Ithonya Elihlala Njalo Lezehlulelo Zomphakathi Enqubweni Yokuvimbela Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Ukuzwa kwe-Congress kuyingxenye eyisisekelo senqubo ye-paltical yaseMelika, esebenza njengendlela ebucayi phakathi kwezinkinga zomphakathi, ukuhlaziywa kochwepheshe, nokwenza imithetho esemthethweni. Kungekho mbuso owesizwe obizwa kakhulu noma olandelanayo kunasekuthubeni lokufuduka. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuba yinkimbinkimbi komthetho wokufuduka, ukuhlangana kwawo nokulondeka kwesizwe, ukuncintisana kwezomnotho, nezibopho zomphakathi, inqubo yokuzwa yenza i-asperm ebonakala kakhulu ukuze kuqhutshwe impikiswano. Le mithetho ivumela abenzi bemithetho ukuba bahlukanise imithetho ekhona, baphikise izenzo zegatsha lezempakatho, futhi bakhe umlando obalulekile obalulekile wokuthuthukisa izinguquko ezinkulu.

Ngokungafani nezimpikiswano zasesitezi, ezivame ukubhalwa ukuze zisetshenziswe abahlukanisi, ukuzwa kunikeza ukujula okuyingqayizivele kophenyo. Amalungu amaKomiti angabuza ofakazi abafungele izifungo ezithile, acele amabhukwana akhethekile, futhi ahlole ngokungafani ukudayiswa kwemithetho elahlekile ezingxenyeni zezindaba ezingu-30 zomzuzwana. Nakuba abagxeki beqaphela kahle ukuthi ukuzwa kungaphumela kwezinye izigcawu zemidlalo yezezombangazwe, indima yabo ekulolongeni uhlelo lwezwe lokufuduka phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule ayinakuphikwa. Ukusuka ekudluliseni kwe-Immigration noMthetho wesizwe ka-1965 kuya emizamweni yokulungisa yonke yama-2010, ukuzwa kuye kwasebenza njalo njengenjini eyinhloko yokulungisa, ukuphikisana, nokulungisa imithetho ebusa izwe eliphethe izwe nangaphansi kwezimo.

Ikhono Lokuzwa Izindlebe Zomuntu Ohlala Ezindaweni Ezihlukene

Nakuba umphakathi uvame ukubona ukuqulwa kwecala njengendawo yokuqondisa, ufeza imisebenzi eminingi ehlukene nehambisanayo engokwakhe isayensi yokufuduka.

Ukubuthana Okuyiqiniso Nokuthola Ulwazi Okusemthethweni

Umsebenzi oqondile kakhulu wokuqulwa kwecala ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa. ISishaya-mthetho asinawo amandla okuqondisa egatsha eliphethe, futhi asinawo ubuchwepheshe bezinhlangano ezikhethekile njenge-U.S. ulwenziswano lwezakhamuzi ne-Immigration Services (USCIS) noma i-CFOR and Bourvel Protection Protection (CBP). Abaphulamthetho bavumela abashaya umthetho ukuba bafake ngokuqondile kulelokhono. Amandla e-Subpoena aphoqelela izinhlangano ezinqikaza ukuveza imininingwane enqandayo, amazinga emali, noma ama-paredicration timessssss. Ofakazi abacabanga ngamatanki, njengange[FLT:] [FLT] [FLD1]], balethwa ekunikezeni isilinganiso sezomnotho noma ukulinganisela kwenani elikhulu lezinhlangano.

Lo msebenzi wokuthola inzuzo ubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthweni kwabantu ngenxa yokuthi isimiso siyinkimbinkimbi ngokumangalisayo. Ingxenye eyodwa yomthetho wenguquko, njenge-Borden Security, Economic Option, ne-Immigation Modernization Act ka-2013, ithinta izinhlelo eziningi ezincinci: ukuqinisekisa (ukuqinisekisa) umsebenzi, imvume yokuvota ehlukahlukeneyo, i-vrace , uhlelo lwe-khadi elinolwazi oluhle olusekelwe emkhayeni, uhlelo lwe-H-1B lwezisebenzi ezinekhono, kanye nemithetho ephambili. Ukuzwa kuvumela ikomiti ukuba inikezele amahora amaningana kulezi zihloko, kwakhele ukulandisa okugcina imvume ekwazi ukuvala imvume eboli.

Ukuqondisa Nokulandisa Kwenhlangano

Isimiso sokuhlanganisa sikhishwa yizinhlangano zokuqondisa phakathi kwe-Homeland Security, Justice, noHulumeni. Ukuqulwa kwecala kunikeza i-sescheal i-search kulezi zikhungo. Uma kuvela ukuhluleka kwesimiso, njengokuncipha kwesimiso somngcele esiphezulu noma ukuvikelwa kwezindawo ezibalulekile ezicaleni, ukuqulwa kwezindawo kuyinqubo eyinhloko yokufuna izimpendulo. Abakhohlisi nabaqondisi babizwa ukuba bafakazele, ngokuvamile babhekene nokuhlolwa okukhulu kuzo zombili izigaba.

Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso sokwahlukana komkhaya ka-2018 sabangela ukuqulwa kwecala kwamacala amaningi aphezulu. Izikhokhi ze Homeland Security and Health and Human Services kwadingeka ukuba zichaze imininingwane esebenzayo yesimiso se "Zounces", ukulandisa ngezinkinga zokuhlukanisa imikhaya, nokuvikela ukulunga okungokomthetho komkhuba. Lokhu kulalela akunikezanga kuphela ukunqunyelwa komphakathi kodwa futhi kwathonya imingcele elandelanayo yezezimali nezinguquko zokuphatha. IKomiti ye House Judiciary Committee neSigele Judiciary ilondoloza izibo ezingaphansi zezokuthutha, kuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwemvume yokuphatha okuqhubekayo.

Imithetho Yomphakathi Nesakhiwo Sezivumelwano Zokuhlangana

Ngaphandle kokuqoqwa kobuchwepheshe bamaqiniso, ukuqulwa kwezindaba kufeza umsebenzi onamandla wezombangazwe. Kusiza ekwakheni imvume yomphakathi ekukhetheni izinqubo ezinzima. Ukulalela kunikeza abaphethe ipulatifomu, kuhlanganise nabaholi bezamabhizinisi, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, izikhulu zomthetho, nabasekeli abavela kwamanye amazwe, ukuba basho ukuthi bayasekela noma baphikisa icebo lezemithetho. Ukuba khona kwe-C-SPAN namakhamera kanye nethuba lokuchaza lomphumela, okwenza igumbi lekomiti libe yisigaba sesizwe.

Uma ikomiti iqunga inkantolo ngezinzuzo zezomnotho zenguquko yokufuduka, itshela umphakathi ukuthi lendaba iyathathwa ngokungathi sína. Ubufakazi boFakazi bungasetshenziswa ezimpikiswaneni ezilandelayo ezisesitezi nasemikhankasweni yezokusakaza ukucindezela amalungu azimele. Lo msebenzi wokunquma uwukuthi kungani ukuhlela ukuqulwa kwecala ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengokunqoba okukhulu kobucukubhede obuka kakhulu nhlangothi olulodwa noma olunye. Ukuzwa okusesilinganisweni kungaguqula indaba, njengoba kuboniswa ezindlebeni zika-2013 lapho ofakazi abaphezulu be-profayili abanjengoNobhala wezwe lika-Condolezza Rice benikeza khona ukugunyaza okungokwezinga elikhulu.

Imishini Yezindlebe: Ukusuka Ekuqoshweni Kuya Ekuphawulweni

Indlela esukela embonweni wesimiso kuya esitezi segumbi lokulalela ilawulwa imithetho eqinile nokubala okuqinile.

Ukuziphindiselela Nohlelo Lwe - Agenda

Icala lokuhlola liqhutshelwa ngokuyinhloko kumaKomiti eSishayamthetho, nakuba iKomiti yoNcimbi yokuQedela iphethe ukugcinwa kwezindawo zomngcele nezindaba zokuphepha. Isihlalo sekomiti sinamandla amakhulu okumisa uhlelo. Banquma ukuthi bayoba necala, ukuthi yisiphi isihloko esiqondile abazoxoxa ngaso, nokuthi ubani ozomenywa ukuba afakazele njengofakazi. Iqembu elincane lizobiza ubufakazi balo ngokwalo, kodwa iningi lilawula isakhiwo sonke.

La mandla ahlelwayo asho ukuthi ukuzwa ngokuvamile kuwuphawu lwezimo eziphambili zenhlangano enkulu yemithetho. Ikomiti elawulwa yiRepublica ingagcina ukuthethwa kwecala kugxile ebhayisekilini elishisiwe nezingozi zokulondeka zokufuduka okungekho emthethweni, kuyilapho ikomiti elawulwa ngedemokrasi ingase igxile enkathazweni yezenhlalakahle emngceleni nesidingo sendlela yokuya esabelweni sezakhamuzi se-Dreamers. Ukukhetha kwesihloko sokuzwa kungabhekisa icala ngokwaso esisenzweni esibonisa lokho iqembu elihlose ukuphishekela ukulawulwa kwemithetho.

Ukukhetha Nobufakazi

OFakazi bayizisebenzi eziphambili zanoma yiziphi izikhundla zokuzwa. Izindlebe ezivamile ziyohlanganisa iqembu lofakazi abathathu kuya kwabanhlanu, ngokuvamile abalinganiselayo ukuze bamelele imibono ehlukene. Ofakazi bakahulumeni, njengoMqondisi we-USCIS noma uKhomishane we-CBP, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuba babonise izikhundla zokuphatha ezingathathi hlangothi, nakuba bekhonza ngokwenamatheko kaMongameli. Ofakazi bangaphandle bahlanganisa abameleli abavela ezinhlanganweni zezempatho, oprofesa bomthetho abakhethekile emthethweni wokufuduka, wezwe nezikhulu zendawo, nabantu abathinteke ngokuqondile ngemithetho yezokufuduka.

Ukulungiselela kukhulu. OFakazi bachitha izinsuku belungiselela ubufakazi obubhaliwe futhi be "baphakanyiswa" yizisebenzi zekomiti noma izinhlangano zabo siqu ukuze baphendule i-memone yemibuzo nempendulo. Izinga lalokhu kulungiselela linganquma impumelelo yokuzwa. Ufakazi oyekelelayo lapho ebuzwa angalawula umjikelezo wezindaba, kanti ufakazi opholishiwe angavimbela ngokuphumelelayo indlela yokuphenya futhi avikele indawo yakhe ethandwayo.

Umbuzo-impendulo unamandla

Inkathi yokubuza okungokomthetho, ngokuvamile ebuswa umthetho wezimpoqo ezinhlanu, kulapho kwenzeka khona isenzo sangempela. Amalungu asebenzisa lesi sikhathi ukwenza izimpikiswano zomthetho, ukubamba ofakazi ngokuphikisana, noma ukuthola amaqiniso akhethekile asekela ukulandisa okunqunyiwe kusengaphambili. Ngokuvamile lapho ukuhlukanisa phakathi kuba sobala kakhulu. Ilungu elibuza ufakazi ophikisayo lizosebenzisa imibuzo ebukhali, eholelayo, kuyilapho ukubuza ufakazi onobungane kuvumela ingxoxo evumelanayo eklanyelwe ukwakha ubufakazi obusekelayo.

Ikhono lesihlalo lokuphoqelela ukuhluzeka, ukuqaphela amalungu, nokulawula amakhopho okuhleleka kulololonga ukugeleza kwezindlebe. Ezindlebeni eziphezulu, ikamelo ligcwele izisebenzi, imishini, nezibukeli ezithakazelayo. Ukucindezeleka ngokuvamile kuyaboniswa, kubonisa izikhawu eziphakeme zezinqumo zezimiso zokufuduka.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Izindlebe Ezathonya Umthetho Wokungangeni

Ukuhlola izibonelo eziqondile ezingokomlando kubonisa umphumela osobala wokuzwa kwamaqembu ezindaba ezihlangene ngohlelo lomthetho waseMelika wokufuduka.

UMthetho Wokushintsha Nokulawula Ngo - 1986 (IRCA)

Izindlebe ze-IRCA zazimelela ukuphumelela okuphawulekayo kweze-guement ngenqubo yokulalela. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1980, iSigele seSigele i-Judicary Committee eHlation, esimiswe yisikhulu sikaSenator Alan Simpson, salalela kakhulu inkinga yokufuduka okungagunyaziwe. Lezi zindlebe zagxila kakhulu endima yomsebenzi njengozibuthe wokufuduka okungekho emthethweni. UFakazi ngemva kokufakaza, kuhlanganise nabaqashi nochwepheshe bezisebenzi, wanikeza ubufakazi obungagunyazi lutho ngemithetho yokujezisa abaqashi.

Icala lalenza icala elinamandla "lokubhucungwa": ukugunyazwa ngokomthetho kwabafuduki abangavunyelwe ababekhona ngokungemthetho ukuze baqiniswe ngokuqinile ngokungemthetho ngokuthunyelwa okungekho emthethweni esikhathini esizayo. Irekhodi elahlanganiswa phakathi nalokhu kuqulwa kwamacala laba yithuluzi lokunqoba ukumelana nazo zombili lezi zigebengu, ezazifuna umsebenzi oshibhile, nabashintshwe umthetho, ababemelene nokuxolelwa. Isivumelwano sokugcina, esasayinwa nguMongameli Reagan, sasiwumkhiqizo oqondile wokuhleba okuyelelwe egumbini lokuzwa. Silokhu singesinye semithetho elandela phambili yezethuthi yezokuthutha abantu eyake yadlula.

Umhlangano ka - 2013 "Owesishiyagalombili" Uqulwa

Icala elaqulwa yiKomiti yeSigele iJadicary ngo-2013 ngencwadi yenguquko yokufuduka ebanzi (S. 744) liyisibonelo sencwadi yezincwadi sendlela ukuzwa okungakha ngayo amandla okushintsha okukhulu kwenqubo. Icala labuthwa iqembu le-bipartisan lama-isenator angu-8, kodwa lalidinga ukuthunyelwa komphakathi ukuze lithole ilungelo elisemthethweni. Ikomiti, eyayiholwa u-Chairman Patrick Leay, yayinezindlebe eziningi ezimboza zonke izici zemali: ukulondeka emngceleni, isimo sesikhathi esizayo sokufuduka okungokomthetho, isikhundla sika-DREAMers, kanye nokukhomba umsebenzi.

Lokhu kuqulwa kwamacala kwafeza umsebenzi ogxekayo wezombangazwe. Bavumela amanxusa alinganiselayo ukuba abuze imibuzo enzima yezikhulu zezisebenzi eziphoqelelayo, ebonisa ukuzimisela kwawo ekuvikelekeni emngceleni. Banikeza ipulatifomu emaqenjini anamandla anesithakazelo njenge-Centre of Commerce ne-AFLCIO, ayevumelene ngesimiso esisha sezisebenzi ezivakalayo. Izindlebe zakha umlando womphakathi owavezwa kabanzi phakathi nengxoxo ephansi. Nakuba ekugcineni umthetho wadlula iSigele kodwa wafa eNdlungwini, izindlebe zika-2013 ziseyinselele inguquko ebanzi yezokufuduka ezingeni likahulumeni. Baqokomisa kokubili inqubo yokulalela nemingcele yenqubo yenkathi yokushukuma kwezwe okukhulu.

Ukuhlukana Komkhaya Ngo - 2019 Kudlula Izindlebe

Izindlebe zobubonisi ezilandela inqubo ye-"Zero Orective" ihluke kakhulu kumthetho womthetho wango-2013. Lokhu kuthethwa kwakungabhekisi phambili ngokudlulisa incwadi ethile kodwa ngokulandisa ngokulandisa nokulahlwa komphakathi. OwayenguNobhala we-DHS uKirstjen Nielsen nowayenguMphathi-Attney Jeff Sessions bahlolwa kakhulu. Ukulalela kwaphawulwa ubufakazi obungokomzwelo ochwepheshe bezokwelapha ababelaphe izingane eziphazamisekile nakofakazi abangochwepheshe abachaza isiphithiphithiphithi senqubo yokuvuselela i-aucaucratic.

Lokhu kuqulwa kwamacala akuzange kuveze icebo lomthetho, kodwa kwaba nethonya elikhulu embonweni womphakathi. Umfanekiso onamandla nobufakazi obuningiliziwe kwenza ukuba iziphathimandla zezombangazwe zingakwazi ukwandisa isimiso. Ukuthethwa kwale mithetho kwabangela icala lezombangazwe elacindezela ukuthatha isinyathelo sokubusa nokuphikisa okunamandla. Kubonisa ukuthi ithonya lokuzwa alikho ekudlulisweni komthetho; futhi kungamisa isimiso emikhondweni yayo.

Ama - critique Nokulinganiselwa Kwenqubo Yezindlebe Yanamuhla

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwazo, ukuqulwa kwamacala ezinhlangano kunamaphutha aphawulekayo.

Inkinga Yokuma Kwama - partisan Makhulu

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuzwa okuningi kwanamuhla kuphathelene nokuveza amavidiyo kunokuhlola ngokucabangela. Amalungu angasebenzisa imizuzu emihlanu ukunikeza inkulumo ebhalwe ngaphambi kokuba ibhalwe kunokuba abuze umbuzo wangempela. Lokhu kuvame kakhulu ezindaweni ezihlukene kakhulu njengokufuduka. Uma ilungu lekomiti linesithakazelo esikhulu ekugcizeleleni amaphuzu ezombangazwe kunokuqonda incazelo yenqubo ethile, ukuzwa kungalahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwalo okungabalulekile. Le ndlela "i-catnip yezindaba" ingaqeda ukwethenjwa komphakathi kuyo ngokwayo.

Ukukhethwa KoFakazi Okuhlelekile Nezincwadi Zokwaziswa

Ngenxa yokuthi isihlalo silawula uhlu lofakazi, ukuzwa kungahlotshiswa ukuze kunikezwe umbono ohlukene womagazini owodwa. Ikomiti ingahlanganisa kalula uhlu lofakazi nabasekeli abasekela umphumela wayo othandwayo wesimiso. Nakuba iqembu elincane lithola ubufakazi obuwuphawu, ukulinganisela okuphelele kungase kube nobunzima obukhulu. Lokhu kunikezwa kokwaziswa kungalulaza umsebenzi wokuthola ukuzwa. Esikhundleni sokunikeza isithombe esiphelele, ukuzwa kuba yithuluzi lenkulumo - ze, kuqinisekiswe izinkolelo zangaphambi kokuba zibe yize kunokuba kuba yinselele.

Imingcele YamaCollegiant Nezokubambisana Ne - bipartisan

Umlando ubonisa ukuthi izinguquko ezinkulu zokufuduka, njengo-1986 IRCA no-Act ka-1965, zandulelwa iminyaka yokwakha ubuhlobo be-bipartis egumbini lokuzwa. Namuhla, ukuvava kuye kwehla, futhi izinga lokuxhumana komuntu siqu phakathi kwamalungu aphikisanayo liye lancipha. Abasizi abambalwa baye baqaphela ukuthi kunzima ukuthola "umsebenzi we-createe" ethos owake wavunyelwa ukuba ulwele ukuhlanganisana okuphambanayo. Ngaphandle kwezingxoxo zethukela nokuthola iqiniso lokuthi ukuzwa kungasiza, inqubo yokuvinjelwa isuke iboshwe.

Isiphetho: Indima Ethathelwa indawo Izindlebe

Izindlebe ze-Congress ziseyingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo yenqubo yokufuduka kwaseMelika. Ziyinkundla eyinhloko lapho i-province, isikhulu, nezindawo zomphakathi ziphikisana khona ngempikiswano yendaba ebalulekile yokuthi ubani ongowase-United States. Nakuba lesi simiso singaphelele, ngokuvamile esibangelwa ukulwa kwemidlalo nokusetshenziswa kweqhinga elihleliwe, ayikho enye indlela enikeza izinga elifanayo lokuphenya, ukuthembisana nokwenethwa kolwazi olungokwesiko, nokukhanya komphakathi.

Kulabo abafuna ukuqonda ukuthi kungani isimiso sokufuduka sinje, noma indlela esingashintshwa ngayo, umlando wokuzwa uyisisekelo esibalulekile. Siqukethe izimpikiswano, ukwaziswa, kanye nokuvumelana kwezombangazwe okuye kwaguqula izakhiwo zesizwe zokufuduka. Uma nje i-United States isaqhubeka iphikisana ngokuthi iyisizwe sabafuduki, ikamelo lokuzwa lenhlangano liyohlala liyisigaba esiyinhloko saleyo mpikiswano.