nezomthetho

Imiphumela eqondile iwumthetho owenqabelayo , ophethe ukuthi ubufakazi obutholakele ngokwephulwa kweSichibiyelo sesine ngokuvamile abunakusetshenziswa ezinkantolo zomthetho nakweminye imibango. Lomthetho wamiswa ngokudume kakhulu yiNkantolo Ephakeme [Ohio [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [[3] [1961], owenyusela ukukhishwa kwemithetho yecala ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Emacala elungelo lomphakathi, ukubekwa kwemithetho yecala nokugcinwa komthetho ukuze kutholakale imvume uma kudingeka, ukwazi ukuthi ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ebufakazini obuyisihluthulelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuncintisana nokuncintisana phakathi nezikhali zomgwaqo, uma izikhululiwe noma izikhulumijovo ezingekho ezigunyaziwe, noma izikhulu zezidakamizwa ezingekho ezimeleni ezimele ukukhishwa ngaphandle.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Ezakhamuzi Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Izimfuneko eziqinile ziwavikela ngokuqondile amalungelo abantu, okuyinkinga enkulu ekuhlaziyweni kwamalungelo omphakathi. Ngaphandle kwemvume, amanxusa kahulumeni angase afune amakhaya, amahhovisi, noma izimoto ezisekelwe ekusoleni noma ekucwaseni. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yagcizelela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi imfuneko ingu “bulhark” ekuhlaseleni okungahloniphiyo okungadingekile ( Katz v. United States, 1967]). Ekwahluleleni komphakathi (ngokuthi labo abafuna i-profilphile noma okungavumelekile ) ukuphenya noma ukungabi namthetho womthetho ngokuvamile kuba yindaba eyinhloko. Uma izikhulu ziqhuba ukupheka ngaphandle kwemvume, izikhulu zingaphikisa ukuthi amalungelo azo ehlanekelelwa ngokwezine, zisho ukuthi amalungelo azo omphakathi.

Ukulinganisela Izinga Lokuhlola

Isivumelwano esibekwe kahle silinganisela izinga lokufuna indawo eqondile nezinto ezichazwe. Lokhu kuyimfuneko kuvimbela ukugcinwa komthetho ekuqhubeni imingcele ebanzi, ukuphenya ngokungakhethi okungase kuthathe umsebenzi ovikelwe ngokuyikho, njengokuhlela kwezombangazwe, ukukhulekela, noma ukubhikisha okungokomthetho. Ezimweni zamalungelo omphakathi ezihilela ukuhlasela kwamaqembu abavukeli, ukuncintisana komthetho kungaphikiswa ngokusheshiswa. Uma amaphoyisa ethatha izinto ezingahlelwanga emfunweni, lezozinto zingakhishwa, futhi izisulu zona ngokwazo zingaba ukwaphulwa okuzimele komthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, Zurcher v.[Daily [31] [31] [3] [3:] [31] [36] [3] [31] [36]] [37] [3]] (umanye kamuva kulungiswe i-Active Act of the short ofs of

Ukuhlukaniswa Nezimfuneko Ezinhle

Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesine ngokuvamile sifuna imvume, izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela iziphakamiso eziningana ezimiswe kahle.

Usizo

Uma umuntu evuma ngokuzithandela ukuseshwa, akukho mvume edingekayo. Imvume kumelwe inikezwe ngokukhululekile, ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa noma ukukhohliswa. Izindaba zemvume zivame ukuvela ezicabeni zamalungelo omphakathi, ikakhulukazi lapho amaphoyisa evuma phakathi nokuma kwezimoto noma ezindlini eziphansi noma emiphakathini emincane. Izinkantolo zihlola ingqikithi yezimo zokunquma ukuthi imvume ingeyokuzithandela ngempela. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu e scloth v. Bustamonte [773]) zikholelwa ukuthi ukumangalelwa akudingenzeki ukufakazela ukuthi umuntu uyazi ukuthi unelungelo lokwenqaba. Lokhu kwenza abantu abangazi ukuthi bangazi ukuthi bangena amalungelo abo. Ngokukancane amalungelo omphakathi avamile avamile ayaba.

Umbono Ongamanga

Ngaphansi kombono ocacile, ukugcinwa komthetho kungathatha ubufakazi ngaphandle komthetho uma busobala phakathi nokuhlola okungokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isikhulu sidonsa imoto ngokomthetho ukuze sonakale imoto futhi sibone isikhali esihlalweni somgibeli, bangasithatha ngaphandle kwemvume. Nokho, lemfundiso ifuna ukuba isikhulu sivele ngokomthetho endaweni esobala futhi ukuba isimo esisobala salento sibonakale ngokushesha. Ngezinye izikhathi amalungelo abantu abekela inselele umbono ocacile wesithuthwane, athi ukuqaphela kokuqala kwalesi sikhulu kwakungavunyelwe ngokomthetho.

Izimo Ezibi

Uma kunesimo esiphuthumayo .Kukho isimo esiphuthumayo — njengasengozini eseduze yokulimala, ukufunwa okukhulu komcabango, noma ukubhujiswa kobufakazi − abaqondisi bangangena ekhaya noma bathathe ubufakazi ngaphandle kwemvume. Izimo ezisobala zisobala futhi ziphikisane. Kumalungelo omphakathi, abamangali bangase baphikise ngokuthi izikhulu ezithi ziphuthumayo zavela noma zeqiniswe kakhulu ukuze zithethelele ukuphenywa okungenamthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, Brigham v. Sturt[FLT][2001] [200], iNkantolo Ephakeme isekele ukungena okungenagunyaziwe lapho izikhulu zizwa ukulwa ngaphakathi ekhaya. Kodwa uma izimo zisobala ukuthi izikhulu zisho ubufakazi obungenasisekelo obuqondile.

Ezinye Izici Eziphawulekayo

Ezinye izenzakalo zihlanganisa ukuphenya izenzakalo zokubopha (izikhulu ezivumela ukuba zihlole umuntu oboshiwe nendawo eseduze ukuze kutholakale izikhali noma ubufakazi obungakhohlakali), izimoto ezingekho ngaphandle (ovuma ukuphenywa kwezimoto ngaphandle kwesizathu esilindelekile), kanye nokuphenywa kwemingcele (ukuvumela ukuphenywa kwemingcele yomhlaba wonke ngaphandle kwemvume). Ukuphenya ngakunye kunezici ezingokomuntu futhi kuvame ukudlala emacaleni amalungelo abantu. Ngokwesibonelo, imoto engaphandle kwemoto ivame ukuvela emacaleni ahlukene phakathi nezindlela zezimoto ezihambayo, lapho isikhulu sithethelela khona izaba zokufuna [1] → → → → imvume.

Ukuphoqelela Amacala Amalungelo Omphakathi

Ukuhlanganiswa kwezimfuneko ezigunyaziwe nobufakazi obuqoqwe kunemiphumela ejulile yempumelelo yokufuna amalungelo omphakathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ummangalelwa umangalelwa ngonya lwamaphoyisa, ukuboshwa kwamanga, noma ubandlululo, ukuhluleka kobufakazi (* kanye nokufaneleka kwamacala atholakalayo) kwenza noma kuphule icala.

Umthetho Owukuqeda Izwe Njengekhambi

Umthetho ohlukanisayo ungenye yezindlela ezinamandla kakhulu zokunqanda ukuphulwa kweSichibiyelo sesine ekwaphukeni kwezemthetho nasemongweni wezakhamuzi. Emacaleni amalungelo omphakathi alethwa ngaphansi kuka-42 U.S.C. ngo1998, abakhohlisi bangafuna izingozi zokuphehlwa kwemithetho engekho emthethweni nokuqubuka. Umthetho wokuhlukanisa awusebenzi ngokuqondile ezinzweni zokulimaza umphakathi, kodwa ukwephulwa komthetho okungaphansi kwemithetho kuyakha izimpikiswano eziphoqelele ukuthi umthetho awudingi ngokomthetho ngaphandle kwecala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ukuphenya okungekho sisekelo kungaholela ekumangalelweni kobugebengu kamuva ngenxa yokucinezelwa kobufakazi, isukelo olulandelayo lungase luqiniswe. Ukuqonda izimfuneko zomthetho kusiza abameli ukuba bahlule ukugcinwa komthetho ongokomthetho ukuba bahlule ukugcinwa kwezenzo zabo.

Ithonya Endleleni Yokuphehla Imilomo

Kubameli abamele izikhundla zokugcinwa komthetho, ukunamathela ngokuqinile ezimisweni ezigunyaziwe kubalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi. Isiqinisekiso esitholakele ngokufanelekile `isizathu esilindelekile nesizathu esikhethekile ```izikhulu ezimangalelwayo ngokungafanele.' Ngokuphambene, ukuhluleka ukuthola isiqinisekiso noma ukuthembela empendulweni enephutha kuveza izinhlangano ezinecala. Emacalani aphakeme, njengalabo abavela ekuvivivinyeni noma ekuhlaseleni amaphoyisa, imininingwane yemvume (noma ukuntula kwayo) iba izintambo zomphakathi nezindaba ezibonisa ukuthi ihlelwe yize.

Izinselele Eziwubufakazi Bezinombolo

Inkathi yezibalo ifake izingqimba ezintsha zobunkimbinkimbi ukuze kugunyazwe izimfuneko. Ukuhlola omakhalekhukhwini, amacomputer, kanye nokwaziswa okusemafwini kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi yini edinga "uphendlo” nokuthi isilinganiso sini esingakanani esidingekayo. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esingokomlando i-Raliy v. [ [i-California] (i-2009]] [i-Promply ikholelwa ukuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola okuqukethwe yingcingo yocingo yomthunja, iqaphela ukuthi ama-makhalekhukhwini amaningi. [indlela yesimanje] e-FTPT] ephethe ama-athonsigcom'. [iexternet]] [2] ku-'intenet proced proced mes mential mes mes mediat mediams providials travolution, providial providial

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yamaqembu Angokomthetho

Ezikhulwini ezingokomthetho ezisingatha amacala alwela amalungelo abantu, kudingeka le mikhuba elandelayo:

  • Phezulisa izicelo ezifuna i-'[FLT''''''''''' hlola ukuthi i-affidavit esekelayo itholakele imbangela okungenzeka nokuthi indinganiso ikhethekile yini.
  • [ Ukusesha okungenasiqinisekiso: thola ukuthi ikhona yini okungamukeleki futhi uphikise ukuthi kungani ingawafanelani amaqiniso.
  • Akha uketango lwelungelo lokuhlala:[ Ngisho noma isiqinisekiso sifanelekile, ukuphatha ubufakazi kungaphikiswa.
  • Ufakazi abangochwepheshe: Izazi zeSichibiyelo sesine noma ukugcinwa komthetho kwangaphambili kunganikeza ubufakazi ngobulula bokuhlola.
  • Izenzo zokucindezela amafayela kusenesikhathi: Emicimbini yobugebengu eyandulela noma isudi elifanayo, ukucindezelwa kwakuqala kungabumba lonke icala.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwezimfuneko Ezinganqamuki

Ukuqonda indawo yamanje kudinga ukubheka kafushane ukuthi izimfuneko zemvume ziye zavela kanjani. Umthetho wesiNgisi wavamile wawudinga imvume yokusesha, kodwa kwakuyizifekethiso zaseMelika ezazama ukunikeza incazelo eqondile. Isichibiyeli sesine sasiyimpendulo eqondile “izinto zosizo.” Ekhulwini lama-20, iNkantolo Ephakeme yafaka iSichibiyelo sesine ngokumelene nezifunda (] Walf v. Colorado], [[FLT:]]Met.[OUFLT]] v.[OUFLT:]], [[FLT]], 1961]) umthetho wagunyazwa, futhi imfuneko yaba isici esiyinhloko senqubo yobugebengu zaseMelika.

Kumalungelo omphakathi, ukwanda kweNkantolo yaseWarren ekuthatheni umthetho ohluliwe kanye nokusungulwa kwamakhambi ngaphansi kwesigaba 1983 kwanikeza abantu amathuluzi anamandla okubekela inselele yokungavunyelwe ngokomthetho. Kamuva izinkantolo, kuhlanganise neRehnquist ne Roberts Courts, ziye zaqopha umthetho wokuzihlukanisa ngaphandle futhi zalinganisela umthetho ezicini ezithile (umz., United States v. Leon, 1984, zimisa itshe lika-Rehnquist nomthetho we-Reastment. Nokho imfuneko ihlala iyitshe lomthetho we-Reformation Reversidential.

Isiphetho

Izimfuneko eziqinile azizona nje izinqubo zobuhlakani; ziyisivikelo esiyisisekelo senkululeko, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zamalungelo omphakathi. Zinquma indlela obungaqoqwa ngayo ubufakazi, obungakholeki, futhi ekugcineni ukuthi ubulungisa buyanikezwa yini. Ku-Plactiff, ukuqonda umehluko wezimfuneko ze-arhente kungasho umehluko phakathi kwezwi eliphumelelayo necala elilahliwe. Kumthetho kanye nochwepheshe bezomthetho, ukuvumelana nalezi zimfuneko kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukwethenjwa nokulondoloza izindinganiso zomthetho.

Njengoba kuvela intuthuko nezindaba ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, imfuneko egunyaziwe izoqhubeka iguquka. Izenzakalo ezifana ne Ikharcenter kanye ne .I-Riley[ ibonisa ukuthi i-judicary izimisele ukuvumelanisa izimiso zeSijikelezo sesine namaqiniso anamuhla. Ama-Attorney ayazi kahle le zimfundiso ahlonyiselwa kangcono ukuvikela amalungelo omphakathi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi iqoqosho yobufakazi luhlala luphumelela futhi lusemthethweni.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-Cornell Legal Information Institute ukucaciswa kweSichibiyelo Sesine , i-ACLU’s imithombo yokusesha nokuthatheka [, kanye ne-[FLT]U.S. izisekelo zemfundo zeSimemezelo se-Creen .S.