Isingeniso

Indima yamajaji enkantolo yomthetho wesizwe nowezobugebengu sekuyisikhathi eside ibhekwa njengesisekelo sezimiso zomthetho ezisekelwe emasikweni omthetho aseNgilandi. Njengendlela ebeka izakhamuzi ezivamile emnyombweni wokwenza izahlulelo, ukuqulwa kwecala kusebenza njengebhuloho phakathi komthetho nomphakathi olawulayo. Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwazo ekumangalelweni kobugebengu kuqashelwa kabanzi njengesivikelo esiyisisekelo sokumelana nombuso ophakele, ukufakwa kwezehlulelo ezinkantolo zomphakathi kuyahluka kakhulu ezindaweni ezisezindaweni zomthetho futhi kuye kwaba yindaba yempikiswano eqhubekayo. Le sifundo esingokwezimpikiswayo, ukuphikisana kwezelulekwa kwezelulekwa kwezemthetho ezinkantolo, futhi nokugweba okunga okungahlulwayo, ukuhlola izimo zabo ezingokomlando, izinhlelo ezingokomlando, nezinselele ezikhona ezinkantolo zanamuhlayo.

Ukuqonda Uvivinyo Oluyimpicabadala

Icala labahluleli liyinqubo engokomthetho engokomthetho lapho iqembu lezakhamuzi elikhethwe khona emphakathini futhi lifungwe ukuba likhiphe isinqumo sokungakhethi − lilalela ubufakazi obunikezwa amaqembu aphikisanayo, lithola iziyalezo ezingokomthetho osebenzayo kumahluleli, futhi lithatha amabomu ukufinyelela isinqumo. Emacaleni obugebengu, abahluleli banquma icala noma ukungabi nacala; emacaleni omphakathi, abahluleli banquma icala futhi kwezinye izifunda, isilinganiso semali echithwayo.

Injongo eyinhloko yejaji iwukufaka isahlulelo somphakathi enqubweni engokomthetho. Ngokungafani namajaji, onguchwepheshe ongokomthetho futhi angase ezwe amakhulu amacala, ijaji liletha umbono omusha, ohlangene osekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwansuku zonke. Lo mklamo ubonisa inkolelo eyisisekelo yokuthi ukufaneleka kobulungisa kuyaqiniswa uma abantu abavamile, kunokuba izikhulu zikahulumeni kuphela, zinamandla okuveza izimpikiswano.

Icala lika Jury ngokuyinhloko liyisici semithetho ejwayelekile − amazwe anjenge-United States, i-Australia, i-Australia ne-New Zealand. Ngokuphambene, izimiso zomthetho womphakathi (umz., iFrance, iJapane,) athembele kakhulu kumajaji ochwepheshe noma izinkantolo ezixubene ezihlanganisa izinqumo ezivamile kodwa ezingavamile ukusebenzisa ijaji elingokwesiko lontanga eyishumi nambili. Ukuqonda lokhu kuqhekeka kusemzimbeni wanoma yikuphi ukuhlaziya okuphakathi.

Isizinda Esingokomlando

Imvelaphi ENgilandi Ephakathi

Abasizi bejaji banamuhla bathatha umsuka wabo bawufinyelela eNgilandi yeshumi nambili, lapho iNkosi uHenry II yangenisa khona i-asce(u-*) iqembu lamadoda endawo lafunga ukuphendula imibuzo ngokuphathelene namalungelo empahla namacala obugebengu. Amajaji okuqala asebenza kakhulu njengofakazi kunabatholi abangakhethi bangempela, njengoba kwakulindeleke ukuba bawazi kakade amaqiniso alelicala. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abahluleli baqala ukungenela indikimba ezimele eyahlola ubufakazi obunikezwa enkantolo.

IMagna Carta ka-1215 ivame ukuvezwa njengengqophamlando eyisihluthulelo, enezigaba eziqinisekisa ukwahlulela kontanga. Lesimiso safakwa kancane kancane emthethweni wesiNgisi ovamile, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala likaWilliam Penn ngo-1670, eyaqinisekisa ilungelo lejaji lokunquma ngaphandle kwesiqondiso sokwahlulela.

Ukutholwa Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimiso Zomthetho Ovamile

UMthetho - sisekelo Wamalungelo E - United States noBill of Rights wafaka ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lamacala enkantolo nasecaleni lomphakathi — iSichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokungenacala komphakathi yijaji elingakhethi ezinkantolo zobugebengu, kuyilapho iSimemezelo Sesigaba Secala silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala emaphephani angokomthetho lapho inani lempi lingaphezu kuka - dollar [amaRandi angu - 22].

I-Administration of Justice Act ka-1933 yawa kancane kancane amajaji ezwe lase-United Kingdom. Icala lika-Orgator of Justice laqeda kakhulu ukuqulwa kwecala ngaphandle kwamacala ahilela ukunyundelwa kwecala, ukuboshwa ngephutha, ukumangalelwa ngecala eliyinkohliso, noma ukukhwabanisa. Izinguquko ezilandelayo ziyaqhubeka zivinjelwa izigwebo zomphakathi, futhi namuhla azivamile eNgilandi naseWales. Okwamanje, ukuqulwa kwecala lomthetho kuseyilungelo eliyinhloko e-UK.

Ukuvivinywa Kwemithetho Yombango

Amazwe asemthethweni angomthetho awenqaba kakhulu amajaji avamile. Kunalokho, amaningi asebenzisa isimiso sabahluleli abangaqeqeshiwe noma izinkantolo ezixubile lapho abahluleli abangochwepheshe nabahleli ndawonye ngamabomu. Ngokwesibonelo, iFrance isebenzisa izinyusi [i-'assess's[ nabahluleli abaqeqeshiwe] abathathu nabayisithupha abanolwazi ngecala elingathi sína. IJalimane isebenzisa SCPUTCHERTE [ lapho abafuni behlala khona eduze nabahluleli. Lezi zinhloso zokufaka umphakathi ngaphandle kobunkimbi bejaji abahlukene noma ukwahlulela okungahleli okungahleli ezinqunywe yizi ezimisweni ezimsulwa.

Ukuhlaziya Ukulingwa KwamaJury Ngokuqhathaniswa EMthethweni Wesigebengu Nowomphakathi

Nakuba kokubili ukuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu nelomphakathi kunomsuka ofanayo nezici eziningi ezingokwesiko, ngokuyisisekelo zihlukile enjongweni, ekwakhekeni, nasekusetshenzisweni kaningi.

Ukulingwa Okusemthethweni Wesigebengu

Amacala obugebengu aklanyelwe ukuvikela abamangalelwa emandleni amakhulu ambuso. Umshushisi kumelwe abonise icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo, okuwuphawu oluphakeme kakhulu lobufakazi emthethweni. Lomthwalo ubonisa isimiso sokuthi kungcono ukuvumela abantu abayishumi abanecala bakhululeke kunokuba babophe umuntu oyedwa ongenacala.

Izici eziyinhloko zamacala obugebengu zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhomba ngobumsulwa:[ Ummangalelwa ubhekwa njengongenacala kuze kube yilapho ethola icala. Ijaji kumelwe liqale ukuphenya ngesileti esingabhaliwe; umshushisi uthwele wonke umthwalo.
  • izinqumo ezihlukene: emagunyeni omthetho avamile, isinqumo esinecala kumelwe sihlangane. Inkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yasekela lemfuneko yamacala amakhulu Ramos v. Louisiana[FLT:] [2020]. Imithetho ethile ivumela izinqumo ezingabalulekile ukuba zivumela izinqumo zezenzo zobugebengu obuncane, kodwa ukuthambekela kungokokubangalingani.
  • Ilungelo lokuqulwa icala ngabasizi-jaji: E-United States, noma imuphi ummangalelwa obhekene nesigwebo esingathatha izinyanga ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha unelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo enkantolo yamajaji. E-UK, ilungelo ngokuvamile lisebenza emacala asolwe (amacala amakhulu) aqulwa eNkantolo.
  • Ukukhetha okungathandeki: Izikhitshane zombili izinhlangothi zihlanganyela shaz ukubona ubandlululo. Izinselele nezinselele zokubangela ukuma kwendawo yokugcina. Ezimweni eziphezulu, ukuhlolwa okukhulu kungadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuba ijaji elingakhethi.

Izephulamthetho zisebenza njengesehlo sokuhlola ukuqulwa komthetho nokwahlulela. Ngokufuna ukuba umphakathi ``unecala) kunomahluleli oyedwa(("i-dermine', isimiso siqinisa ukwethemba umphakathi. Nokho, ukunkimbinkimbi kwezephulamthetho zanamuhla, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihilela isayensi yezesayensi yezesayensi noma ubufakazi bezemishini, zingalicindezela ikhono lejaji lokuqonda izinto zobuchwepheshe.

Ukuxutshwa Kwemifino Nendima Yayo

Isici esibalulekile kodwa esiyimpikiswano ekuqulweni kwecala lobugebengu yile ukuchithwa kwecala, lapho ijaji libuyisela khona isinqumo sokungabeki icala naphezu kobufakazi obungasekela ukuqiniseka. Umthetho uyenzeka lapho abahluleli bekholelwa ukuthi umthetho ngokwawo awulungile noma ukuthi ukusebenza kwawo ecaleni elithile kungaveza umphumela ongenakulungiseka. Nakuba amajaji enamandla okuqeda, abahluleli abavamile ukutshelwa ngaleligunya. Lomkhuba uhlotshaniswa kakhulu nokuvinjelwa okuhilela imithetho yokuvukela izihlubuki, imithetho yokunqabela utshwala, nokunye okusanda kuvela, ukuvinjelwa kwemilaliso.

Ukuvivinywa Komthetho Wangaphakathi

Amacala abahluleli abasemthethweni awafananga neze. E-United States, iSichibiyelo seSevente esiqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala lejaji ezicabeni zomphakathi zikahulumeni lapho imali ephikisanayo ingaphezu kuka-2020. Imithetho engokomthetho yombuso eminingi inikeza isivikelo esifanayo. Izehlulelo zombango ngokuvamile zinquma imibuzo yokuzisola, futhi ezimweni eziningi, zihlola umonakalo − − ukukhipha isijeziso futhi, ngezikhathi ezithile, ukukhipha isijeziso.

Izici eziyinhloko zamacala abahluleli ngokomthetho zihlanganisa:

  • [[QUT:0] Indinganiso ethambile yobufakazi: I-paltiff kumele ifakazele icala layo nge- ukucazululwa kobufakazi[ (cishe kunezinga). Lena ibhande eliphansi kakhulu kunanoma yikuphi ukungabaza okunengqondo.
  • Izinqumo zeNon-uparty zivunyelwe: Ezinhlanganweni eziningi zase-U.S., izinqumo zomphakathi akudingeki zihlangane; izinqumo zomphakathi eziyi 5/6 noma 5/7 eziningi zinganele. Amajaji esizwe ahlangene ngaphandle kokuba amaqembu avumelane, kodwa iFederal Regard of Civil Procedure ivumela izinqumo ngo-5/6 ngokulandelana kwezinye izimo.
  • Ilungelo elidiliziwe emazweni amaningi: Ngaphandle kwe-United States, ukuqulwa kwecala kwamacala ejaji kuqedwe kakhulu. ENgilandi naseWales, amacala angokomthetho acishe aphele ngaphandle kokuhlanjalazwa, ukuboshwa, nokuvinjelwa ngecala. ICanada ivumela izigebengu kwezinye izifunda kodwa ibeke imingcele. I-Australia ngokufanayo ilinganisela ukusetshenziswa kwazo.
  • Izinselele zentengiselwano eziyinkimbinkimbi, izimpikiswano zezentengiselwano, izenzakalo ezizimele, kanye nobunzima bamabhokisi kuvame ukuhlanganisa amarekhodi anezinsalela nobufakazi obungochwepheshe. Izindawo eziningi ziye zangena emalini yebhentshi (ngokwahlulela kuphela) ezicatshangelweni ezinjalo, ukubuza ukuthi amajaji angabusingatha ngokuphumelelayo yini ubunkimbinkimbinkimbi.

Izaba eziyinhloko zezigebengu zezezimali zezakhamuzi ukuthi ziletha izindinganiso zomphakathi ukuze zibhekane nezimpikiswano ngemali nokulunga. Ezimweni ezilimazayo, amajaji angakhipha umonakalo obonisa imibono yezenhlalo ngobuhlungu nokuhlupheka. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izigebengu zomphakathi aziqondakali, ziyabiza, futhi zithambekele ekucwaseni iphela ngabamangalelwa bezebhizinisi abaphakanyiswa kakhulu.

Ukulimala Nemivimbo

Indawo ephikisana kakhulu yindima yabahluleli ekhokhelweni yokujezisa amajaji ngokukhipha isijeziso, okuhloselwe ukujezisa ummangalelwa ngokuziphatha okubi okungaqondile futhi kunqande ukwenza okubi esikhathini esizayo. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ibeke imikhawulo engokomthetho ekwahluleleni ngaphansi kwe-Sect Exploration Claus, efuna ukuba babe abalinganiselayo futhi balinganisele ekulimaleni. [FLT] Farm v. Campbel[FL:2][FLT] iseke isilinganiso esisodwa semitheliso phakathi kwe-parectal ne-complationssss njengophawu lwebhentshi. Nokho, ukukhomba okusa kakhulu, ukuholela ekulungiseni izimpikiswano.

Izinzuzo Nezingozi Zovivinyo LukaJury

Icala lomthetho noma lomphakathi linikeza ukulinganisela kwezinzuzo nokuhlehla. Ukuphumelela kwazo kuxhomeke emithethweni yesifunda, uhlobo lwecala, kanye nezinga leziqondiso zejaji nentshumayelo yobufakazi.

Izinzuzo

Ukuvivinywa kukaJury kunezinzuzo eziningana ezibalulekile:

  • Ukuhlanganyela nokuthatha iqhaza ngokomthetho: U-Juries emscrome system system yokuthi ubulungisa abuyona inqubo eyimfihlo, engokobudendeli. Uma izakhamuzi zikhonza futhi zibuyisa izinqumo, ukuthembela komphakathi ejajini kuyaqiniswa.
  • Iphawu kumandla okwahlulela nawomshushisi: Ijaji lingayenqaba ukulahlwa ngaphansi komthetho ongalungile (ukugunyaza) noma ukwenqaba icala elibuthakathaka lokuqulwa kwamacala, lisebenza njengesikhawu esimelene nobuqili bukahulumeni.
  • Imibono eguquguqukayo:[ Iqembu labasizi bejaji abayishumi nambili (noma abambalwa) liletha okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukile ekuphileni, ukunciphisa ingozi yokuthambekela komahluleli oyedwa okubusa umphumela. Lokhu kwahlulela okuhlangene kungaveza izinqumo ezingcono ezicini ezingokomzwelo noma ezithintayo ngokwesiko.
  • Indima yokuthola i-Fact: ithathwa njengemisebenzi ngokuhlola ukuthembeka kobufakazi nokulinganisa ubufakazi obuphikisanayo. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi amajaji avame ukuthatha ngokungathi sína imithwalo yawo yemfanelo.
  • Ukuhlukanisa: Ezimweni zomphakathi, amajaji angakhipha umonakalo obonisa izindinganiso zomphakathi,] ikakhulukazi obalulekile ekulimaleni okungekona okungokomnotho njengobuhlungu nokuhlupheka, lapho umahluleli engase abe yisisulu kakhulu.

Izingozi

Ngokumelene nalamandla kumelwe kuhlolwe izithiyo ezibalulekile:

  • Izibalo ezihlukene zingafinyelela iziphetho ezingafani emaqinisweni afanayo. Lokhu kungalulaza umgomo wobulungisa obulinganayo futhi kwakhe isimo esifana nelotho ekuhlawulweni kwesizwe.
  • Ukunqwabelana kobuningi: Ukuhlola kwanamuhla kuvame ukuhilela ubufakazi obuyinkimbinkimbi besayensi, ubuchwepheshe, noma obungokwezimali. Abaqondisi bangase balwele ukuqonda izimpikiswano zezibalo, ukuhlaziywa kweDNA, noma amarekhodi ebhizinisi ayinkimbinkimbi, okuholela ekudidekeni nasekuncikeni kwezinto ezishintshweni.
  • Ukuqulwa nokulibaziseka: Ukuqulwa kwecala likaJury kuyacotha futhi kubiza kakhulu kunokuqulwa kwebhentshi. Izindleko zokukhethwa kwejaji, ukuqulwa, nokuthatha isigwebo esengeziwe kungathwesa umthwalo wombili i-ligit nezinqubo zenkantolo. Ezinkantolo. Abamangalelwa bangalivala ilungelo labo ejajini ukuze baxoshe isinqumo esisusiwe.
  • Iziqu zamehlo nobandlululo: Abavukeli, njengabo bonke abantu, baletha ubandlululo olungaqondakali oluhlobene nohlanga, ubulili, isigaba, nezinye izici. Izenzakalo eziphezulu zingangcoliswa ukusakazwa kwezomthetho, futhi naphezu kwevoir brains, ijaji elinobandlululo lingase lidlule. Ubandlululo olucacile lwemizabalazo luye lwagxila emizamweni yenguquko.
  • Izinqumo ezithinta imizwelo: Ukuvunywa kommangalelwa olimele noma ukuthukuthelela ummangalelwa oyisigebengu kungajikijela izigwebo ngalé kwalokho ubufakazi obukuvumelayo. Ijaji lombango liye lagxekwa ngokukhipha isijeziso esikhudlwana, ukufuthela ishefu ngemingcele ye-ekhefu nemithetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Umthwalo wenkonzo we-Jurry: Ukukhonza ejajini kudinga izakhamuzi ukuba zithathe isikhathi emsebenzini nasemkhayeni. Iholo eliphansi nokuntuleka komqashi ezikhungweni ezithile kungadala ubunzima nokungahambisani nenkonzo, ukubophela ihhomu lalabo abakwaziyo ukukhokha.

Izinkinga Nezinguquko Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izinkantolo, izishaya - mthetho, nezazi zilokhu zilwa nendlela yokuzivumelanisa namaqiniso anamuhla kuyilapho zilondoloza izindinganiso zawo eziyisisekelo.

Ukuphambana Nobuchwepheshe

Enye indawo enkulu yenguquko ihilela ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwejaji. Izinkantolo ziye zazama ukuvumela abasizi ukuba babhale amaphuzu, babuze imibuzo ebhaliwe yofakazi, futhi bathole amakhophi abhaliwe eziyalezo zokwahlulela. Ukusetshenziswa kofakazi abangochwepheshe kanye nochwepheshe abamisiwe enkantolo kungasiza ekucaciseni ubufakazi obungokwesayensi. Abanye abahluleli manje banikeza iziyalezo zokuqala ekuqaleni kokuqulwa kwecala ukuze basize ekuhleleni ulwazi.

Ubuchwepheshe buveza izinselele ezintsha. Abaqondisi bamajaji bahendelwa kakhulu ekucwaningeni ngamacala e-inthanethi, ukuxoxa ngawo ezokuxhumana, noma ngisho nokudalula izinqumo eziyimfihlo. Izinkantolo manje zikhipha iziyalezo eziqinile ezingasebenzisi imishini futhi, ezicabeni ezingathi sína, izigebengu ze-sequester. Isikhungo sesizwe seNkantolo yeSizwe seNkantolo yeZwe [ inikeza abahluleli iziqondiso zokuphatha amajaji ezobuchwepheshe.

Isayizi Encane Nengahlanzekile

Ubungako be-Jury buye baba yindaba yokubekwa komthetho-mthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iphethe ukuthi amajaji amalungu angaphansi kwayisithupha aphula iSichibiyelo seSithandathu ezicabeni zobugebengu (] Baballwiv v. Georgia[]), kodwa amajaji amahlanu noma ayisithupha avunyelwe ukulahlwa amacala amancane. Amajaji angaphakathi angamancane njengayisithupha ezinkantolo ezinkantolo ezingokomthetho. Abanye abashisekeli bemijaji abancane ukuze banciphise izindleko nesikhathi, kodwa abagxeki baxwayisa ngokuthi amaqembu amancane athambekele kakhulu kubantu abaphethe futhi cishe amelele ukwahlukahluka komphakathi.

Izimfuneko zokungalingani zihlala ziyisihloko esishisayo, ikakhulukazi ngemva [ku- Ramos v.Louisiana wabulala izinqumo zobugebengu ezingezizo zonke ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, izinqumo ezingezona ezamunci zivamile futhi azibekelwe inselele. Inkulumo yenkulumo-mpikiswano igxile ukuthi ukufuna ukungalingani kukhulisa izinga lokucabanga noma ukunika amandla umbambi jaho oyedwa ukuvimbela umphumela olungile.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemivubukulo Esikhathini Sanamuhla

Ukuchitha umthetho kuyinto ephilayo. Abanye abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukuchithwa kwemithetho kufanele kuvunyelwe ngokucacile, ikakhulukazi emacaleni angenabudlova noma ezenzweni ezingekho emthethweni umphakathi ongasazibheki njengezigebengu. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukuchitha umthetho kululaza umthetho futhi kungaholela ekunqumeni okusekelwe ekucwaseni, njengasezicabeni ezingokomlando zabo bonke abamhlophe abamangalelwa abamhlophe abamangalelwa ngobudlova ngokumelene nezisulu zabaNsundu. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziyenqaba ukuyala ukulahlwa kwemithetho ngokwephulwa, futhi abamangalelwa bangaphula ilungelo lomthetho uma bekholelwa ukuthi ukukhohliswa kusekelwe ekucwaleni okusekelwe ekucwaseni isahlulelo kunokuba kulungile.

Isiphetho

Ezicathulweni zobugebengu, bavikela ukukhohliswa okungalungile nobushiqela bukahulumeni, befuna ukuba umphakathi uvume icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ezicabeni zomphakathi, banikeza izakhamuzi ezivamile indlela yokuxazulula izingxabano zemali namalungelo, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuye kwehla kakhulu ngaphandle kwe-United States.

Ukuhlolwa okuqhathaniswa kwezinhlu zabahluleli kwembula ukuthi nakuba umqondo obalulekile .(ukuhlanganyela komthetho − kuyaziswa kabanzi, ukufezeka kwawo kuhluka kakhulu. i-United States isalokhu ingumsebenzisi oshisekayo kakhulu wazo zombili izinkantolo zezembubhiso, kuyilapho amanye amazwe avamile enciphe isigaba sabahluleli bomphakathi. Izimiso zomthetho wangaphakathi zinikeza ezinye izindlela zokuhlanganyela kodwa zigwema isibonelo esivelele samajaji.

Ukuthi izigebengu zingasingatha ngokuphumelelayo ukuhlaziywa okuyinkimbinkimbi nobuchwepheshe kuyinselele eqhubekayo. Izinguquko ezihloselwe ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwejaji, ukunciphisa ubandlululo, nokulawula izindleko zezokuqulwa kwejaji kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe inqubo yezizukulwane ezizayo. Nokho, ukubaluleka okuyinhloko kokuthi ubulungisa bubonisa ukuthi umthetho wezincwadi awubonisi nje kuphela kodwa unembeza womphakathi uyaqhubeka usebenza namuhla njengaseNgilandi ephakathi. Njengoba izimiso zomthetho ziqala, indima yamajaji ngokuqinisekile iyoqhubeka iyiphuzu eliyinhloko kulabo abafuna ukulinganisela ekwahluleleni, ubuhlakani, ubuhlakani, kanye nokufaneleka kobudemocwele ekulandeleni ubulungisa.