Ukuqonda Ukuhweba Ngemithetho Yomphakathi

Inhloso yokuhwebelana kwezimiso zomphakathi iwumsuka wokulawula okuphumelelayo. Ukukhetha okukodwa kuhlanganisa ukudela umphumela othile ofiselekayo ukuze kufezwe omunye, njengoba imithombo, isikhathi, nenhloko- dolobha yezombangazwe kulinganiselwe ngokwemvelo. Abaphathi-mapali kumelwe baqhubeke besebenzisa izimfuno eziphikisanayo ezihlukene zabaxhasi abahlukene, ukulinganisela impumelelo engokomnotho nokungalingani, intuthuko emkhawulweni wesikhathi esifushane nokuzinziswa kwesikhathi eside, nenkululeko ngayinye engcono kakhulu. Ukuhweba akusona nje isici esicindezelayo kodwa ithuba lokwenza ngamabomu, ukukhanyanisa, nezinqumo ezibonisa izinto eziza kuqala. Ukuqaphela lokhu kuhweba kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ezinqubweni zeze zeze zezemisebenzi yezenziwa kuphumelela futhi kuqinile.

Amathenanti aqala cishe kuyo yonke imikhakha yenqubo yomphakathi, kusukela ekunakekeleni impilo nasemfundweni kuya ekuqondiseni indawo ezungezile nakwezomthetho wezokuphatha. Aphoqelela abenzi besinqumo ukuba babuze imibuzo eyisisekelo: Sizimisele ukukhokhela umoya ohlanzekile kangakanani? Ingabe kufanele sifake imali eshintshwayo ukuze sivimbele ukwelashwa okubizayo? Isilinganiso esingakanani sentela evunyelwe ukuxhasa izakhiwo zomphakathi? Ukuphendula lemibuzo kudinga indlela ehleliwe yokuhlola amakhetho, imiphumela yokuqonda, nokuxhumana nomphakathi.

Ukuhlolwa Kwemithetho Yohwebo

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhlaziya okuphathelene nokuhweba, kubalulekile ukuqonda izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene eziba nazo.

Imithombo Yezobuchwepheshe

Imali ye-Scarce − imali, izisebenzi, izisekelo , izakhiwo , izakhiwo zokukhetha phakathi kwezinhlelo ezincintisanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha elinemali ehleliwe kumelwe linqume ukuthi lizotshala amapaki amasha noma lithuthukise isikhungo salo sokulapheka amanzi. Izinqumo ezinjalo azivamile ukuba zizeze-esimu, kodwa ngokuvamile zihilela izindleko: inani lenye engcono kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwemali okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuhlaziywa okunzima nokuqonda kahle kwezidingo zomphakathi.

Izithakazelo Ezincintisanayo

Amaqembu ahlukene emphakathini anezici eziza kuqala eziphikisanayo. Amabhizinisi angafuna ukunqanda ukukhula, kuyilapho amaqembu endawo ezungezile efuna isivikelo esiqinile. Umphakathi wabalimi ungafuna izimali zamanzi, kuyilapho izakhamuzi zasemadolobheni zisekela ukulondolozwa kwemvelo. Ukulinganisela lezizithakazelo kuwumsebenzi oyinhloko wokubusa kwentando yeningi. Abenzi bemithetho kumelwe bahlanganyele engxoxweni, izingxabano zezindaba, futhi ngezinye izikhathi benze ukukhetha okungathandeki ukuze basize umphakathi.

Temporal Tradoffs: Ama-ter-get v. Indawo ende

Mhlawumbe ukungezwani okungapheli kakhulu kwenqubo yomphakathi kuphakathi kwemiphumela esheshayo nemiphumela eqinile. Abezombangazwe bavame ukubhekana nezingcindezi ezifunwayo zokuletha ukuphumelela okusheshayo, njengokugawula intela noma ukuchitha imali, okungalulaza impilo ehlala isikhathi eside. Ngokufanayo, ukudebeselela ukugcinwa kwemisebenzi yezemisebenzi kunikeza izindleko zesikhashana kodwa kuholela ezindlekweni eziningi eziphezulu kamuva. Ukubusa kokuhlakanipha kuqaphela ukubaluleka kokubekezela nokuzifaka ezimisweni eziveza izinzuzo ezinhlalweni.

Ukuphumelela ngokuncishiswa

Izikhangiso ziphumelela ekunikezeni imithombo yamandla kulabo abakwazi ukukhokha, kodwa aziqinisekisi ubulungisa. Izikhulu ezikhuthaza ukuphumelela − njengokususa noma ukubekwa kwe-prignation(---agnome). Ngokuhlukile, izinhlelo zokusakaza ngokushelela njengokukhokha intela eqhubekayo noma izinkonzo eziyisisekelo zendawo yonke zinganciphisa ukulingana kodwa zinganciphisa izisusa zezomnotho. Ukuthola ukulinganisela okulungile phakathi kwempumelelo nokuhleleka kuyinselele engapheli, idinga ukuklanywa nokuhlaziwa ngokucophelela nokuhlaziywa kolwazi.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlola I - Traff Embusweni Wanamuhla

Ukuhlolwa kwe-system shelexatic kuguqula isinqumo sokwenza inqubo yokwenza isakhi, i-od-hoc ibe yisiyalo esihlelwe kahle, esisekelwe kubufakazi. Kuletha ukucaca ekukhetheni okuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kwakhe ukuthemba komphakathi ngokubonisa ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa ngokucabangela zonke izici ezihlobene.

Ukwenziwa kwesinqumo esikhuliswe kabusha

Ngokuhlela ngokucacile inzuzo nomonakalo wendlela ngayinye, ukuhlaziya kusiza ekugwemeni imiphumela engahlosiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusikisela kokusebenzisa izimoto zikagesi kunganciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi kodwa futhi kwandise isidingo sikagesi, kunciphe i-grid. Ukuhlolisisa kungalindela imiphumela enjalo futhi kuvumele abenzi bezimiso ukuba baklame izinhlelo ezivumelanayo, njengokufaka imali ukuze kuvuselelwe amandla nokwakheka kwesimanje.

Ukucaca Okukhulayo Nokulandisa

Uma ohulumeni bevuma ukuthengiselana, izakhamuzi zingaqonda ukuthi kungani kwenziwa ukukhetha okuthile. Lokhu kunciphisa ukusolwa kwezenkohlakalo noma ukukhetha futhi kukhuthaza inkulumo yasobala eqashelwe kakhulu. Izindawo zokwaziswa, ukuzwa kwasobala, nokuhlola ithonya kungamathuluzi abangela ukudayiswa kwezentengiselwano. Ngokwesibonelo, iHhovisi lokuphathwa kwemithetho neHlabathi Lemali iveza ukuhlolwa kwaminyaka yonke kwemithetho emikhulu, ukuchaza izindleko nezinzuzo. Le mikhuba ikhuthaza ukulandisa ngecala, ukuqulwa kwezindaba zomphakathi, nokuhlolwa kwemidanti ye-odolkthi ukuba ibeke inselele impikiswano.

Ukusebenza Kangcono Kwemithombo Yezinto Eziyigugu

Izimali zomphakathi kumelwe zisetshenziswe lapho zinikeza khona inzuzo enkulu kakhulu yezenhlalo. Ukuhlaziya kwe Tradoff kubonisa izindawo lapho ukutshala imali okuncane kuveza khona izinzuzo ezinkulu futhi lapho izinhlelo ezikhona zingasazithetheleli izindleko zabo. Ukusetshenziswa kwemali esekelwe eqandeni, okudinga ukuthethelela zonke izindleko ekuhlukunyezweni, kuyindlela ephoqelela ukuhlaziywa okuqondile. Ohulumeni abathatha uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali ngokuvamile bafinyelela imiphumela engcono ngemali engaphansi kwamaRandi anele.

Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Zokuhweba Ngomphakathi

Ukuhlola amacala angokoqobo kucacisa indlela ukudayisa okusebenza ngayo futhi kwembule nezici ezishintshayo zesinqumo ngasinye.

Umthetho Ophathelene Nezempilo: Ukutholakala, Izindleko, Nezinga Elifanele

Kunobukhapheli bempilo, ama-posit aziwayo ukuthi ukufinyelela, izindleko, nezinga elifaneleke kahle angakwazi ukulinganiswa kanye kanye. Ukunwetshwa kwenani elikhulu kuzo zonke izakhamuzi, njengakuzo zonke izimiso zezokunakekela impilo, ngokuvamile kudinga intela ephakeme noma imali ekhushulelwe uhulumeni. Ngokuphambene, izimiso ezisekelwe emakethe zinganikeza ukukhetha okwengeziwe nokuthuthukisa izinto kodwa zishiye ezinye zingaqiniseki. I-Afford Carence Act eUnited States ihlose ukwandisa ukufinyelela kwemiyalo nangemithetho, kodwa futhi ifaka izindleko ezintsha kubakhokhi bemali nentela. Imithetho iyaqhubeka ukuphikisana ngokuthi zingahamba kanjani kule mikhakha emithathu ngaphandle kokwenza umhlatshelo.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile: Ukwanda Okungashintshwa.

Isimiso sendawo ezungezile sigcwele ukudayisa. Imingcele eqinile yokukhipha igesi inganciphisa ukungcola komoya futhi ithuthukise impilo yomphakathi, kodwa zinganyusa izindleko zokukhiqizwa kwabenzi nokukhula okuncane kwezomnotho esikhathini esifushane. I-Ceane Air Act e-U.S. iye yanconywa ngokusindisa amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwayo okudingekayo ukuze izimboni zisebenzise kakhulu imishini yokulawula ukungcola. Ngokufanayo, ukuvikela izinhlobo ezisengozini ngokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwendawo ngokulinganisela kungaphikisana nentuthuko yezindlu, ezolimo, nokukhuculisela inzuzo. Izimiso eziphumelelayo zizama ukunciphisa imiphumela emibi yezomnotho kuyilapho kufezeka imigomo engoko yendawo ezungezile, ngokuvamile ngezindlela eziguquguquyo njengezimboni zokulawula imvelo noma izindinganiso.

Inqubo: Isikweleti iStimulus v.

Phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho, ohulumeni babhekene nokuntengantenga phakathi kwesidingo esishukumisayo ngokuchitha imali edinga imali enele nokulondoloza ukulondolozwa kwesikhathi eside. Inkinga yezezimali nobhadane lwe-COVID ka-19 kwa 2008 kwabona uhulumeni eboleka ukusekela imikhaya namabhizinisi. Nakuba lezi zinyathelo zivimbela ukwehla komnotho okukhulu, futhi zandisa isikweleti somphakathi esingase sinqande izimali zesikhathi esizayo noma zifune ukulinganisela. Ukulinganisa phakathi kokusebenza ngokushesha ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuwohloka kwezomnotho nokugwema ukungakhokhi izikweleti eziyinseleleko enkulu kubenzi bemithetho elawulayo. Ukunyukela kakhulu, bheka [[FLT:] i-IMFF] i-FIm] yokuhlola ukusabela phakathi nobhadayo.

Ukuphatha Izinkampani Zohwebo: Izindawo Zokuhweba Namathuluzi

Ukuthola ukuthi iziphi izinkinga zentengiselwano kudinga indlela ehlelekile. Amasu alandelayo asetshenziswa kabanzi ohulumeni abaphumelelayo ekuthuthukiseni ukwenza izinqumo.

Ukuhlanganyela Kweqembu Lokuthatha Icala Nokubusa Kwentando Yeningi Okungalawuleki

Ukuhlanganisa amazwi ahlukahlukene enqubo yokwenza izimiso kusiza ukudayisa okungase kungashaywa mkhuba. Izemisebenzi ezinjengezigebengu zezakhamuzi, ukuvoca izibalo, kanye nokusebenzisa imali yokuhlukanisa kuvumela imiphakathi ethintekayo ukuba iveze izintando zayo futhi iqonde izindleko zezinye izindlela. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha lasePorto Alegre eBrazil lithuthukisa uhlelo lokuhlela, linika izakhamuzi ukulawula okuqondile ukuthi ingxenye yemali ekhona isetshenziswa kanjani. Lenqubo ayivumelanga nje kuphela ukuveza inzuzo engcono kodwa futhi yakha ukuthembana nomphakathi nokulandisa icala.

Ukwenza Isinqumo Semininingwane

Ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa okunamandla nokuhlaziywa kubalulekile ekuhloleni izitembu zokuhweba. Intengo yentengo, ukuhlaziywa kwesinqumo esine-crite-critenaria, nokuhlola okungahleliwe kunikeza ubufakazi obungaguquguqukiyo bemiphumela yokukhetha izimiso. Amathuluzi anjenge-World Bank’s Public Policy Policy Emply Modyment Skit[[ inikeza izisekelo zokuhlanganisa imininingwane engxenyeni ngayinye yokwakhiwa kwenqubo. Uma izinqumo zisekelwe ebufakazini obusekelwe emfundisweni, izinqumo ziyakhanya ngokwengeziwe futhi zingasebenzi.

Ukuhlela Isimo Nokuhlola Izingozi

Ngenxa yokuthi ukuhweba kuhilela ukungaqiniseki, ukuhlelwa kwezenzakalo kusiza abakhi bezimiso ukuba bahlole ukuthi ukulinganisela okuhlukile kungathinta kanjani imiphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlela idolobha ngenxa yokushintsha isimo sezulu kungaveza amazinga ahlukahlukene okukhuphuka kolwandle nokwanda kwenani labantu ukunquma ukuthi ungatshalaphi ekwakhekeni kolwandle noma izinhlelo zokuthutha. Ukuhlola izingozi kuhlanganisa futhi amathuba ezenzakalo ezimbi, njengobhadane noma izinkinga zezimali, okwenza abenzi besinqumo sokulungisa izinyathelo ezizolandelanayo. [[FLT: 0] I-OECD’s's projected system ne-modefation projective projectives[ inikeza isiqondiso sokuvikela nokulungisa izingozi.

Ukuklanywa Kwezimiso Zokuhlolwa Nokuqondiswa Kwazo

Uma imishini yokulawula ingaqinisekile, izinhlelo zokulawula izindiza nokuhlola okuzishintshayo kunganciphisa ingozi. Ukulawula okuguquguqukayo kwenqubo yendawo ezungezile kuvame ."izinto ezisebenzisa izimiso zokuhlola indawo ezungezile"izinhlelo, izimpawu, kanye nokulungisa izifundo ezisekelwe kulokho okufundiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye ohulumeni baye baqondisa izinhlelo zemali eziyisisekelo ukuze bahlole imiphumela yabo ekutholeni umsebenzi, ubumpofu, nokungaguquguquki ngaphambi kokuzifaka ekufezeni ngokugcwele. Lendlela ihlanganisa iqiniso lokuthi ukuhwebelana kungashintsha isikhathi nokuthi ukushintsha kwemali kulungile.

Izinqumo Zohwebo Ezingafani

Imisebenzi yokuhweba ayiyona nje engokobuchwepheshe; iphakamisa imibuzo ejulile yezimiso zokuziphatha. Izithakazelo zikabani okufanele zibekwe phambili?

Ubulungisa Obusakazayo

Izindawo eziningi zihlanganisa ukusakaza izinzuzo nemithwalo ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwanda kwentela okungathinta ngokungenakulinganiswa imali imfundo yomphakathi ingathinta imikhaya ecebile kodwa izuzise imikhaya engenisa imali ephansi. Abenzi bemithetho kumelwe bacabangele ukuthi ukusakaza okunjalo kuhambisana yini nezimiso zokulunga nobulungisa. Umqondo “wokulinganisela” uzama ukulinganisela ukuphumelela ngokulingana ngokuqiniseka ukuthi labo abanekhono elikhulu lokunikela kakhulu, kuyilapho izinkonzo ezibalulekile zihlala zitholakala kubo bonke.

Ukuvumelana Kwezizukulwane

Ukuhweba ngezikhathi eziningi, njengalokho okuhilela ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu noma isikweleti somphakathi, kuphakamisa indaba yezibopho ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Ukungaqiniseki ngezinzuzo zesikhathi esizayo nezindleko kuwumkhuba ovamile ekuhlaziyweni kwezindleko, kodwa ukukhethwa kwenani lokulahlekelwa kubonisa imibono engokokuziphatha. Izinga eliphansi lokungalinganisi lihlela inhlalakahle yesikhathi esizayo, kuyilapho izinga eliphakeme lokukholisa cishe kusetshenziswa. Abenzi bomthetho kumelwe basho ngokucacile ngalezizahlulelo futhi bahileleke ekuhloni kwasobala ngohlobo lwefa abafisa ukulishiya.

Izimpikiswano Ezisekelwe Elungelweni

Amanye amalungelo ayisisekelo acindezelwa. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni ngeke adele inkululeko yomphakathi ngokuphelele ngenxa yokulondeka kwesizwe, ngisho noma ukuhlolwa okuncane okubiza imali ehambisana nemali kungasikisela lokhu. Isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo, izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu, nomthetho wezizwe zonke ubeke imingcele ekwamukelekeni kwezokuhweba. I-COVID-19 klockdas, ngokwesibonelo, ihilela ukulinganisela impilo yomphakathi ngokumelene nenkululeko yokuhamba kanye nomsebenzi wezentengiselwano, okuholela ezimpikiswaneni eziqinile ezingokomthetho nezingokomthetho. Ukuze uthole isisekelo sezimiso zezempilo yomphakathi, bheka i-WHOV [[FLT:] yesiqondiso sezimiso zezimiso zezempilo zomphakathi [FLT].[FLD:1]

Ukunqoba Izinselele Ekuqondiseni Ibhizinisi

Naphezu kokutholakala kwamathuluzi okuhlola isayensi yemvelo nezimiso zokuziphatha, ukulawula ukuhweba ngemishini kusenzima.

Ukucindezela Kwezombangazwe Nokungabi Nalutho

Imijikelezo ye-Electoral idala izisusa ezinamandla zezimiso ezinikeza imiphumela esheshayo, ebonakalayo. Abezombangazwe bangase babe madolonzima ukusekela ukuthengiselana okubuhlungu − njengokuphakamisa izintela noma ukusika izinhlelo ezithandwayo − ngisho nalapho lezo zinqumo zisemdlalweni womphakathi. Ukunqoba izikhawu ezimfushane kudinga izinqubo zokuhlela ezivimbela izinqumo ezithile kusukela kwezombangazwe zosuku kuya kulelo, ezifana nemikhandlu ezimele, ukuhlela izimali ezimisiwe isikhathi eside, nemithetho engokomthetho evimbela ukuchithwa kwezindleko zomphakathi. Nokho, lezi zimiso ngokwazo zihilela ukuhweba phakathi kwezentengo yentando yeningi kanye nezimiso.

Ukuxhumana Okuyinkimbinkimbi Nokuhlangana

Izinselele eziningi zomphakathi ziyahlangana. Ngokwesibonelo, imizamo yokuxazulula ubumpofu ingadinga ukutshala imali ngesikhathi esisodwa emfundweni, ekunakekeleni impilo, emsebenzini, nasemakhaya. Ukuhlukanisa ibhizinisi elilodwa kuyanzima uma izimbangela nemiphumela iphithana. Izimiso zokucabanga nokuhlobisa zingasiza, kodwa zidinga ubuchwepheshe obuningi bokuqondisa kanye nemithombo eminingi. Ukuthatha izinto ezilula, njengokusebenzisa uhlu oluhluziwe nemithetho eqinile, kungakwanelisa izinqumo ezivamile kodwa kufake engozini ukuhlangana okuyinkimbinkimbi.

Ulwazi Olungaqinisekile

Abenzi bemithetho ngokuvamile abanakho ukwaziswa okuphelele ngezindleko nezinzuzo zezinketho ezihlukene. Izithakazelo ezikhethekile zingagodla noma zihlanekezele ulwazi, futhi ikusasa liyinto engenakulungiseka. Ukulawula okuguquguqukayo nokwenza izinqumo eziqinile, okufuna ukukhetha okufeza kahle phakathi kwezikhathi ezilandelayo ezijabulisayo zekusasa elinengqondo .Njengoba ukungazinzisi kodwa kungakuqeda. Ukungazi ukuthi kungumkhuba ongcono kakhulu, njengoba kubeka amathemba angokoqobo futhi kunciphisa ukuvumelana lapho imiphumela isuka ekubikezelweni.

Isiphetho: Ukwamukela Amabhizinisi Njengobushiqela Obulawulayo

Izimiso zomphakathi azilona uphawu lokuhluleka kodwa isici esiyinhloko sokubusa okunomthwalo wemfanelo. Ngokuhlaziya ngokuhlela izikhangiso, abafake imingcele, nokunamathela ezimisweni zezimiso, abenzi bezimiso bangenza izinqumo ezibonisa ngokwengeziwe, ezilandisayo, neziphumelela kakhulu. Ubunkimbinkimbi bemiphakathi yanamuhla bufuna ukuba sidlulele ngalé kweziqubulo ezilula futhi sibhekane nezinqumo ezinzima ezichaza ikusasa lethu elihlangene. Ukubusa okuphumelelayo akuziqedi ukuhweba; kuyazihlukanisa ngokuhlakanipha, ubufakazi, nesihawu.

Ekugcineni, izinga lenkambiso linqunywa hhayi ngokwehluleka kwezindawo zokuhweba kodwa ngendlela ezilawulwa ngayo. Izakhamuzi eziqonda ukuthengiselana zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuhlola izithembiso zezombangazwe futhi zibone ohulumeni beno silandulelwa. Njengoba sibhekene nezinselele zembulunga yonke njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuphazamiseka kwezobuchwepheshe, nokuguquguquka kwenani labantu, ikhono lokwenza ukuhwebelana okuhlakaniphile liyochaza impumelelo yemiphakathi yethu. Ukuqhubeka nokufunda ngalendaba ebucayi, [[FLT: 0] [E] CD ka-Proferancerdatence unikeza imithombo emikhulu yezimiso zomklamo nokuhlolwa kwezimiso, kanye ne-National Bureaural of Research [FLT] [FLT:]]