Isingeniso: Ukuhlangana KoMbusi Wezwe Njengesithiyo Kumalungelo Omphakathi

Ukuzivikela kombuso kuyisimiso sombuso waseMelika esilawulayo esivikelayo nezinhlangano zazo ukuba zingamangalelwa enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphandle kwemvume yazo. Lemfundiso yasungulwa ukuvikela izikhundla zikahulumeni futhi ilondoloze isithunzi sikahulumeni. Nokho, emongweni wamalungelo esizwe (credigitation) /awedegignetics ingenza izithiyo ezinkulu. I Juveniles, ethembele ezimisweni ezisebenzayo zikahulumeni ezinjengezikole zomphakathi, izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle, izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle, nezindawo zokuvalelwa kweziboshwa, ngokuvamile ifuna ukuvuselelwa ngokomthetho ngenxa yokwephula umthetho. Nokho, ngokuvamile lezo zigobo abavikelayo bayazi ukuthi zikhona ngaphandle kokuba kusebenza okuhlukile. Lesihloko sihlola imfundiso yesimiso sokuvikela, ukusebenza kwezindawo zomphakathi, isihluthulelo esivelele, ukuvikela amalungelo embusweni emphakathini, izikhululeki, izikhulu zezezenhlalakahle, izikhulu zezelelwa abantu abasha abasha abasebenzayo.

Ukuqonda ukuhlanganiswa kwesimiso sokuvikela komthetho wenkululeko nesentsha kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohileleke emthethweni wemfundo, ekwahluleleni kwezingane, noma emalungelweni abantwana. Ngaphandle kokuqonda lemfundiso, ngisho namalungelo ezakhamuzi anamandla kakhulu angalahlwa emnyango. Lesiqondiso esikhudlwana sinikeza ukucaciswa okubanzi kwezindawo ezingokomthetho, sinikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo kudokotela nokuhlolisiswa kwesimiso somthetho - sisekelo esilawula izindaba ezinjalo.

Ukuqonda Ubunye Bombuso: Umsuka Nezinga

Umqondo womthetho wokuzimela ukuvikela komthetho wobukhosi ubuyele emuva emthethweni wesiNgisi, lapho uMbuso wawungeke umangalelwe khona ngaphandle kwemvume yawo. E-United States, iSichibiyelo seshumi nanye samisa lesi simiso esisezingeni lombuso, sinikeza: “Amandla okwahlulela eUnited States ngeke athathwe ukuba adlulisele noma yisiphi isambatho emthetho noma ukulingana, waqala noma wamangalelwa kuleyo eUnited States yizakhamuzi zezwe elithile, noma yizakhamuzi noma iZifundazwe noma izihloko zanoma yiliphi iZwe Langaphandle. Nakuba umbhalo ubonakala ulinganiselwe esusweni, iNkantolo Ephakeme i-Propowethth ayichaza iSiphakami ehlo, igweba izakhamuzi zayo ngokwendawo, futhi, ngaphansi kwemfundiso ebanzi yesizwe sombuso wokuzingamele. Bheka [FL.0]

Lemfundiso ayikholeki kuphela emalini yombuso kodwa futhi naseminyangweni kahulumeni ebhekwa “izikhali zikahulumeni.” Uma umuntu ekufanelekela njengengalo kahulumeni kuxhomeke ezicini ezinjengezinga lokulawula kukahulumeni, umthombo wezimali zayo, futhi ukuthi isahlulelo singakhokhwa emalini yemali kahulumeni kuphela. Ngokwesibonelo, iyunivesithi kahulumeni noma umnyango wesifundazwe wokulungisa ingongohlolwa, kanti isifunda sesifunda sikamasipala noma isikole asinciphi (ngoba siyizigaba ezingaphansi kwezombangazwe zikahulumeni, hhayi isifundazwe ngokwaso). Lokhu kwahlulela kuyagxeka ezimweni zabancane: uma umShuquadentiyu eyinhlangano yezwe (isibonelo, isakhiwo sezwe sokuvinjelwa kwabantwana), ukuvikelwa kwesizwe, ukulawulwa kweqembu lesikole, uma isikhuluzwe, isikhulumi, uma ingekho ibhodi lesikole noma isifundazwe, ngokuvamile ayigodli.

Injongo yokuvikela uhulumeni ekuvikelekeni kwezindawo zombuso iwukuvikela amagugu kahulumeni ekuqedweni amacala kahulumeni, kanjalo kugcine izikhundla zikahulumeni kanye nokulingana kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni nohulumeni. Nokho, lemfundiso iye yagxekwa ngokushiya abantu abasengozini kakhulu (kuhlanganise nabangenalo) ikhambi lokwephulwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Ngenxa yalokho, iSishaya-mthetho nezinkantolo ziye zasungula ukukhipha okuhlukile okuvumela izinhlobo ezithile zokuzibeka phambili naphezu kolwelwa kwesimiso sobukhosi.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanye Nokuziphendukela Kwaso

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhuluma ngomthetho owenqabela ukuvikeleka komthetho ezinqumweni eziningi zengqophamlando, ihlela ukusebenza kwayo esikhathini eside. Hans v. Louisiana (1890), iNkantolo yaphetha ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi Nenye seSiphazamiso seSigunya sivimbela isifundazwe ngezakhamuzi zaso siqu enkantolo kahulumeni, ngisho noma umbhalo weSimemezelo seSichibiyelo ungazange usho ngokucacile. Kamuva, engxenyeni yeYe Yomntwana [FLT [08], iNkanto enzima enzima enzima: ifanele ukuhlukanisa izikhulu zikahulumeni ngokuphula umthetho kahulumeni. Le mpicalo ayibhekwa njengelungelo lokumelana negunyazwezwe.

Imfundiso yokuzimela ukuzivikela kombuso yanamuhla yaqiniswa ezimweni ezinjenge SAMINOLE Friest v. Florida (1996], eyayithi iKhomishane ayinakho ukuvikela uhulumeni ngokusemthethweni ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso sayo I, (umz., Commerce Classical Claus) ngaphandle kokuba isebenzise i-pursutute ku-Department 5 ye-Drandment. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imithetho eminingi ye-hulumeni ebekwe ngaphansi kwe-Articment Imentation ingenze i-prese ngaphandle kokuba umthetho udluliswe ngokuqondile ukuze ulwe i-Prefection. Ngoba, lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu emithethweni enjenge-Avereversature ID, ingenze inselele inselele ukuvise-yokujini engcono uma ingekho isigaba sesigaba sesigaba sesigaba se-5.

Amacala Amalungelo Omphakathi Athinta Izintaba Ezinsundu: Indawo Ebanzi

IJuveniles isebenzelana nesifundazwe ngezindlela eziningi ezingabangela ukusho ukuthi amalungelo omphakathi akhona. Izindawo ezivamile zokuqashwa zihlanganisa:

  • Imfundo: isho ngaphansi komthetho wemfundo okhubazekayo (IDEA), isiqephu 504 soMthetho wokubuyisana, iSihloko II samaMelika esinoMthetho (ADA) okhubazekayo, neSihlokwana seSigqi seSigqi seSigqi semfundo sango1972. Lemithetho ivikela abafundi ekucwaseni nasekuqinisekiseni izinkonzo ezifanelekile zemfundo. Isimiso sokuvikela uhulumeni sivame ukuvela lapho iminyango yezemfundo noma izikole ezigunyaziwe zikahulumeni zivela.
  • Jovenile Devonsonce and Resolution: Izimo zokuvalelwa zingelula ukusetshenziswa kokuvalelwa wedwa, amandla eqile, ukunakekelwa okunganele kwezokwelapha, nokwehluleka ukuvikela izingane ebudloveni. ISichibiyeli se-Claus se-Century ye-14 neSichibiyeli se-Eighth (nge-1950) sinikeza amathuba osizo, kodwa ukuzivikela kobuso kungavimbela umbuso ngokwawo.
  • Ulwelwelwe-yabantwana: luthi lumelene nezinkonzo ezivikela umntwana zikahulumeni zokwehluleka ukuvikela izingane ekuxhashazweni noma ekususweni ngokungafanele. Lokhu kuvame ukuhilela ukumangalelwa kokuphulwa kwenqubo okuyiyo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane.
  • Ukungavumelani: Imithetho iveza ubandlululo lobuhlanga, ubulili, noma ukukhubazeka kwezikhulu zikahulumeni noma izinhlangano, njengesiyalo esingalinganiyo ezikoleni noma amaphoyisa alawula izingane.

Kulo mongo ngamunye, ukuba khona kommangalelwa kahulumeni kubangela ukuhlaziywa kokuthi ukuzivikela komzimba kuyasebenza yini, futhi uma kunjalo, ukuthi umbambeli uvumela yini ukuba isudi iqhubekele phambili.

Okwenza Ukuba Ubunye ObunguMbusi Bube Inkinga Ikakhulu Kujubaniles

I-Juvenile iphakathi kwamalungu omphakathi asengozini kakhulu. Ngokuvamile abanayo imithombo yemali, ulwazi, kanye nomthetho odingekayo ukuze basebenzise izisekelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuvikela isimilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbuso uvame ukuba yilungu eliphethe isibopho sokuvalelwa, imfundo, noma isivikelo. Uma leyo ndawo iphula amalungelo ayo, imfundiso yokuvikela ukuvikela ukubusa kombuso ingahlanganisa ukulimala ngokuzincisha i-infonsium ukuze kukhululeke. Ngokwesibonelo, osemusha oxhashazwa kakhulu ejele lentsha angathola ukuthi isuti yesijeziso sempi, kanti isuti yokukhululeka enqanda ukuxhashazwa, kuyilapho induku ingekhona okusemthethweni, futhi ingathola ukuthi imvume yokukhululeka (njengohlelo lokunqanda ukuxhashazwa kokuxhashazwa) ingenzeka kuphela ngaphansi [[FLD:0] ingxenye ye-Ex [FLD] [FF1] [1], futhi ngisho nenhlangano engokomthetho kuphela, ngaphandle kwegunyaziwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho eminingi yamalungelo omphakathi evikela intsha − njenge-IDEA ne-ADA(require) iveza ukuvuma ukuvumelana nesimo sokuthola imali kahulumeni. Nokho, izifundazwe zingasichitha noma zisibekele imingcele imvume enjalo, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yalinganisela ikhono leSishaya-Mkhandlu lokuvikela izikhali ngaphansi kwemithetho ethile. Lokhu kuveza iqoqo lesivikelo elihlukahluka ngokwezwe nangohlobo lwezingalo.

Ukulinganiselwa Okubangelwa Ukungahlangani KoMbusi Ezinqubweni Zokugcina Iminyaka

Uma intsha noma abameleli bayo befaka icala lamalungelo omphakathi enkantolo kahulumeni, ummangalelwa (inhlangano kazwelonke noma isikhulu) angaphakamisa ukuzivikela kobukhosi njengesivikelo. Uma ulwelo luphumelela, inkantolo kumelwe ilahle icala ngenxa yokungabi nagunya lokulawula kwezezikhulu. Lokhu kungenzeka esigabeni sokunxusa, ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale noma kuphi okufanelekayo. Ukulinganiselwa okulandelayo kuvame ukuhlangabezana:

  • Ibhande lokulimaza izimpawu: ulwelo oluwumbuso luvame ukunqabela amasudi omonakalo wemali kuhulumeni noma izikhulu zawo ezisebukhulwini bawo (ngoba umonakalo onjalo ungakhokhwa emalini kahulumeni). Lokhu kuyisithiyo esibaluleke kakhulu, njengoba intsha elinyazwe isenzo sikahulumeni ngokuvamile ifuna imbuyiselo yezindleko zokwelapha, ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka, noma ukulimala kwemfundo.
  • [[NTLT:0] Ibhanela lokuhlola i-Retroring Purection: Ascheads ezifuna ukulungisa ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yangaphambili noma umonakalo ngokuvamile zivalwa. Kuphela olindelwe ukukhululeka okungadluli (umz., umyalo wokushintsha uhlelo noma umkhuba oqhubekela phambili) uvunyelwe ngaphansi [ ingxenye ye-Ex ye-Young .
  • Ibhar enkantolo yeZwe: INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi ukuvikeleka kobukhosi kuyasebenza futhi nasenkantolo yesifundazwe lapho umbuso umangalelwa ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni ugonyelwe ukuvikeleka. Bheka Alden v. Maine [1999]. Lokhu kusho ukuthi intsha ayinakuvele ikhiphe imfundiso ngokuyifaka enkantolo yezwe.
  • Bar Againts Asched Under candelo 1983: 42 U.S.C. 1983 iyimoto eyinhloko yokumisa umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni namalungelo ombuso kubadlali bakahulumeni. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme yagcinwa i-All v.Michigan Department of State Police [19989] ukuthi umbuso awuyiyo “i-pperson” efanelwe yintambo ngaphansi kuka-1914. Ngakho, isiqephu so 1983 sithi imposiso yokulahla isifundazwe noma izinhlangano zayo ivinjelwe yisivikelo sombuso. Izikhulu zikahulumeni ezisesikhundleni sazodwa azinqatshelwe (ngongokwanele ukuvikela).

Lokhu kusho ukuthi emacaleni amaningi amalungelo entsha, okuwukuphela kwendlela esebenzayo ukumangalela izikhulu ezizimele ngokwazo ezinamandla okulimaza noma ukufuna usizo oluyimpoqo kuziphathimandla ezisebukhulwini ngaphansi kwe- expace Young[. Ngisho nalapho, ukuncenga okucophelelayo kuyadingeka ukuze kugwenywe ukuxoshwa.

Izihambi Nezigebengu: Izindlela Ezizungeza UMbusi

Naphezu kokufinyelela kobuningi kwesimiso sokuvikela imvelo, kunabantu abambalwa abamelene namalungelo ezingane, ukuqonda lezi zindlela kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kugcinwe imibandela iphila.

Ukukhishwa Kwezinqumo Ngengxenye 5 YeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane

ISivumelwano singasivikela ekuzimelani kwesizwe uma sisenza kanjalo ngokunganqikazi futhi sithatha isinyathelo sokunikeza umthetho-sisekelo owenqabela ukugonyelwa kombuso. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela ukuthi umthetho owenziwe ngaphansi kweSigaxa 5 seSichibiyelo se 145 (onika iSiphakamiso seSiphakamiso seSiphakamiso seSiphendu), onika iKhomishana yegunya lokuqinisekisa isiqinisekiso seSimemezelo somthetho (Hlawu ne-Premiligicco, i-Clausce Clausse, njll) ayinakho ukunikeza i-mfault congressting iziqinisekiso zeSigqi seSigqi seSigqi se-Premende Semfundo (FLT.[FLDY] Floridatetic PostseIgate Reservelvelvelve Ad Buard v v. Collegencys[FFod:1]) (1999).).

Izibonelo zemithetho eziye zasekelwa njengezimiso ezisemthethweni ngaphansi kweSahluko 5 zihlanganisa i-Sihloko II saseMelika esiphethe uMthetho (njengoba sisetshenziselwa ukufinyelela ezinkantolo nasezinkonzweni ezithile zomphakathi) ne-Family and Medical Let Act (njengoba isetshenziswa ekunakekeleni umkhaya ushiya ubandlululo lobufana),. Ezindabeni zentsha, iSihlo se II se-ADA singavumela izenzo zokulimaza ezizweni ngenxa yokukhubazeka ezikoleni zomphakathi noma ezivalelwe, uma ukuziphatha okuqondile kwe-Gawula kuphula amalungelo eGajijijibhithe. Kodwa, izinga ze-brogcopt zihlala ziphikisana, futhi izinkantolo zivame ukukhombisa “indlela yokungahlolwa kwecala lokungahambi ngecala" ngaphambi kokuvumela amasume. Icala eliholayo liyi-[FLD:][FLD] v.[FPT][2004]

2. Umbuso Onemizwa Engalawuleki

Amazwe angase ngokuzithandela alahle ukuzivikela kwawo kobuso begazi, kungaba ngokuqondile (ngemithetho noma ngamalungiselelo omthetho) noma ngokuphelele (ngokwamukela izimali zikahulumeni ezivumelana nesimo esicacile afuna ukuvumelana nazo). Izizwe eziningi ziye zafaka i-tort iziphakamiso zokuthi izikhali zokuvikela ezinye izinhlobo zemali, ngokuvamile ezinezintambo zokuvikela izikhali ezibophayo neziyimidalo efana nesaziso sokuzigodla ngesikhathi esifushane. Ngokwesibonelo, osemusha olimele izimali zezisebenzi zikahulumeni angase anyuswe ngaphansi kwezwe ukuba athathe isinyathelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho uhulumeni emukela izimali ngaphansi kwezithombe ze-IEA noma i-IX, izimo zokuxhasa imali ngokuvamile zidinga isimo ukuba avimbele ngaphansi kwalezo zimiso. [FL:] CECLEA.[FFFFFFUR.][9]

Ezimweni zentsha, umkhohlisi ovame kakhulu uyenzeka nge-IDEA, ehlela imfundo ekhethekile kahulumeni ngokuvunyelwa uhulumeni ukuba uvumelane nenkantolo kahulumeni. Ngokufanayo, i-Tit IX wavers isebenza kwabezezimali zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise namayunivesithi kahulumeni kanye nezikole ze-K-12 uma zisetshenziswa uhulumeni. Nokho, ukukhokhwa kwemfundo ekhethekile esemthethweni ka-Claus kulinganiselwe ekuhleleni okuqondile kokulungisa umthetho futhi akuwachazi amanye amaqhinga.

3. I - Expande Young Ehlukile

Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlawulweni kwamalungelo entsha ikhono lokumangalela izikhulu zikahulumeni ezisesikhundleni sazo esingokomthetho sokukhululeka kokufuna ukunqandwa okuqhubekayo komthetho kahulumeni. Ngaphansi iEx pate Young , isikhulu sombuso esiphula umthetho kahulumeni sibhekwa njengesephula igunya likahulumeni, futhi ngenxa yalokho isuti ayimelene nombuso. Lokhu kuvumela abakhokhi abakhokhi ukuba bafune iziyalezo eziphoqelelwe ukuba bashintshe imithetho engekho emthethweni, baqede imikhuba esemthethweni, noma banikeze izinkonzo ezidingekayo.

Kubantwana, lokhu kugwenywa kusetshenziswa kaningi ekuhlaziyweni kwemithetho yenguquko engokomthetho, njengezimo eziyinselele ezikhungweni zokuboshwa kwezingane zikahulumeni noma ukuphoqelelwa kwe-IDEA. Ngokwesibonelo, isenzo seqembu esithi ijele lentsha elihamba ngenkani lisebenzisa ukuvalelwa kwezenswela ngokweqile ngokwephula iSigqizo sezentengiselwano sejele ngaphansi [[FLT:] uExte Young ngisho noma isifunda ngokwaso singowokuvikela.

Amasu Amelene Nohulumeni Nezikhulu Zendawo

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuvikeleka komthetho wokuzivikela komthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho awuvikeli omasipala, izikhawu, izikole, noma ezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni wendawo. ISichibiyelo seshumi nenye sisebenza kuphela ezifundeni nasezingalweni zazo. Ngakho, ukumangalelwa kwebhodi lesikole lendawo, isikhungo sokuvalelwa kwezingane (uma sisetshenziswa isifundazwe), noma umnyango wamaphoyisa kamasipala awuvinjelwa ngenxa yokuvikelwa uhulumeni. Nokho, izinhlangano ezinjalo zingaqinisa ezinye iziphetho, futhi zithathwa “abantwana abangaphansi kweSigaba sonyakazo sonyaka. Izikhulu eziningi zezenhlalakahle yezingane zibekwa imingcele yesikole sendawo noma izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle yesifunda sezenhlalakahle ukuze zigweme isithiyo esiphethe imingcele.

Ukunakekelwa Okufanele Kwalabo Abamelela Amalungelo Omphakathi

Uma becabangela ukuthi kunzima kangakanani ukuvikela izingane, abameli abamelela intsha kumelwe babahlole ngokucophelela abamangalelwa abafanelekayo nezimbangela zesenzo ngaphambi kokufaka isambatho.

  • Lungisa i-FLT Intest Elungile: Uma umbuso ugonyiwe, cabangela ukumangalela izinhlangano zikahulumeni wendawo (isifunda sesikole, isifundazwe, idolobha) uma bezihilelekile. Futhi, izikhulu zikahulumeni ezibizwa ngegama ezisebukhoneni bazo bomonakalo (ukuzithoba ekuvikelekeni okufanelekayo) nasemasikweni azo angokomthetho osizo olungaphakathi ngaphansi Ingxenye ye-Ex yentsha .
  • Funa Ukukhipha Lapho kudingekile khona: Ezinye izimiso, njenge-IDEA ne-Litigation Reform Act (PLRA), zidinga izithakathi ukuze zikhiphe amakhambi okulawula ngaphambi kwesudi lokusesha. Ukwehluleka ukukhipha imoto kungaphumela ekuxoshweni.
  • I-Leverage Federal Funding Zimo: Lapho umbuso uthola izimali zikahulumeni kanye nomthetho ocacile wezimo ezixhaswayo ezixhasa ukunqanda ukunqanda ukulwa, ukuthi i-raver ingacelwa. Iseluleko kufanele sicwaninge ukuthi uhulumeni uthathe imali ngaphansi kwe-IDEA, isihloko IX, 76 504, noma i-ADA futhi ukuthi iyakwazi ukumelana ngokuqondile nesimiso sokulwa.
  • Imininingwane yokujezisa okuqhubekayo: Ukusebenzisa Ingxenye yentsha [, ukukhononda kumelwe kubonise ukwephulwa okuqhubekayo komthetho kahulumeni nokucela impumuzo elindelekile kuphela. Ukuphula umthetho kwasendulo kukodwa akwanele.
  • Cabangela izinqumo zeSizwe: Nakuba ukuvikeleka kombuso kusebenza nasezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngaphansi Alden v. Maine, ezinye izifunda zinesimiso esigonyelwe ezinkantolo zazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziphakamiso zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho zingaqhubeka uma uhulumeni evume. Ukuvinjelwa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni kungavumela futhi ukumangalelwa kwezwe ngaphansi komthetho wesifundazwe, imingcele.
  • Sebenzisa isiqephu sonyaka ka-1998 Against Agesances in Ixantarity: Ngisho noma umbuso ungogonyelwa, ingane ingamangalela isikhulu sikahulumeni ngokwayo ngokomuntu siqu ngenxa yomonakalo ngaphansi kuka-1963 1983. Isikhulu singaphakamisa iscious efanelekayo, kodwa uma ilungelo limisiwe ngokucacile, ukuzisho kungaqhubeka. Lokhu kuyithuluzi elinamandla lokubeka izikhulu ezizimele ezibeke icala ngokuphulwa komthetho womthetho owephula umthetho njengamandla aphakeme ekuboshweni noma ukunganaki ngamabomukudinga kwezokwelapha.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nezenzakalo Eziwuphawu

Izinqumo eziningi zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme nenkantolo ephansi ziye zaguqula indawo yokuzivikela kobukhosi ezicaleni zentsha. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT: 0] Allen v. Cooper (2020), iNkantolo ilinganisela ikhono leNkantolo leNkantolo lokuvikela uhulumeni ngokusemthethweni ngaphansi kwe-Mvumelwano ka-Claus, kodwa icala laqinisekisa ukubaluleka kweNkathi Yesigaba 5 yokubebekis. [FLT:] Umongowomkhohlo oqinile. Isikhungo somntwana [[FLT] esiqinile. [20] salinganisela ukuthi ilungiselelo elilinganayo lokungena kwe-Mdid Act ngeke liphoqelelwe ukumelana nezenzo zokuthatha isinyathelo esingemuva ngaphansi kwe-Supremiclaus, imingcele yezindlela ezitholakalayo ngisho nakuyiyo.

Enye indawo ebalulekile ukusebenza kwe-IDEA wainer. Inkantolo Ephakeme [ku- Fry v. UNapoleon Community Schools (2017) yacacisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-IEA ne-ADA, iphethe ukuthi abathathi-mthetho bangaletha izikhangiso ze-ADA ngaphandle kokufuna amakhambi osizo ngaphansi kwe-IDEA. Lesi sinqumo sivumela intsha ekhubazekile ukuba iphishekele ukukhululeka okukhulu ngaphansi kwe-ADA, okungahlanganisa ukulimaza izigaba uma ukuxoxiswa kwe-A kulungile.

Izinkantolo eziphansi ziyaqhubeka zizama ukumelana nobukhulu besihloko II ADA ukukhishwa kwecala ngokwendlela okusebenza ngayo ezikhungweni zezingane ezivalelweyo. Isifunda Sesibini, ku-Dean v. University eBuffalo School of Medicine (2015]), sisekela ukuthi iSihlomo II sivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ahilela ukufinyelela enkantolo. Abameli kufanele bahlole inqubo yesifunda yabo ekuhlolweni kwe-mongozolwazi oluthile lwentsha.

Isiphetho: Ukunquma Uhulumeni Ukuba Azizwe Evikele Amalungelo Ombuso

Ukuzivikela kombuso kuseyisithiyo esibalulekile ezimweni zamalungelo omphakathi ezihilela intsha, kodwa akunakungenakunqotshwa. Ukuqonda imvelaphi yale mfundiso, ukulinganiselwa kwayo, kanye nohide lwezingakhi ezikhona lubalulekile ukuze kuphumelele ukulwa nokulwa. Ngokukhetha ngokucophelela abamangalelwa basendaweni kunokukhetha izinhlangano zikahulumeni, ukubiza izikhulu ngesiqu sazo ngasinye, futhi ukufuna ukufakwa ezimele ngaphansi ingxenye ye-Young[FLT:] [[FLT]] [athorney] ngokuvamile kunganqoba ukuvikela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuchitha imali kahulumeni nokuqinisa imithetho enjenge-IDEA, ADA, ne-X inganikeza izikhundla zosizo ezigunyazayo.

Izigxobo zentsha ziphakeme. Banelungelo lokuvikela komthetho-mthetho, imfundo efanelekile, ukuphathwa ngobuntu ejele, futhi bakhululeke ekucwatshweni. Umthetho wokuzivikela akumelwe ube isihlangu esingangeniyo esishiya lentsha ingena eshweni. Ngokuzimela okukhethekile nokuqonda okujulile kwe-triotactal ye-mthetho, abameleli bangalwela amalungelo ezingane kuyilapho ukuhlonipha izithakazelo ezingokomthetho zezindawo ekulawuleni izindaba zayo zezimali. Njengoba umthetho uqhubeka uveza i-(kakhulu kakhulu) ngokuqondene ne-brogate ngaphansi kwe-Genetic derry Prefection [FF]: [F1] iziphendla ze-Proult:[F] futhi iziphendla zezenzakalo ezintsha ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi amalungu ongase angakwazi ukuzuza inzuzo kakhulu umphakathi wethu ngaphansi kwezimiso zokuvikela nokulawula, njengoba isilinganiso sawonga se-Foctive [Foctive] ngaphansi kwezimiso ze-ose.[3]