Isisekelo Samalungelo Omphakathi ESociety Democratic

Amalungelo omphakathi asebenza njengesisekelo esingokomthetho nesokuziphatha sanoma yisiphi idemokrasi esebenzayo. Aqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki isizinda, uthola ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho futhi unethuba lokuhlanganyela ngokugcwele ekuphileni komphakathi. Ngaphandle kwesimiso esiqinile samalungelo omphakathi, izimiso zobulungisa, inkululeko, nokulingana kwemibuso yokubusa kwentando yeningi. /ukungalingani kwe-demokratistiki. Kubafundi, othisha, nezakhamuzi eziboshweni, amalungelo omphakathi awayona nje indlela yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo; kuyisidingo esiwusizo sokulawula imingcele yomphakathi yanamuhla nokuvikela izinhlangano ezivikela inkululeko yethu.

Ngaphakathi, amalungelo omphakathi angabantu anelungelo lokwamukela ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo noma ukukhululeka ekuphathweni ngokungafanele noma ekucwaseni ngezindlela eziningi, kuhlanganise nemfundo, umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, indawo yomphakathi, nokuvota. Ahlukile kumalungelo abantu bonke, azuzwe emhlabeni wonke, kodwa amalungelo omphakathi ahlangene ngokuqondile nezimiso ezingokomthetho zezizwe. E-United States, lamalungelo ahlanganiswe eMthethweni womthetho, ikakhulukazi ngokuqeda izivumelwano ezinjengale 13, 14, neshumi nanye, nezindululo ze-15, kanye nomthetho owesizwe ofana nomthetho we-Octal Rights ka-Oct ka-649. [UFLD] [UFU:] .[FU.]

Okwenza Amalungelo Omphakathi Abe Yindaba: Imisebenzi Yamalungelo Kahulumeni Nezinzuzo

Amalungelo omphakathi awayona imiqondo engaqondakali; anemiphumela ephathekayo ekuphileni kwabantu kwansuku zonke kanye nasempilweni yomphakathi wonke. Akha isisekelo somthetho esivimbela izinhlangano ezinamandla (enokuba nguhulumeni, izinhlangano, noma abantu ngabanye) emikhubeni yokubeka ubandlululo. Nansi imisebenzi eyinhloko efezwa amalungelo omphakathi esigungwini sombuso wentando yeningi:

Lemisebenzi ibonisa ukuthi amalungelo omphakathi awayona isithakazelo esikhethekile noma impikiswano ehlukanisayo; ayiyomfuneko yentando yeningi enempilo, esebenzayo.

Uhambo Olungokomlando: Izinhlangano Eziyinhloko Nomthetho

Umlando wamalungelo abantu uyindaba yokulwa, ukuzidela, nentuthuko engokwengeziwe. Ukuqonda lomlando kubalulekile ekuqapheleni ukuthi sifike kude kangakanani nokuthi umsebenzi ungakanani osele. Nakuba ngokuvamile kugxile kokuhlangenwe nakho kwaseMelika, izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi ziye zenzeka embulungeni yonke, ngayinye inezici nempumelelo yayo eyingqayizivele.

INhlangano Yamalungelo Omphakathi YaseMelika (1950s - 1960)

Inkathi kusukela phakathi kwawo-1950 kuya ekupheleni kwawo-1960 imelela isikhathi esipholile ekulweleni ukulingana e-United States. Lenhlangano, eyaqala emakhulwini eminyaka ukumelana nobugqila nokwahlukaniswa kukaJim Crow, yasebenzisa ukubhikisha okungenabudlova njengecebo layo eliyinhloko. Izehlakalo eziyinhloko zaguqula isimo esingokomthetho nesezenhlalo sesizwe:

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Lesi sinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme sihlangene sasisula lesi "sihlukene kodwa silingana" imfundiso esungulwe ePlesby v. Ferguson (1896). INkantolo yamemezela ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwakuphula iSivikelo Esilinganayo sika Claus seSigqibelo se 14 seSiphendulo. Lesinqumo sasiwukunqoba okungokomthetho okukhulu okwafaka i-Civigation Rights Movement, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwabhekana nokuphikisa okukhulu ezizweni eziningi.
  • iMontgomery Bus Boycott (1955 956): yaboshwa uRosa Parks ngenxa yokwenqaba ukunikela isihlalo sakhe kumgibeli omhlophe, le nsizwa yosuku lwangu-381 enganakiwe esimisweni sebhasi sedolobha yaba yisibonelo sokubhikisha okungenabudlova. Yaqondiswa umfundisi osemusha okuthiwa uMartin Luther King Jr., umfana waphetha ngokuboshwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme eyayikhipha umthetho owenziwe ngamabhasi amhlophe. Yabonisa amandla omnotho nezenzo ezikhuthayo ezikhuthayo.
  • UMarch eWashington (1963): Abantu abangaphezu kuka 250 000 babuthene eSikhumbuzweni saseLincoln ukuze babonise lokhu kwenzekile. Kwakulapha lapho uMartin Luther King Jr. anikeza khona inkulumo yakhe ewuphawu lwesithombe "Nginephupho", ebona ikusasa lapho abantu babezokwahlulelwa khona ngokuqukethwe yikho, hhayi ngebala lesikhumba sabo. Ukuhamba kwathonya ngokuqondile ukudlula komthetho we-Oviliv Act ka-1964 kanye neSivumelo Samalungelo Abantu sonyaka ka-1965.
  • Umthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1942: Lomthetho omkhulu wavimbela ubandlululo olusekelwe ohlazweni, ebala, enkolweni, ebulilini, noma ekudalweni kwesizwe. Wawenqabela ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo zomphakathi, ukucwaswa okungekho emthethweni emsebenzini, futhi wasungula i-Ouncil Accounting Commission (EOC). Umthetho uhlala ungenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zomthetho wamalungelo abantu emlandweni waseMelika.
  • I-Voting Rights Act ka-65: Ngemva kwezenzakalo zobudlova ze "ngeSonto" eSelma, e-Alabama, loMthetho wenqabela ukucwaswa kohlanga ekuvotelweni. Yasusa imingcele eminingi eyayisetshenziselwa ukususa ama-Afrika aseMelika, njengokuhlola ukufunda nokukhokha intela yokukhokha. I-Act yayiyimpendulo eqondile ezimisweni zezenzo ze-misuka yotshani ye-Chubel Activeisms nenkokheli ephawulekayo yandisa ukubhalisa nokuhlanganyela kwamavota abaNsundu.

Izinkampani Zamalungelo Omphakathi Embulunga Yonke

Ukulwela amalungelo ezakhamuzi akuyona impi ekhethekile e-United States. Emhlabeni wonke, izinhlangano ziye zabekela inselele ukucindezela futhi zafuna ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, umzabalazo olwa ne-applitheid eNingizimu Afrika walwa amashumi eminyaka nesimiso sokuhlukanisa ngokohlanga nobandlululo, okwakunzima ngisho nangaphezu kwemithetho ye-Melika. Abaholi abanjengo-Nelson Mandela, Desmond Tutu, noStence Biko bahola izinhlangano zezinhlangano zezisebenzi, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, nezihlangene zomhlaba wonke ukuba ziphelise ubandlululo, ngokulandelana kukhetho lwentando yentando yentando yeningi ka 1994. Ngokufanayo, inhlangano yeze-India ngaphansi kwe-Mahat Gas Gandhindhianism, ekhuthaza ngokuqondile ukusetshenziswa kokungalaleli kwemizwa kwezizwe eMelika. Ukuqonda lokhu kuthuthukisa ukwazisa kwethu amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke njengawo wonke. [Intevotion:][0]

Izinselele Zamalungelo Omphakathi Esikhathi Esidlule

Naphezu kokunqoba okungokomlando kwesikhathi esidlule, ukulwela amalungelo omphakathi akukapheli. Ngezindlela eziningi, indawo yempi isishintshile, futhi ikhona intuthuko entsha. Izindaba zanamuhla zamalungelo omphakathi zivame ukuhleleka, zicashile, futhi zigxile kakhulu ezimisweni zomphakathi. Ukuqonda ngokujulile lezinselele kubalulekile ekukhuliseni izakhamuzi ezinolwazi nozwela.

Ukungabi Nabulungisa Kobuhlanga Nokungalingani Kwezimiso

Ubandlululo lobuhlanga lusaqhubeka ngezindlela eziningi. Kulolu hlelo lokwahlulela lobugebengu, ucwaningo lubonisa njalo ukuthi abantu abanemibala ehlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi abantu abamnyama nabane-Latino, cishe banqanyulwa, bahlolwa, baboshwa, futhi bagwetshwe izijeziso eziqinile kunabelungu ngenxa yezenzo ezifanayo. Isenzakalo sokugqunywa kwabantu abaningi sichazwa ngokuthi "Jim Musha Conrow" yizazi ezinjengoMichellette Alexander, eziqokomisa indlela isimiso sobulungisa sobugebengu esithuthukisa ngayo isigaba sobuhlanga. Ezindaweni zokuhlala nemisebenzi, izigaba zengcebo ziyaqhubeka zanda, futhi izikhawu zeze zezehlakani eziqinile phakathi kwamaqembu ezinhlanga ziklanyelwe ukubhekana nezinselele ezingokomlando nenkulumo yomphakathi. Inhlangano ye-Black Live Matter Matter, eyaqala ngayo ukusabela ekubulaleni amaphoyisa, iye yaletha ukunakekela okuvusekukhuliswa futhi yabangela ukuxoxisana ngezingxoxo zezinhlanga ngezizwe ngezingxoxo zembulunga yonke.

Ukulingana Kwezinhlanga Negebe Eliyinzuzo

Nakuba kuye kwenziwa intuthuko enkulu emalungelweni abesifazane kusukela ezinhlangano zamalungelo abesifazane zekhulu lama-20, ukungalingani kwabesifazane kusalokhu kugxilile. Igebe labesifazane likhokha, nakuba lilincane, lisabona abesifazane bethola imali elinganiselwa kumaR52 ngemali ngayinye etholwa amadoda, ngisho nakakhudlwana kakhulu ngabesifazane bemibala. Ukuhlukumezana ngokobulili nokuhlasela, okuqokonyiswe yi-# MeToo, ukudalula ukuphatha kabi emsebenzini kanye nokungalingani kwamandla okukuvumela ukuba kuqhubeke. Umvuzo wempilo yezokuzala, kuhlanganise nokukhipha inzalo, kuphikisana kakhulu namalungelo omphakathi, kanye nezimpi eziqhubekayo zezentengo zomthetho ezizweni nakwezingamele. I-IX yezemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo ka-1971 iyaqhubeka iyithuluzi eligxekayo lokulwa kwezelule ukucwa kwezeluleko olungokwezentengovu yemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo, kodwa iyaqhubeka ilokhu ivimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela kweze.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo nokwamukelwa kwezenhlalo

Ukulwela i-LGBTQ + amalungelo kufinyelele ukunqoba okuphawulekayo, kuhlanganise nokuqashelwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme ngomshado oxubile eObergefell v. Hodges (2015) kanye nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo emisebenzi ngaphansi kweSihloko se-ViI soMthetho we-Civil Rights (Bostock v. Clayton County, 2020). Nokho, ukucwaswa kwecala kuyaphikelela, ikakhulukazi ngokumelene no-transgergender abantu ngabanye. Amazwe amaningi aye amisa noma ahlongoza imithetho ehlongoza ukudlulisa intsha, evimbela ukufinyelela ekunakekeleni impilo nokuhlanganyela kwezemidlalo esikoleni. Ukwelashwa okulahlwa kakhulu yizinhlangano zezokwelapha, kuhlala kusemthethweni emigabeni eminingi. Ubudlova ngokumelene neLGTQ+ ikakhulukazi abesifazane abadlulisa umbala, kuhlala kuyinto ethusayo. Advoces amaqembu aqhubekisela phambili ukucwa kweze ukufaneleka kwezelulekwa ngokwesiko komthetho wezomthetho wezomthetho wezomthetho.

Ukumemezela Amalungelo Nokutholakala Kwawo

Ukuqamba kuyilungelo elibaluleke kakhulu embusweni wentando yeningi ka-1965, kodwa ukukwazi ukufinyelela ebhokisini le-colot kusalokhu kuyimpikiswano yamalungelo omphakathi. Ngemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-2013 eShelby County v. UHoker, owakhipha ilungiselelo eliyinhloko le-Voting Rights Act ka-1965, amazwe amaningi anikeza imithetho eyenza kube nzima ukuvota. Le zihlanganisa izimfuneko eziqinile zokuvota, ukuhlukanisa kuqala, ukukhipha i-vota, ukususwa kwezindawo zokuvota, nokuvulwa kwezindawo zokuvota emiphakathini emincane. Abagxeki bephikisa baphikisa ngokungathí naka ukuthi lezi zithinta imvume, ukufika okuphansi, nokuvota okuncane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imizamo yokwandisa ukufinyelela ukuvota ngemithetho ezenzekelayoyo yokubhalisa ibhola leposi, nokubhalisa i-ivtivelwoti ye-interter. Ukulwa kwempi kuqinisekisa amalungelo embazweni engoko yomphakathi eqhubekayo.

Imfundo Engalawuleki: Ukufundisa Ngamalungelo Omphakathi Ngentando Yeningi Enamandla

Imfundo iyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu lokuthuthukisa ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi nokuthatha isinyathelo. Ngokufaka imfundo yamalungelo omphakathi ezifundweni, izikole zingahlomisa abafundi ngolwazi, amakhono, nezindinganiso okudingeka babe izakhamuzi ezifuna ukubhekana nentando yeningi. Lokhu kudinga indlela yamabomu nebanzi.

Ukuthuthukisa Amalungelo Omphakathi Eqenjini Lomthetho

Imfundo ye-bivic kumelwe ibambezele ngalé kokugcinwa kwezinsuku nezincwadi. Izifundo zamalungelo omphakathi eziqinile kufanele zihlanganise izindaba zokunyakazisa utshani, indima yabantu abavamile ekushintsheni, kanye nokusebenza okuqhubekayo kwalezi zindaba namuhla. Othisha bangahlola imithombo eyinhloko njengezinkulumo, izincwadi, amacala enkantolo, kanye nezifundo eziqinile ukuze bachaze umlando. Kubalulekile futhi ukuhlanganisa okuhlangenwe nakho kwamaqembu anezimpande zotshani, i-Afrikaan, i-Latinos, i-American, i-Indican, i-Indicandinary, i-Indican, i-Indicast, i-LBTQ+ -so enikeza umbono ogcwele we-Moniontionstionstions.

Ukuhlanganyela Okubucayi Kokucabanga Nokusebenza Kwabantu

Imfundo yamalungelo omphakathi akufanele ihambisane nokulandisa okungashadi, okungagunyaziwe. Kunalokho, kufanele ikhuthaze abafundi ukuba babuze imibuzo ebucayi: Kungani amalungelo athile athatha isikhathi eside kangaka ukulondeka? Yimaphi amasu asetshenziswa abashisekeli bezohwebo aphumelela kakhulu? Singalinganisa kanjani amalungelo aphikisanayo namuhla? Ngokuhlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni, ukulandisa, nemisebenzi yokucwaninga, abafundi bathuthukise amakhono abalulekile okusebenzisa imingcele engokwenhlalo nezombangazwe. Izikole zingakhuthaza futhi ukubopha izivumelwano zezembubhiso ngokudala amathuba abafundi okuhlanganyela kuhulumeni wabafundi, inkonzo yomphakathi, nemisebenzi yokuziqunga. Ukusungula ikilasi elihloba izinkolelo ezihlukeneyo nenhlonipho kubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenziseni izindinganiso zentando yentando yeningi.

Izinhlangano Zomphakathi Nezenzo Zokufunda

Izikole azinakwenza lomsebenzi ngokuzihlukanisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafundisi kufanele basekele izifundo eziye zabekwa abafundi ezisekela amalungelo omphakathi, imiphakathi engokomlando, iminyuziyamu, namaqembu okufunda angenza ulwazi olubanzi. Izikhulumi ezihambela phambili, uhambo lwasensimini, nemisebenzi yenkonzo zihlanganisa imiqondo engabonakali nezindawo ezingokoqobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafundisi kufanele basekele imizamo yabafundi ehloselwe amalungelo omphakathi, ukuthi ingabe ukuhlela umkhankaso wezifundo eziningi ezihlanganisayo, ukubhalisa ofunda nabo ekilasini ukuba bavote, noma ukuphakamisa ukuqaphela ngezindaba zendawo. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi intsha ibilokhu ihamba phambili ekushintsheni kwezenhlalo, kusukela kubafundi abahlala-ka 1960 ezinhlanganweni zezokulwela amalungelo ezenhlalo yezesimo somphakathi, futhi ikhiphe izinjongo zezemfundo enkulu. [Folption:[0]

Isiphetho: Umshikashika Oqhubekayo Nomthwalo Wethu Wemfanelo Wendawo Yonke

Ukuqonda amalungelo omphakathi akuyona nje indlela engokomlando noma engokwemfundo; kuyisinxephezelo sokuthatha isinyathelo. Izinto zesikhathi esidlule zazuzwa ngokuzidela okukhulu, kodwa aziyona inzuzo ehlala njalo. Isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sifunde, sivikele, futhi sandise amalungelo akha isisekelo somphakathi olungile nowentando yeningi. Njengoba sibhekana nezinselele zamanje − kusukela ekukhetheni ubandlululo nobandlululo lwezomnotho kuya ekusongeleni amalungelo okhetho kanye nezinhlangano zentando yeningi.[1] Imfundo isihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi lezizindinganiso zidlulisiwe futhi abantu abasha bakulungele ukuthatha idena yelungelo elingokomthetho.

Ngokufundisa umlando, ifilosofi, kanye namaqiniso amanje amalungelo omphakathi, sihlomisa izizukulwane ezizayo ngekhampasi yokuziphatha namakhono asebenzayo ukuze sakhe izwe elinokulingana. Umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu uwuhambo oluqhubekayo, futhi ufuna ukuba sonke sihlanganyele. Akwanele ukumane sivume ukubaluleka kwamalungelo; kumelwe siwasekele ngenkuthalo emiphakathini yethu, emiphakathini yethu, ezimisweni zethu, nasezinhliziyweni zethu.