Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokuqondisa Kwezindlwana

I-United States Congress inomthwalo wemfanelo oyisisekelo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni ifeza isithakazelo somphakathi futhi ihlale ngaphakathi kwemingcele ebekwe umthetho. Lendima yokwengamela isuka kumthetho-sisekelo i-̱ ukuhlukanisa, okunikeza igunya lomthetho weSishaya-mthetho weSishaya-mthetho nesibopho sokuhlola isenzo sobuphathi. Ngaphandle kokuhlola okuqinile, izinhlangano zikahulumeni zingakweqa imithetho yazo, zibeke imithetho enzima, noma ziphambuke emgoqweni womthetho-mthetho. Ukuqonda lokhu kubekwa kwemithetho kuyimfuneko kunoma ubani ofunda ukubusa kwe-America.

UKhongolo luthola amandla okuqondisa emalungiselelweni amaningana omthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise ne-digitaedi edingekayo nefanele (Ingxenye 8) kanye namandla esikhwama semali (I, Ingxenye 9). INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqinisekisa ngokungaguquki ukuthi uMkhandlu ungahlola imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe njengengxenye yomsebenzi wawo wokwenza imithetho. Leligunya lidlulela ekuhloleni indlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezichaza futhi zisebenzise ngayo imithetho ngemithetho. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuqondisa akuwona nje umthetho osemthethweni kodwa ukuhlola okuyisisekelo kwemithetho yezomthetho.

Inkonzo yokucwaninga ye-CRT esemthethweni (CRLF) ikhipha njalo imibiko echaza isisekelo esingokomthetho sobubonisi, igcizelela ukuthi uKhongolo-mthetho kumelwe uqaphele iziqondiso zikahulumeni ukuze uvikele ukulandisa kwentando yeningi. ICRS iphawula ukuthi ukuqondisa kuyasiza ekuvimbeleni ukuthunjwa kokulawulwa kwesimiso sobudemokhrasi, lapho izinhlangano zibukelwa khona ezimbonini ezilawulayo, futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ibonisa izindinganiso zezenhlalakahle yomphakathi ezingaphezulu kunezithakazelo ezincane.

Indlela Imithetho Ezimele Edalwe Ngayo

Ngaphambi kokuhlola izindlela zokuqondisa, kubalulekile ukuqonda inqubo yokuqondisa ngokwayo. UKhomuko lumisa imithetho, kodwa luvame ukubeka izinhlangano zamagatsha eziphetheyo iziqondiso zokusebenzisa leyo mithetho ngokunikeza leyo mithetho eningiliziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Cease Air Act igunyaza i-Evironmental Proceduction Act (EPA) ukuba ibeke izindinganiso zomoya ezisezingeni eliphezulu. I-Provision ilandela inqubo engokomthetho yokwenza imithetho ngaphansi kwe-Adminitive Proceduct (A), ehlanganisa ukuqashelwa nokwenziwa umphakathi.

Imithetho elawulayo iphethe umthetho owenziwe waphetha. Inikeza ukucaciswa ukuthi imithetho ngokuvamile ayinayo, ikhuluma ngemininingwane yobuchwepheshe enjengemingcele yokukhishwa kwemisebe, imithetho elandelwayo yokuphepha kwezidakamizwa, noma izimfuneko zokubika ngokwezimali. Ngenxa yokuthi imithetho ithinta izakhamuzi, amabhizinisi, nemibuso, iSishaya-Mkhandlu sinesithakazelo esiqinile ekuzilolongeni nasekuzihloleni ngazo zonke izigaba.

Izinhlangano zikhipha imithetho ehlongozwayo ku- Register kanye nokucela ukuzwa komphakathi. Ngemva kokubukeza, bakhipha imithetho yokugcina, ehlanganiswe eMithethweni ye-Federal Relations (CFR). ISishaya-Mnyango singangenela phakathi nale nqubo ngokuzwa, ukuxhumana ngokwethukela, noma ukubukeza okusemthethweni ngaphansi kwe-Congregation Review Act (CRA). I-CRA, okuxoxiwe ngayo kamuva, inikeza inqubo ekhethekile yokuqeda imithetho emisha ngemva kokuba ithunyelwe eKhondlulweni.

Ukuqondisa Imishini Yomphakathi

Ukuzwa Nokuhlola Okungokomthetho

Amacala ayithuluzi elibonakalayo kakhulu lobubonisi. AmaKomiti namakomiti abiza izikhulu zezinhlangano, ofakazi abangochwepheshe, nabaphethe izikhulu zokufaka ubufakazi ngemithetho ethile noma ngezindaba ezibanzi. Lamacala afeza izinjongo eziningi: atshela abenzi bomthetho, adalula izinkinga, futhi abangela ukuqashelwa komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, i House Oversting and Reformation Committee ivame ukuqulwa ngezenzo zokuziphindisela ze-EPA, i-Securence and Exchange Commission (SEC), nezinye izinhlangano.

Ukuqulwa kwamacala okuhlola kuhlukile kumacala avamile ngenxa yokuthi ngokuvamile kuthiwa ahlasela ukuziphatha okubi noma ukwehluleka kokuqondisa. Izingqungquthela zingaphoqa amapesenti ukuphoqelela ubufakazi noma amabhukwana. Izibonelo eziphezulu-profile zihlanganisa ukuhlola inkinga yezimali ka-2008, eyaholela eMthethweni we-Dodd-Frank, nemibuzo e-EPAÙ ukugcinwa kwemithetho yamanzi ahlanzekile. Uphenyo lungaphoqelela izinhlangano ukuba zishintshe ikhodi noma zidlulise umthetho owe-Congress ukuze zikhiphe umthetho.

Amandla Okudla

UKhomishane ulawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni, uyinika amandla amakhulu kakhulu ezinhlangano ezilawulayo. Ngomthetho waminyaka yonke, abamisi-mthetho bangandisa, banciphe, noma bavimbele ukuxhaswa kwezimali zezinhlelo ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, iSishaya-mthetho ngezinye izikhathi siye salulaza imisebenzi ethile yokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwe-EPA noma senqabela ukusetshenziswa kwezimali ukuze kubekwe imithetho ethile. Lokhu kulawula kuvumela i-Congress ukuba ihlele izinto eziza kuqala ngaphandle kokudlulisa imithetho emisha.

Ihhovisi le-Accounting Office (GAO) isekela i-Gastings ngokuhlola imali esetshenziswayo nokubika ukuthi izimali zisetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo yini. Imibiko ye-GAO ivame ukuqokomisa ukuhlelwa kwemithetho noma ukulahlwa kwemithetho. Ngonyaka ka-2023, iGAO yakhipha imibiko eminingi emayelana nokusetshenziswa komthetho, izihloko ezihlanganisa izokuvikela impilo nendawo ezungezile. Abenzi bomthetho bancike kulezi zikhangiso ukuze benze izinqumo zemali ezingokolwazi.

Umthetho Wokubukeza We - Congress (CRA)

I-CRA, eyamiswa ngo-1996, inikeza uMkhandlu indlela ebanzi yokugumbuqela imithetho kahulumeni. Ngaphansi kwe-CRA, amanxusa kumelwe anikeze umthetho wokugcina kuzo zombili izikhongozelo ze-GAO. Uma i-Congress idlulisa isinqumo esihlangene sokungavunyelwa phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-60 zomthetho womthetho, futhi umongameli ewuphawula, umthetho awusasebenzi. I-CRA futhi ivimbela ukuba ikhiphe umthetho ofana kakhulu esikhathini esizayo.

Lendlela iye yasetshenziswa kaningi kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva. Phakathi nokuphathwa kweTrump, uKhongolo-mkhandlu wacela i-CRA ukuba iphinde ibekwe imithetho engu-16, kuhlanganise nemithetho elawula i-Internet ne-operan freat. Kubaphathi be-Biden, i-CRA iye yasetshenziswa ngokuqapha kodwa ihlala iyithuluzi enqolobaneni yezobungameli. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi i-CRA ingaba ncane kakhulu, ngoba ivimbela ukulungisa okungaqondakali.

Imibiko Nezicelo Zokwaziswa

Ngaphandle kokuzwa nokuhlelwa kwemali, i-Congress ifuna ukuba izinhlangano zinikeze imibiko ehleliwe ngemisebenzi. Lemibiko inemininingwane yokwenza imithetho elawula isikhathi, imiphumela engokomnotho, nezibalo zokugcinwa kwemithetho. AmaKomiti ayisebenzisa ukuveza izindaba ezisanda kuvela noma ukungahambisani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amalungu ahlukene eSishaya-Mkhandlu angacela ukwaziswa ezinhlanganweni ngezincwadi ezisemthethweni. Nakuba lezi zicelo zingabopheki ngokomthetho, zivame ukuveza ukusabela okuningi ngenxa yokuthi izinhlangano ziyakwazisa ukuhlangana kwazo nababonisi benhlangano.

I-FULT:0]Federal eRulel erport [Izinketho] (Izimo.gov) iyindawo eyinhloko yombuso nomphakathi. Iphethe zonke izikhungo ze-cordering centages zikahulumeni ezimisayo, ivumela abenzi bomthetho ukuba balandele izinkulumo zomphakathi nokulunga kwezinhlangano. Amanye amakomiti alondoloze izisekelo zangaphakathi ezithatha izikhawu zokuhlela, aqinisekiswe ukumiswa kwemithetho.

Amahhovisi Adwetshwe Ishadi: IGAO NeCBO

I-Governmentability Office ne-Congregational Baccultural Office (CBO) inikeza ukusekela kwezesayensi. IGAO ihlola ukusebenza kwezemishini nokuqondisa, kuyilapho i-CBO ilinganisela imiphumela yemithetho yemali ehlongozwayo. Imibiko yabo inesisindo ngenxa yokuthi ayiyona eyahlukanisayo futhi icwaningwe kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-CBO ilinganisela izindleko zemithetho emisha yendawo ezungezile emabhizinisini nasebathengini, isiza u-Congressress ukuba ahlole izinzuzo emithwalweni.

Indima Yamakomiti Ekuqondiseni

Isimiso sekomiti siwumgogodla wokwengamela kwe-cornodial. Ngenxa yokuthi uMkhandlu awukwazi ukubukeza yonke imithetho ngokuningiliziwe, amakomiti asebenza ngezindlela ezingokwezimiso njengezolimo, amandla, ukubhange, noma impilo. Lokhu kuqamba ulwembu lwemithetho kuvumela abenzi bomthetho ukuba bathuthukise ubuchwepheshe futhi balondoloze ukunakekela okuqhubekayo ezindabeni zokulawula.

Amakomiti Amile

Igumbi ngalinye linamakomiti aphethe ngokuhlala njalo ezindaweni ezithile zezihloko. Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti yeSigele yeBankting, Home, neUrban Affairs yengamela izimiso zezimali, kuhlanganise nalezo ezikhishwe yi-SEC ne-Consumer Financial Protection Bureauniau (CFPB). IKomiti yendlu yezeNgciso nezohwebo isingatha imithetho yendawo ezungezile nemithetho yezempilo. Lamakomiti aphatha amacala, afaka umthetho, futhi afaka imibiko yezengamele. Izisebenzi zawo zivame ukuhlanganisa nochwepheshe abahlaziya ukuhlelwa kwezengameleli ekuhleleni imithetho ephakeme.

Izivumelwano Ezingaphansi

Ikomiti engaphansi ivumela ukuqondisa okwengeziwe. Ikomiti eyodwa emile ingaba namakomiti amahlanu kuya kwayishumi angaphansi, ngalinye elimboze i-topic. Ngokwesibonelo, i- House Committee on the Judicary inezibopho ezingaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, ekuthuthweni kwezwe, nakuku-atrustriser. Ikomiti engaphansi kwe-offitee ingahlola izenzo zokulawula eziwela ngaphansi kwekomiti enomzali i-̱ i-radar, njengencwadi yesiqondiso esisodwa senhlangano noma isenzo esithile sokuqondisa.

Izihlalo ezingaphansi kwekomiti zinethonya elibalulekile. Bangahlela ukuzwa, ofakazi abangaphansi kwe-popoena, nemibiko yokubopha. Ngenxa yokuthi amaqembu angaphansi anamalungu amancane, ngokuvamile aveza imizamo yokuqondisa ebanzi neyokwengamela i-biparta. Izinguquko eziningi ezinkulu zokuqondisa, njenge-Foood Safety Modernization Act, zaqala emsebenzini ongaphansi.

Khetha Amakomiti Akhethekile

Ngezinye izikhathi i-Congress imisa amakomiti akhetha isikhashana ukuze ahlole izindaba eziphuthumayo zokulawula. Ngokwesibonelo, i House Committee Sub Comsestee eCoronavirus Crisis yasungulwa ngo-2020 ukuze yengamele ukusabela kukahulumeni kulo mqedazwe, kuhlanganise nezimiso zokuhlola nokugoma. Lamakomiti asebenza ngaphandle kwesakhiwo sekomiti esivamile kodwa asenawo amandla angaphansi komthetho. Ancibilika ngemva kwegunya lawo lokugunyaza.

Amakomiti ahlangene, ahlanganisa amalungu asemagumbini womabili, nawo ahlanganyela ekuqondiseni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Joint Economic Committee ihlola indlela imithetho ethinta ngayo ukukhula kwezomnotho. Nakuba amakomiti ahlangene anegunya elilinganiselwe lomthetho, aveza izifundo ezinethonya ezihlanganisa izimpikiswano ezilawulayo.

Ukuhlola Icala Ngemininingwane

Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Somoya Ohlanzekile Nokugada I - EPA

I-Ceac Air Act (CAA) ingomunye wemithetho ebhekisisa kakhulu yendawo ezungezile. Kusukela imiswa ngo-1970, uMkhandlu uye wayilungisa izikhathi eziningana, ngokuvamile ngokusabela ekutholeni i-opera. Izenzo eziyinhloko zobubonisi zihlanganisa:

  • Izwi nge-EPA’s Ambentient Moyeal Direfect Directs (NAAQS):[ Izishaya-mthetho zibiza i-EPA njalo ukuba banikeze ubufakazi ngesisekelo esingokwesayensi sokuqinisa noma ukukhulula i-ozone nezindinganiso zezinto ezihlukene. Ngo-2023, iKomiti ye House Energy nezentengiselwano yaba nokuzwa okungatshazwa kwezindleko eziphakathi kwezinzuzo zemithetho ye-NAAQS eqinile.
  • Imitapo yokugcinwa kwe-EPA:[ I-GAO ikhiphe imibiko egxeka ukwehluleka kwe-EPA ukuhlangabezana nezikhathi ezimisiwe zomthetho zokuhlola amasu okusetshenziswa kukahulumeni. Lemiba yezibalo yaholela iKhomishane ukuba iphoqe izimfuneko kanye nezimo zemali ezikhokhelwayo ezikwehlwini ezilandelayo.
  • Isehlo se-Conarpical Review Act: Ngo-2019, uMkhandlu wasebenzisa i-CRA ukugumbuqela umthetho we-EPA owandisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ngezindlela zokuhlanza ezincane. Isinqumo sokungavumelani saqokomisa ukukhathazeka kwe-bipartisan ngokuvuma kohlobo lomoya.

Lokhu kuqondisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi i - EPA ilinganisela isivikelo sendawo ezungezile nezomnotho ezingantengantengi, kuvimbela le nhlangano ukuba ibeke izindinganiso ezingakholeki ngaphandle kokufakwa kwenhlangano.

UMthetho Wezezimali KaDodd-Frank

Ngemva kwenkinga yezimali ka-2008, iSishaya - mthetho sakhipha i-Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation and Consumer Protection Act, eyadala i-CFPB futhi yabeka imithetho eqinile emabhange nasezimakethe. Imithetho yeSishaya-Mkhandlu iye yaphumelela kakhulu:

  • Ukudala kweNguquko yezezimali eMhlanganweni we-FSCOC (FOLT): uMkhandlu wayala ukuba i-FSOC, ebekwe uNobhala wezimali, ikhombe izingozi esimisweni sezimali. IKomiti yezezimali ye Home iphatha izindaba zaminyaka yonke ezinyanzelweni ze-FSOC kanye neziqubulo zezinhlangano ezibaluleke kakhulu ezingakhombiwe.
  • FPB Octs: I-CFPB ithumela imibiko ephindwe ka-annu ku-Congress, futhi i-Gaamp Committee Iqhuba ukuqinisekiswa kwezindlebe zomqondisi we-CFPB. Ngo-2023, ukuzwa kugxile ekubekeni umthetho webhizinisi elincane elibolekisayo, amalungu ebuza izikhungo zemininingwane yezokwaziswa.
  • Imingcele yemithetho ye- Imithetho evimbelayo: Ezinye izikweleti zokubhucunga ziye zahlanganisa abagibeli abalinganisela izenzo ze-CFPB zomthetho noma ukunqanda ukuxhaswa kwayo ngezimali zeFederal Reserve. Nakuba abagibeli bengasenabo bonke ababa umthetho, bashaya isaziso sokungajabuli futhi baphoqelele ukuba inxusa lilungise izinto zalo eziza kuqala.

Umqondisi wesigaba sokuqondisa i - Dodd Fast ubonisa indlela iziNgqungquthela ezingawasebenzisa ngayo amathuluzi amaningi — ukuzwa, ukuhlelwa kwemali, nokulungisa imithetho — ukuze zigcine izinhlangano eziqondisayo zisesilinganisweni esifushane.

Imithetho Yezempilo: Umthetho Wokunakekela Ongadalekayo Ne - CMS

I-Affordal Care Act ka-2010 yaveza amakhulu emithetho evela eCentre for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) nezinye izinhlangano. Ukuphathwa kwemithetho ye-ACA kusebenza kakhulu ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi nokwehlukana komthetho:

  • [ Ukuzwa imithetho yezentengiselwano zomshuwalense: Izindlela zendlu ne-Frect Committee iye yaqulwa ngendlela imithetho ye-CMS ethinta ngayo izindleko ezikhokhelwayo nokuhlanganyela kwenshuwalense. Ngo-2022, ikomiti yahlola imiphumela yemithetho yokukhipha izibhedlela neziguli ngokumangala.
  • GAO ngeMedicara ngxenye D: IGAO yabika ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi imithetho ye-CMS ye-prignact yomthetho ayicacile, okuholela ekudidekeni kwendlalifa. Umbuso wasebenzisa lemibiko ukwenza i-Medicare Prectical Drig Price Negotiation Act, eyaba umthetho ngo-2022.
  • CRC NJENGENXA nokulungiswa kwemithetho: Ngo-2021, iziKhomishane zazama ukugumbuqela umthetho we-CMS owandisa ukuhlanganisa i-telehealth phakathi nobhadane. Nakuba isinqumo sokungavunyelwa kwehlulekile, sashukumisela i-CMS ukuba ibukeze umthetho ngokufakwa okucacile kakhulu komfakela.

Lokhu kuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ukuqondisa akuyona inqubo eyodwa engokobukhulu. UKhongolo-kahulumeni uvumelana nokuhlola kwawo ngokusekelwe ekubalulekeni komthetho, ekuthatheni kwawo imingcele yezombangazwe, nokusabela kwenhlangano ehilelekile.

Izinselele Ekwengameleni Okuphumelelayo

Naphezu kwegunya lalo elingokomthetho namathuluzi, ukuqondisa imithetho kahulumeni kubhekene nezithiyo ezibalulekile. Lezi zinselele zinganciphisa ukulandisa futhi zivumele ukulawulwa ukuba kuvele.

I - partisan Polaryation

Ukuhlukaniswa kweqembu kuthathela isosha kakhulu ukuqondisa. AmaKomiti angase athathe icala ukuba angaqoqi ukwaziswa kodwa athole amaphuzu ezombangazwe. Uma elinye iqembu lilawula iWhite House kanye nezinye izilawuli ze-Congress, ukuqondisa kungasusa ukuqondisa noma kubonise ukulingwa. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokuphathwa kwe-Obama, amaRepublicans aqala ukuhlola okuningi e-EPA nase-IRS, okuningi kwabagxeki abakubheka njengokungathandeki kunokuba okungakhiyo. Ngokuphambene, uhulumeni onobunye ungaholela ekudebekeleni izinhlangano ezithandwayo. I-parlians izindlebe ngokuvamile ziveza ukubika okungahambisani ushintsho lwezinguquko.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Negebe Lobuchwepheshe

Imithetho yanamuhla yenziwa ngobuchwepheshe obukhulu. Imithetho yokuthumba ikharbon, ephuma ngokwezimali, noma ukudla okunemisebe yebhayoloji idinga ulwazi olukhethekile ukuthi amalungu amaningi e-Congress antula. Izisebenzi zekomiti zingasiza, kodwa ukuguqula nokunciphisa izimali kuncishiswe. Inani lezisebenzi ezingochwepheshe kumakomiti e House liye lehla ngo-20% kusukela ngo-2010, ngokwe- i-Conalgate Management Foundation [[.

Ngezinye izikhathi izinkampani zisebenzisa lobunkimbinkimbi ngokukhipha imithetho enzima ngemigoqo eminingi yobuchwepheshe, zinethemba lokuqeda ukuqondisa. Izingqungquthela zingahlehlisa ijubane ngokufuna ukucubungula okubizayo, kodwa lezo zinqumiso ngokwazo zingaba lukhuni. Inselele ihlanganiswa nomthamo omkhulu wemithetho — i-Register ekhipha amakhasi angaphezu kuka-70 000 ngonyaka, ngaphezu kwanoma iyiphi ikomiti eyodwa engabukeza.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemithombo Yezinto Nokulinganiselwa Kwesikhathi

I-Congress inemithombo elinganiselwe yokuqondisa. Nakuba i-GAO ne CBO inikeza ukusekela, amandla ayo alinganiselwe. Imibiko yeNkonzo yokucwaninga engcono kakhulu, kodwa abahlaziyi bayo bavame ukuncishiswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhalenda lomthetho ligcwele amavoti aphansi, imihlangano yengqungquthela, nomsebenzi we-octal. Ukuzwa kwabantu ngezindlebe kuyaqabukela kungena qhinga, futhi amalungu ahlukaniswe isikhathi phakathi kwezinhlangano eziningi. Ukukhula kwe-omnibus approprices kanye nezindlela zokuhlola izindleko ezisheshayo kunciphisa amathuba okucubunganisa inqubo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Congregational Review Act iphoqelela ifasitela eliqinile losuku olungu-60 lokugumbuqela imithetho. Lelifasitela lingaba mfushane kakhulu ukuba libe nemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi enemiphumela enzima ethatha indawo ekude. Uma ifasitela livalwa, ukugumbuqela umthetho kudinga ukudluliswa komthetho omusha, okunzima ngokwezombangazwe. Ngakho, iziqondiso eziningi ziyaphunyuka ekuhlolweni okuphumelelayo kwe-CRA.

Ukumelana Nemishini Nezinhlelo Ezingalingani

Izinhlangano eziphethe ngezinye izikhathi zimelana nokungamelelwa ngokunqikaza ukusabela ezicelweni zokwaziswa, ukucela ilungelo eliphezulu, noma ukuhlukanisa izincwadi. Nakuba uMkhandlu ungakhipha izimpoqo ezingaphansi kwe-odokisi, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho ngokudelelwa kweSishayamthetho kunzima futhi kudinga ukuvota noma isenzo senkantolo. Eminyakeni yamuva, izinhloko eziningi zezinhlangano ziye zamelana nezimpi ezingokomthetho ezinqanda ukuphatha izinyanga noma iminyaka. Lokhu kumelana kululaza isisekelo sokwaziswa esidinga ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo.

Ukuvela Kwamadokhumende Esiqondiso

Izinkampani zincika ngokuqhubekayo emabhukwini okuqondisa, antula amandla omthetho kodwa aqondiswa ngokuqondile emishini yendlela yokuvumelana nezimiso. Isiqondiso singashintsha ngokushesha ngaphandle kwesaziso somphakathi noma ukubukezwa kwe-conovation, idlulise izinqubo ezingokwesiko zokushaya umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango Wemfundo unikeze isiqondiso eSihlokweni se-IX sokuqondisa okuye kwaphumelela ukuphinda kubhalwe ngaphandle kokuhamba kwenqubo ye-APA. Umbuso uye wazama ukuqinisa ukuqondisa. Amanye amakomiti aye ahlongoza isiqondiso se-Out of Urdmarkday Act, idinga ukuba bhadio, kodwa ayidlulanga. Kuze kufike i-Congresssions athole indlela yokwengamela iziqondiso, ukuqondisa kwawo kuhlala kuphelele.

Ukuqondisa Okuqinisayo Komphakathi

Kuye kwahlongozwa izinguquko eziningana ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhono loMkhandlu lokulawula izintambo. Lezi zihlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwabemi bamakomiti andayo, ukwandisa ifasitela lokubukeza le-CRA, ukudinga izinhlangano ukuba zinikeze isiqondiso kuKhomishane, futhi zimise iHhovisi leRegalation Review elingokomthetho phakathi kwegatsha le-witrogist. Abanye abameleli babiza izinsuku ezibophekile zokushona kwelanga ngemithetho emikhulu, bephoqelela ukuba kubhalwe kabusha ngezikhathi ezithile. Abanye basikisela ukusebenzisa inqubo yokuhlola ukuxhasa inqubo yokuxhasa izakhiwo phakathi kwamakomiti.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikhambi liyini, isimiso esiyisisekelo silokhu sifana: IziKhomishane kumelwe ziqhubeke zishintsha amathuluzi azo okuqondisa ukuze zivumelane nomthetho oyinkimbinkimbi kahulumeni. Njengoba izinhlangano zithola amandla amakhulu ngokuvela eMkhandlwini, isidingo sokuqapha, okungewona amaqembu sibaluleke nakakhulu.

Isiphetho

Indima yeSishaya-Mkhandlu ekuqondiseni imithetho kahulumeni isisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi yaseMelika. Ngokuzwa, ukulawula uhlelo, umthetho wokuhlela, umsebenzi wamakomiti akhethekile, iKhomishane inikeza izinhlangano zikahulumeni umthwalo wemfanelo emithethweni emisiwe. Nokho, ukuhlukanisa, imingcele, imingcele, nokumelana kwezinhlangano kuletha izithiyo eziqhubekayo. Ngokuhlola inqubo, izinselele, nokuhlolwa okuchazwe ngenhla, abafundi nodokotela bangakuqonda kangcono ukulinganisela okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwenhloso yomthetho nezenzo zempatho.

Ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo. Uma uMkhandlu usebenzisa igunya lawo ngenkuthalo nangobuchwepheshe, uvikela umphakathi ekuphathweni futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni ifeza okuhle. Ikusasa lemithetho yaseMelika lixhomeke eMkhandlwini osalokhu uthembisene, utshelwe futhi uyakwazi ukuhlola umbuso wokuphatha.