Isingeniso: Isisekelo Sokulandisa Kukahulumeni

Isimiso sokuvikela ukuvikela kombuso siye sasebenza isikhathi eside njengesisekelo sezimiso zomthetho kulo lonke elase-United States. Ochwepheshe bezomthetho, izikhulu zikahulumeni, kanye nezazi, ukuqonda ukuvikeleka kweminyango kahulumeni ezicini zombango akuyona nje indlela yokuzivivinya kwezemfundo kodwa yisidingo esiwusizo. Lemfundiso inquma ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni zingaba necala nini ngokwezimali noma ngokomthetho lokulimaza okubangelwa izenzo zazo, ukunganaki, noma ukunganaki. Ngaphandle kokuqonda ngokuqinile lendawo yomthetho, odokotela bafaka engozini abathengi abadukisi abangekho ngokomthetho, ukulahlekelwa imibandela ebucayi, noma ukuhluleka ukuveza impumelelo ephumelelayo yezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Iminyango kahulumeni nezinhlangano ezisebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sesivikelo kanye nokungalingani okuhluka kakhulu ngokwesimiso. Nakuba umqondo wesisekelo ungaguquguquki ̬ ukuthi umbusi akanakumangalelwa ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe i̬ inqubo yanamuhla iye yaguqukela ekubeni i-pluging ehlele umsebenzi kahulumeni owenziwe ngokulandelana kwamalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okunegunya kwezindawo ezivikelayo, ukuhlola izimpande ezingokomlando, izisekelo ze-athory, izisekelo eziyinhloko, i-octuthory, i-partry, nemiphumela esebenzayo yokulungisa.

Buyini Ubunye ObunguMbusi?

Umthetho ovikela izikhali uyimfundiso evikela ohulumeni ukuba bangamangalelwa ngaphandle kwemvume yabo ecacile. Ngokomlando esekelwe emthethweni wesiNgisi, lesi simiso saqala esicini esithi "inkosi ayenzeli lutho olungalungile" le mfundiso yathwalwa e-American jurisprudence, lapho yaqala khona ukuvikela ohulumeni bezwe basohlwini lwecala lomphakathi. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lemfundiso iye yashintshwa kakhulu ngemithetho, amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo, nangencazelo yokwahlulela.

E-United States, isosha elizimele lokuvikela ukulwa nezifo lisebenza kokubili emazingeni kahulumeni nakahulumeni. Kulelozwe, i-FLT:0 [FEderal Tort Peacess Act (FTCA) inikeza i-recure elinganiselwe yokuvikela ukulwa nezifo, ivumela abathile ukuba basho okumelene ne-United States. Ezingeni lombuso, i-oversethis system, izimiso zesimiso sokuzivikela sobuso, imiyalo, nezimiso zomthetho ezivamile. Umphumela uyinkokheda yokuhlola okucophelela okudinga ukuqondisa okucophelelayo ngaphambi kokuletha noma yikuphi ukuzisholo okumelene nomnyango wezwe noma inhlangano.

Lemfundiso ifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile. Ivikela ingcebo yomphakathi ekuqedweni ngokuqulwa kwecala, ivikela ukuqapha kukahulumeni ekulungiseni izimiso, futhi ivimbela ukugawulwa kwemithetho ekuphazamiseni imisebenzi yezikhulu neyomthetho. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvikela izikhali ngokungagwegwegwe kungashiya abantu bengenakho ukunxenxeka okusuka kuhulumeni oweqisile. Lokhu kucindezeleka phakathi kokuziphendulela nokusebenza komthetho wanamuhla wokuzivikela.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando Kokungahlangani KoMbusi

Ukuqonda kwanamuhla komnyango wokuzivikela kombuso kuye kwalolongwa amakhulu eminyaka entuthuko engokomthetho. ENgilandi yeNkathi Ephakathi, uMbuso wawungeke umangalelwe ezinkantolo zawo ngaphandle kwemvume yawo. Lemfundiso yamukelwa imibuso yaseMelika ilandela inkululeko, nakuba isebenzisa izinguquko ezinkulu ezibonisa izimiso zeriphabliki.

Phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye leminyaka, izinkantolo zaseMelika zazisebenzisa ngokungagunci ukuvikela uhulumeni, ngokuvamile zivimbela izigwegwe kuhulumeni ngisho nasezindabeni zokunganaki okucacile. Lokhu kwaqala ushintsho ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili njengoba amazwe ayeqaphela isidingo sokulandisa esifundazweni sokuphatha esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Izizwe eziningi zafaka umthetho wokuzigoma ukuthi kuyingozi ekuvikelekeni kwezindlela ezithile zokuzilawula kuyilapho kulondolozwa ngenxa yemisebenzi yokuzikhethela.

INkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States iye yenza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umthetho wokuzivikela kobuso. Ezimweni ezinjengethi Hans v. Louisiana (190), iNkantolo yaqinisekisa ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi Nenye seMinyaka Enye sibopha ishende ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Kamuva izinqumo, kuhlanganise Ex Young [1988], ziqoshwe ngokungemthetho ovumela izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zifake imishado kusizo oluthiwe. Lamacala ayisisekelo ayaqhubeka ethonya amasudi enkantolo kahulumeni, futhi ahlala ebalulekile kunoma imuphi udokotela kulendawo.

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziye zasabela ekwahluleleni ngokumisa imithetho ebanzi yokuvikela izifo. Amanye amazwe aye amukela [i-Uniform Public Coom Lisaty Act [, kuyilapho amanye elondoloza izinhlelo ezikhethekile zomthetho. Ukuthambekela kokuthatha inxenye yekhulu kunalokhu kubhekene nokulandisa okukhulu, futhi manje amazwe amaningi anikeza abantu inqubo ethile yokufuna ukuvuselelwa kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Ukuhlangana Komnyango Kahulumeni Nezimo Zokuphuthuma

Iminyango yoMbuso nezinhlangano ngokuvamile zijabulela ukuvikela kobukhosi njengengxenye yesifundazwe ngokwaso. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinhlangano ezinjengeminyango yezokuhamba, izinhlangano zempilo yomphakathi, izinhlangano zemfundo, nezinhlangano zokugcinwa komthetho zivikelwe kakhulu ekufuneni izindleko zomphakathi ezivela eminyangweni yazo engokomthetho. Nokho, izinga lalesivikelo liyahluka kakhulu kuye ngomnyango othile, uhlobo lomsebenzi okuxoxwa ngawo, nomthetho kahulumeni osebenzayo.

Imisebenzi Yenkonzo

Enye yezindlela ezibucayi kakhulu zokuhlukanisa kwesimiso sombuso sokuvikela inqubo yomthetho wombuso kuphakathi kwemisebenzi eqondiswe ngokuqondisisa neyokukhonza. Imisebenzi yobuhlakani ihlanganisa izahlulelo zezimiso, ukuhlela, nokwenza izinqumo ezisezingeni lokuphatha. Lemisebenzi ivame ukuvikelwa yizinga lokuvikela lobukhosi ngoba izinkantolo ziyanqikaza ekukhetheni imithetho kahulumeni ngokukhetha ukuthatha i-litting. Ngokungafani, imisebenzi yenkonzo ihilela ukumiswa kwezimiso ezimisiwe noma ukukhishwa kwemisebenzi yenqubo.

Izinkantolo ziye zazama ukuhlukanisa lomehluko phakathi kwamaqiniso amaningi. Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo somnyango wezokuthutha ngokuqondene nendawo yokubeka umgwaqo omkhulu sisebenza ngokuqondisisa futhi sivikela isambatho esuthwini. Nokho, ukwehluleka kwesisebenzi sokulungisa imbobo eyaziwayo evumelana nesimiso somnyango kungaba ngesenkonzo futhi kungachaya umnyango esimweni esinecala. Intambo phakathi kwalezi zigaba ezimbili ngokuvamile iyiqiniso futhi idinga ukuhlaziywa ngokucophelela kwesinqumo esithile noma isenzo esiqondile.

Umtapo kahulumeni

Umehluko obalulekile otholakala emithethweni eminingi yombuso evikelayo uphakathi kwemisebenzi ye-propritary nemisebenzi kahulumeni. Imisebenzi kahulumeni iyimisebenzi ekhethekile engokwemvelo, njengokugcinwa komthetho, imfundo yomphakathi, nokuqoqwa kwentela. Imisebenzi yokuzisebenzela iyimisebenzi engenziwa yizinhlangano zabantu, njengokusebenzisa i-atrapity, ukusebenza egaraji lokupaka, noma ukulawula inkundla yegalofu kamasipala.

Izifunda eziningi zinikeza isivikelo esibanzi sokuzivikela emisebenzini kahulumeni kunemisebenzi ye-proprietary. Isizathu siwukuthi uma umnyango kahulumeni uhlanganyela emisebenzini encintisana nebhizinisi langasese, kufanele uthotyelwe imithetho enecala efanayo neyasese. Nokho, lomehluko uye wagxekwa njengowemvelo futhi uye waqedwa kwezinye izindawo. Abaqondisi-mthetho kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi uhulumeni wabo uhlala ngalesi sigaba nokuthi izinkantolo ziye zawusebenzisa kanjani umehluko ohlobene nomongo.

Imfundiso Yomphakathi Ewubungane

Imfundiso yomphakathi ebophekile ihlobene eduze nesimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni futhi inikeza ulwelwesi olungeziwe lwesivikelo eminyangweni kahulumeni. Ngaphansi kwalemfundiso, izinhlangano zikahulumeni zikweleta umphakathi wonke imisebenzi kunokuba zikwezezakhamuzi ngazinye.

Imfundiso yomphakathi ivame ukuvela ezimweni ezihilela ukugcinwa komthetho nezinkonzo eziphuthumayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwehluleka komnyango wamaphoyisa ukusabela ekuceleni usizo kungaba nokwenzeka uma umnyango unobuhlobo obukhethekile nesisulu noma uthathe izinyathelo ezithile ezibangela ukuncika. Nokho, ngaphandle kwezimo ezinjalo ezikhethekile, izinkantolo zivame ukuthi umsebenzi wokunikeza isivikelo samaphoyisa uhamba udlulela emphakathini uwonke, futhi izakhamuzi ngazinye azinakukhombisa ukunganaki kwawo.

Izinhlobo Zokungahlangani: Ziphelele Futhi Ziyafaneleka

Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwalezi zigaba kubalulekile ekuhloleni ukufaneleka kwanoma iziphi izinkulumo zikahulumeni ngokumelene nenhlangano kahulumeni noma izikhulu zayo.

Ukungangeni Kuphela

Ukuvikeleka ngokuphelele kunikeza isivikelo esiphelele ezindinganisweni zomphakathi zezigaba ezithile zezenzo zikahulumeni. Loluhlobo lokuvikeleka lugcinelwe imisebenzi engokohulumeni oyisisekelo nalapho usongo lokuzimela lungaphazamisa ngokungafanele imisebenzi ebalulekile. Emkhakheni weminyango kahulumeni, ukuzivikela ngokuphelele kusebenza ku:

  • Imisebenzi esemthethweni: Izishaya-mthetho zikaHulumeni azivikelekile ngokuphelele ekubekeni isibopho somphakathi sezenzo ezenziwa ngaphakathi kwesimiso esingokomthetho somthetho. Lesivikelo sidlulela kuhulumeni wamakomiti omthetho nezisebenzi ezisebenza ngekhono lomthetho.
  • Imisebenzi ye- e-Judicic:[ Abahluleli nezisebenzi zasenkantolo azinakuvikeleka ngokuphelele ekubekeni icala ngezenzo ezenziwa esabelweni sokwahlulela, ngisho noma lezozenzo kuthiwa zenziwa ngokulimaza noma ngokwenkohlakalo.
  • Imisebenzi ye- i-prosetation:[ Abashushisi bakaHulumeni bagonywe ngokuphelele kumasudi omphakathi ngenxa yezenzo ezithathwa phakathi kwemisebenzi yabo yokushumayeza, kuhlanganise nezinqumo zokuthi bangaqala yini ukushumayeza nokuthi bangabunikeza kanjani ubufakazi.
  • Imisebenzi ye-Certain yokuphatha:[ Ezinye izifundazwe zinikeza ukuvikeleka okuphelele kubaphathi abaphethe abaphezulu ezinqumweni ezinqunyiwe.

Kunzima ukunqoba ukugoma ngokuphelele. Uma nje isikhulu noma umnyango usasebenza ngaphakathi komsebenzi ovikelekile, ukuzivikela kuyasebenza kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yikuphi okubi okuthiwa kwenziwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nesenzo esibi noma esilimaza ngamabomu singavikelwa ekubekelweni isibopho somphakathi uma singaphakathi kwesigaba esivikelwe yisimiso esiphelele sokuzivikela.

Ukungavumelani Okufanelekayo

Isimiso sokuvikela esifanelekayo sinikeza isivikelo esilinganiselwe esinganqotshwa ezimweni ezifanele. Loluhlobo lokugonyelwa kwezifo luvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokusho ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni zimelene nokuphulwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Lemfundiso ivikela izikhulu ezikhubazekeni ngaphandle kokuba zeqe umthetho omisiwe obala noma amalungelo umuntu onengqondo ayeyowazi.

Ukuhlolwa okufanelekayo kokuzivikela kuhilela amaprongs. Okokuqala, inkantolo kumelwe inqume ukuthi ummangaleli uthe uphule umthetho noma umthetho welungelo. Okwesibili, inkantolo kumelwe inqume ukuthi lelolungelo lamiswa kahle yini ngesikhathi sokwaphulwa okuthiwa. Uma noma yikuphi ukunqanda ukuzivikela kufanelekile, isikhulu sinelungelo lokuvikela. Lesi simo sidinga ukuba kucatshangelwe inkantolo ngesikhathi sesehlakalo, hhayi ngesikhathi sokumangalelwa.

Isimiso sokuvikeleka esifanelekayo siye saba yindaba yempikiswano ephawulekayo nokugxeka eminyakeni yamuva. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi le mfundiso iye yasetshenziswa kakhulu, ishiya izisulu zokuziphatha okubi kukahulumeni zingenawo amakhambi abalulekile. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvikeleka okufanelekayo kuyadingeka ukuze kuvikelwe izikhulu emthwalweni wokuvikela amacala angenangqondo futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izisebenzi zikahulumeni zingazenza izinqumo ezicatshangelwe ngaphandle kokwesaba ukulahlekelwa ngokwezimali. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu unakho umbono ofanelekayo, isivikelo sokuzivikela sihlala sicatshangelwa ngokunenzuzo kunoma yiliphi ilungelo lomphakathi elimelene nezikhulu zikahulumeni.

Izici Ezihlukile Nezilinganiselwa Emnyangweni Kahulumeni

Nakuba ukuvikela kokuzivikela kombuso kunikeza isivikelo esiqinile, akusona esiphelele. Izinkantolo nezishaya - mthetho ziye zaqaphela ukuhlukana okuningi okuye kwavumela abantu ukuba balethe ukumangalela eminyangweni kahulumeni ezimweni ezifanele. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukile kubalulekile kubo bobabili abathakathi abafuna ukubuyiswa kanye nabamangalelwa abafuna ukusekela isimiso sokuzivikela.

Ukuphula Umthetho

Mhlawumbe okuphawuleka kakhulu ukugonywa kwesimiso sombuso kuhilela ukwephulwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ngaphansi kwe-Cateate of the Civil Rights Act, abantu ngabanye bangamangalela umbuso nezikhulu zikahulumeni zendawo ngenxa yokwephulwa komthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni noma amalungelo omthetho. Nakuba lo mthetho ungawakhi amalungelo angaphansi, unikeza imoto yokuqinisa amalungelo akhona ngokumelene nabadlali bakahulumeni.

Izinhlangano zoMbuso ngokwazo zigonyiwe ngokwengxenye 1983 ezithi ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nanye. Nokho, izikhulu ngazinye zingamangalelwa emacebweni azo okuzilimaza, futhi amasudi alindele ukukhululeka angaqhubeka kuziphathimandla emandleni azo angokomthetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba umthathi-zimali engase angakwazi ukuqoqa umonakalo emphongolweni wemali kahulumeni ngenxa yokwephulwa komthetho-mthetho, zingafuna umyalo ofuna ukuba umnyango ushintshe imikhuba noma imithetho yawo.

Ukuzikhandla Ezinkonzweni Ezibalulekile

Izifunda eziningi ziye zawaphula amadedebeselela amasheya abangelwa ukusebenza kwezinkonzo ezibalulekile. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa izisho ezihlobene:

  • Ukulungisa indlela ephakeme:[ Ukuhluleka kwe-Negligent ukugcina imigwaqo, amabhuloho, kanye nezisetshenziswa zokulawula izimoto
  • I-Public thitles: Ukusebenza kwamanzi, indle, noma izimiso zikagesi
  • Izakhiwo ze-Public: Izimo eziyingozi embonini kahulumeni
  • Ukunakekela okuphethe: Ukwelashwa nge-Negligent ezibhedlela zikahulumeni-loliwe noma ezikhungweni zokulungisa

Nokho, ngisho nalapho ukunganaki okunjalo kuvunyelwa khona, ngokuvamile bangaphansi kwezimfuneko eziqinile, kuhlanganise nezinkathi ezimfushane zokuqaphela, izigqoko ezilimazayo, nokulinganiselwa kwezinhlobo zomonakalo okhona. Abaqondisi-Practition kumele bahlole ngokucophelela lokho okushiwo uhulumeni ukuze baphawule zonke izimo ezisebenzayo, njengoba ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nalezi zimfuneko kungaphumela ekususweni kwalokhu kugonywa.

Izenzo Ngaphandle Kwezinga Lemisebenzi Engokomthetho

Uma isikhulu sikahulumeni sithatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kwesikhundla saso esingokomthetho, isimiso sokuvikela esingeke sisetshenziswe ngaphandle kwalokho singase singasebenzi.

Ukunquma ukuthi isenzo singena emkhakheni wemisebenzi kudinga ukuhlaziywa kwezici eziningana, kuhlanganise nokuthi ukuziphatha kwakungohlobo isisebenzi esaqashwa ukuba silufeze, ukuthi kwenzeka phakathi nesikhathi nasendaweni yomsebenzi, nokuthi sasishukunyiswa okungenani injongo yokukhonza umqashi. Ukuziphatha okubangelwa yinzuzo yomuntu siqu noma okushukunyiswa yinzuzo yomuntu siqu akuvamile ngaphandle komkhakha wemisebenzi futhi kungase kungavikelwa yisimiso sokuzimela.

Ubuciko Noma Ukuziphatha

Iminyango yoMbuso ingaphazamisa ukuvikela kombuso ngokuziphatha kwayo, ikakhulukazi ngokufaka izivumelwano. Uma uhulumeni esayina isivumelwano, uvame ukuzithobela ezimisweni ezifanayo zomthetho ezisebenza emaqenjini azimele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umnyango kahulumeni ungamangalelwa ngokuphula isivumelwano ngisho noma kungenjalo ungajabulela ukugonywa ekutheni ugonyweni.

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zathi izinhlangano zikahulumeni zingaphazamisa ukuzivikela ngokuthenga umshuwalense onecala noma ngokuhlanganyela emisebenzini edala ubuhlobo obukhethekile nomuntu othile.

Imithetho Yezomthetho Nemithetho Eyisisekelo

Isimiso somthetho sokuvikela umnyango wombuso siwukusetshenziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi komthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni, imithetho kahulumeni, nezimiso zomthetho ovamile. Kubenzi bomthetho, ukusebenzisa loluhlelo kudinga ukujwayelana nemithombo eminingana eyinhloko yomthetho.

Umthetho We - Federal Tort

Kuhulumeni, i-Federal Tort Actiness Act (FTCA) inikeza indlela eyinhloko yokuletha izikhalo ezimelene nohulumeni wase-United States. I-FTCA ivikela uhulumeni ekuvikelekeni kwemithetho yezomthetho ngenxa yeziphakamiso ezithile zezenzo zezedewu noma ezingalungile zezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngokulingana nomsebenzi wazo. Nokho, i-Act iqukethe inqwaba ehlukile, kuhlanganise nokungavumelani komthetho, okuvikela ekuvinjelweni ngokusetshenziswa kwesahlulelo.

Nakuba i-FTCA isebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela, izifunda eziningi ziye zafaka izimpawu zazo zokuzisholo emalungiselelweni azo. Ukuqonda iFTCA kunikeza isisekelo esiwusizo sokuhlola imithetho yombuso evikelayo, njengoba imiqondo efanayo kanye nokungavumelani nayo ivela kuzo zombili izimo.

Izenzo Zokusho Izenzo Ezisho Uhulumeni

Umbuso ngamunye unecebo lawo lokuzimela lobushiqela elibusayo nelokuthatha izintambo ngokumelene neminyango kahulumeni nezinhlangano. Lemithetho ihluka kakhulu ngokwezinga lawo, ngokwehlukile, nangezimfuneko zemvelo. Ezinye izimfuneko eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • ubukhulu be-waiver:[ Abanye basho ukuthi ukuzivikela kukhulu kwenani likatort, kuyilapho abanye belondoloza ukuvikeleka kwezigaba ezibanzi zomsebenzi kahulumeni.
  • Izigqoko zamajampa: Izifunda eziningi ziphonsa izikhonkwane ezimpomponi ezingase zitholakale ngokumelene nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Lezi zigqoko ngokuvamile zisukela kumaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-200,000 kuya kwezimbalwa, kuye ngokwezwe nohlobo lokuzibopha.
  • Izimfuneko: Izifundazwe eziningi zidinga ama-practiff ukuze zinikeze isaziso ngokusho kwazo entweni kahulumeni efanelekile phakathi nenkathi emfushane ngemva kokulimala okwenzeka, ngokuvamile kuncane cishe izinsuku ezingu-30 kuya ku-90.
  • Ukukhathala okuphethe: Izifunda eziningi zifuna abalawuli ukuba baphishekele amakhambi okulawula ngaphambi kokuqulisa icala enkantolo.

Abaqondisi kumelwe bacwaninge ngokucophelela izimfuneko ezithile zikahulumeni abathi kuzo basho ukuthi ukuhluleka ukunikeza isaziso esifike ngesikhathi noma ukuhluleka ukukhipha amakhambi okulawula kungabulala okuthile okungase kuhloselwe ukukusho okufanelekile.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nanye Nombuso OnguMbusi

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanye eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo we-United States sinikeza ulwelwelwe olugxekayo lwesivikelo kohulumeni benkantolo kahulumeni. ISichibiyelo sivumelana nezindawo eziswa amaqembu azimele enkantolo kahulumeni, ngaphandle kokuba umbuso uvume ukufaneleka noma uKhongolo-mthetho ugunyaze ukuvikela kombuso. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abafuni bezwe abafuna ukumangalelwa kuhulumeni noma izinhlangano kumelwe bakhiphe iziphakamiso zabo enkantolo yenkantolo yezwe kunokuba bakhiphe inkantolo kahulumeni, bangabi namthetho okhethekile.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanye asisebenzi kuphela ekukhokheleni ukulimala kwemali kodwa futhi nasekulungiseni ukukhululeka okunganqamukiyo kwezinye izimo. Nokho, njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla, imfundiso ye- ex ngxenye engcono [ ivumela amasudi amelene nezikhulu zikahulumeni emandleni azo angokomthetho ukuze zilindele ukukhululeka kokulungisa ukuphulwa komthetho kahulumeni okuqhubekayo. Lokhu kunikeza indlela ebalulekile yokungabekezelelwe ngokomthetho nemikhuba.

Abacabangela Izidalwa

Ukuletha noma ukuvikela icala lomphakathi elihilela umnyango kahulumeni kudinga ukunaka ngokucophelela izimfuneko zesimiso ezihluke kakhulu kulezo ezivamile ezibizwa ngokuthi i - tort digital. Lezi zimfuneko ziphoqelelwa ngokuqinile, futhi ukuhluleka ukuhambisana kungaphumela ekuxoshweni kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani ukusho okuyisisekelo.

Phawula Izimfuneko Zokugomela

Izifundazwe eziningi zidinga izimemezelo ezicacile ukuze zinikeze isaziso esingokomthetho ngenhloso yazo yokumangalela inhlangano kahulumeni phakathi nenkathi ethile ngemva kokulimala. Lezi zimfuneko zinezinjongo eziningana: zivumela uhulumeni ukuba ahlole ngokushesha ukuthi unecala, futhi zingalungisa indaba ngaphandle kokuzichaza. Izinkathi zokuphawula zimfushane kakhulu, kusukela ezinsukwini ezingu - 30 kuya kwezingu - 180, futhi okuqukethwe yisaziso ngokuvamile kumelwe kuhlanganise ukwaziswa okuqondile mayelana nesimo salokho okushiwoyo, ukulimala okuye kwalimala, kanye nenani lenkokhelo efunwayo.

Izinkantolo zingenakho ngempela ukuqaphela izimfuneko eziqotho, futhi ukuvuma okukhulu akwanele ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kwezinye izifundazwe, isaziso kumelwe sinikezwe isikhulu esithile, njengomphathi jikelele noma umphathi womnyango othintekile. Abenzi bezekhono kufanele bahlole izimfuneko eziqondile ezisebusweni babo futhi baqinisekise ukuthi isaziso sinikezwa ngesimo esifanele nakulowo ochaziwe.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwezisebenzi

Izifunda eziningi zidinga abaqondisi ukuba baphishekele amakhambi okulawula ngaphambi kokuqulisa icala. Lokhu kungahilela ukubeka icala ebhodini elizisholo, ukuhlanganyela ekuqulweni kwecala, noma ukuthola isinqumo sokugcina esivela engosini ehlobene nalokhu. Ukukhathala kukhuthaza ukuphumelela kokuqondisa futhi kuvumela izinhlangano ukuba zilungise amaphutha azo ngaphambi kokuba zingene ekumangalelweni.

Nokho, ukukhathala akudingekile kuzo zonke izimo. izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi amakhambi okuqondisa ayengeke anele, lapho inkampani engenalo igunya lokunikeza usizo olufunwayo, noma lapho ukuphishekela amakhambi okuqondisa kungaba yize. Amacala asobala afuna ukugwema ukukhathala kumelwe akulungele ukubonisa ukuthi kungani lenqubo ehlukile isebenza esimweni sabo.

Umonakalo Nokulinganiselwa

Ngisho nalapho izinkulumo ezimelene neminyango kahulumeni zivunyelwe, ukulimala ngokuvamile kubekwa ezikhophweni ze-statop. Lezi zikhonkwane zinganciphisa ukululama ngokuphelele, zisebenza kuphela ezinhlotsheni ezithile zomonakalo (njengobuhlungu nokuhlupheka), noma zihlukahluka kuye ngokuthi ikuphi ukugomela. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifunda zomhlaba zifaka umonakalo ongezona ezezomnotho ezibhedlela ezimelene nokungahleleki kahle kwezempilo kuyilapho zivumela ukululama okuphelele kwezingozi zezomnotho.

Izikhonkwane ezilimazayo ziphakamisa imibuzo engokomthetho kwezinye izifundazwe. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni eziningana ziye zabulala umonakalo ngokuthi uphula amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni oqinisekisa ukungena ezinkantolo, ukuqulwa kwecala, noma isivikelo esifanayo. Nokho, ezinye izinkantolo ziye zasekela izikhombe njengendlela esemthethweni yokusebenzisa igunya lomthetho ukuze zivikele amagugu omphakathi.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nemikhuba Eyanqwabelana

Eminyakeni yamuva nje kuye kwaba nentuthuko ebalulekile ezindaweni eziningana odokotela okufanele baziqaphelisise.

Okokuqala, umqedazwe we-COVID-19 wabangela ukuphikisa kweminyango yezempilo kazwelonke, izikhungo zokuqondisa izigwegwe, nezinhlangano zemfundo. Izifunda eziningi zamisa izivikelo zesikhashana zokuzivikela kononakekela bempilo namabhizinisi, kodwa lezi ziphelile noma zincishiswe umthetho olandelayo. Izinkantolo manje zinciphisana ngokuthi izimfundiso ezivikelayo ezikhona ziyasebenza yini emfuthwaneni ehlobene nezifo eziwumqedazwe nokuthi izinkolelo eziqanjiwe ezingokomthetho, njengezisholo zomphakathi ngokumelene nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, zinganqoba isivikelo sokuzivikela sombuso.

Okwesibili, ubuchwepheshe nemininingwane yezindaba zomuntu siqu kuye kwadala imikhawulo emisha kuhulumeni. Imithetho ibekela iqoqo lemininingwane yezinhlangano zikahulumeni inselele yemigomo, ukuhluleka kwezentengiselwano ze-inthaneti, nokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi okwenza imithetho ye-algorithm kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima yokuthi ukugonywa kuyasebenza yini kulemisebenzi kahulumeni wanamuhla. Izinqumo zokuqala zisikisela ukuthi izinkantolo zihlukene kulezindaba, kanye nokunye ukusingatha iziphakamiso zobuchwepheshe ezihlobene nemisebenzi yobuchwepheshe ehambisana nokuzibopha icala futhi abanye bazibeke njengemisebenzi ewumthetho owenziwa ngokuzimela.

Okwesithathu, kunentuthuko eyandayo yokuguqulwa kokuzivikela ezifweni ezifanelekayo kokubili emazingeni kahulumeni nawombuso. Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa umthetho ovimbela noma osusa ukuvikeleka okufanelekayo kwezikhulu zikahulumeni, futhi kuye kwasungulwa iziphakamiso zenguquko zikahulumeni eSivumelwaneni. Uma lemizamo yenguquko iqhubeka, zingandisa ngokuphawulekayo izimo izikhulu ngazinye ezingabhekwa ngazo ngokwethu ngokomthetho ngenxa yokuphulwa komthetho - sisekelo.

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Zabafundi Abangokomthetho

Kudokotela abangokomthetho, ukuzivikela komnyango wezwe kudinga ukuthatha isinyathelo esingokomthetho kusukela ezingeni lokuqala lecala. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kumelelwe ummeli ofuna imbuyiselo noma inhlangano kahulumeni evikela ekutheni kumele, abameli kumelwe bahlakulele ukuqonda okuphelele kokwakheka kokuzivikela okusebenzayo futhi bathuthukise amasu aphathelene nendaba abangela ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwayo.

Ukucabangela okulula: Ama-attney acabangela ukumangalelwa komnyango wezwe kufanele aqale ngokuveza umthetho othile wokuzivikela noma imfundiso yomthetho ovamile esebenza kuleyo ndawo evikelwayo nakuhlobo lokuzisholo olulethwayo. Lokhu kuhlaziya kufanele kwenzeke ngaphambi kokuba noma isiphi isikhalo sibekwe phansi, njengoba izimfuneko ezisebenzayo nezikhatheleyo ziyolawula isikhathi sokubekwa. Ama-Attoney kufanele futhi ahlole ukuthi isaziso singena phakathi kwanoma yimuphi umthetho oqashelwayo futhi athuthukise ubufakazi bokusekela lokho okungalawuleki. Lapho ukuvikelwa kwezwe kubonakala kungenakuxazululeka, abameli kufanele bacabangele ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni ngaphansi kwesigaba sonyaka ka1998 noma eminye imithetho engokomthetho ingatholakala, futhi noma imvume enkantolo ye-othonsi ehlangene.

Ukucabangela okungalé komthetho: Abameli bakaHulumeni abavikela iminyango kahulumeni kufanele baqinise ukuzivikela kwamathuba okuqala, njengoba ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekulahlekeni. Imizamo yokuxoshelwe ekuvikelekeni kufanele isekelwe ngobufakazi obubonisa ukuthi ukuziphatha okubekelwe inselele kuwela esigabeni esivikelwe, njengomsebenzi owe-qhinga noma umsebenzi kahulumeni. Ezimweni lapho ukugonye ukuvikela kungasetshenziswa, abameli kufanele bahlole ngokushesha ukukhokha izinketho futhi bacabangele ukuthi isinqumo esihlukile sokuphikisana singagwema yini imithwalo ye-ligi.

Isiphetho

Ukuvikeleka kweminyango kahulumeni ezimweni zombango kumelela enye yezindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi neziwumphumela womthetho womphakathi. Nakuba lemfundiso ifeza izinjongo ezibalulekile ekuvikeleni imisebenzi kahulumeni nengcebo yomphakathi, kumelwe ilinganiswe nesimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi abantu kufanele bafune ukulimala okubangelwa ukunganaki kukahulumeni noma ukuziphatha okubi.

Isimiso sanamuhla somnyango wombuso wokuzivikela sibonisa lokhu kucindezeleka, ukunikeza isivikelo esikhulu esichazwa ngokucophelela. Ukuphumelela kulendawo kudinga ukuqonda okucacile kwezimiso ezihlobene nalendaba, umthetho wezendaba, nezimfuneko zenqubo, kanye nendlela efanelekile yokuchaza okubangela izinselele eziyingqayizivele zokumangalela noma ukuvikela izinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Njengoba umthetho uqhubeka ushintsha ngomthetho, izinqumo zokwahlulela, noshintsho lwezenhlalakahle, odokotela abahlala benolwazi ngentuthuko yesimiso sokuvikela ukubusa kombuso bayobekwa ngcono kakhulu ukuze bakhonze amakhasimende abo ngokuphumelelayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu ubheka ukuvikeleka okudingekile njengesivikelo sokubusa okuphumelelayo noma njengesithiyo sobulungisa, akukho kungabaza ukuthi ukulawula lomthetho kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile ekumangalelweni kwesizwe neminyango nezinhlangano zikahulumeni.