Ukuzibusa kokwahlulela kuyisisekelo sokubusa komthetho-sisekelo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi amajaji afushanisa izimpikiswano kuphela ngesisekelo somthetho, ubufakazi, nonembeza wawo, angenalo ithonya langaphandle, “‘ noma kumagatsha esizwe noma abaphathi, abadlali bezombangazwe, noma izithakazelo zomuntu siqu. Lesisimiso asisona nje isisekelo esicatshangelwayo; siyisivikelo esisebenzayo esisekela ukubusa komthetho, sivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, futhi silondoloze ukuthembela komphakathi ezimisweni zobulungisa. Ngaphandle kwethonya langaphandle, izinkantolo azinakusebenza njengabalawuli abangakhethi, futhi zona kanye isisekelo somphakathi wentando yeningi asinciphini. Isisekelo sabahluleli sixhomeke ekhonweni abahlulelini ukuba banikeze izinqumo ngaphandle kokwesaba noma ukukhokha, futhi lenkululeko ikwenakelele kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kokwahlulela. Ngakho, ukubusa nokulawula okungagunyaza ngokuqondile, kuthinta ukubusa okungokomthetho, futhi kuqhubeke ukulawula, futhi kuqhubeke imfanelo.

Ukuqonda Ukuthatha Umhlalaphansi Kokwahlulela

Izimiso zokwahlulela zomhlalaphansi zifeza izinjongo eziningi: ziqinisekisa ukuthi ibhentshi liyazuza ekuhlakanipheni kwabahluleli abanokuhlangenwe nakho kuyilapho futhi lithola ithuba lethalenta elisha kanye nemibono emisha. Ngokuvamile, lezinkambiso zehlela ezigaba ezimbili ezibanzi: ukuthatha umhlala phansi ngenkathi emisiwe nomhlalaphansi wokuzithandela ngemva kwenkathi ethile yenkonzo. Iminyaka yomhlalaphansi ihluka kakhulu enqamule amagunya ahlukene (h65) emazweni athile aseYurophu kuya kuma-70 noma 75 kwezinye futhi zisekelwe esidingweni sokulondoloza amandla omzimba futhi zivimbela ukuncipha kwenkathi ehlobene nokusebenza komthetho.

Ibhande Elisekela Imithetho Yomhlalaphansi

Isizathu sokubeka inkathi yomhlala-phansi ebophekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthatha umhlala-phansi okulindelekile okuvimbela ukuthatha isikhathi sokuhlala. Kunciphisa futhi amathuba okucindezelwa kwezombangazwe abahluleli asebekhulile ukuze bathathe inyathelo ngokuvumelana nokubuyiselwa kwemibono. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imithetho yesigaba somhlalaphansi iklanyelwe ukugwema ukubangela abahluleli ukuba bephuze ukuthatha umhlalaphansi ukuze balondoloze amandla noma izinzuzo. Ukungagwenywa okunganqunywa kwezombangazwe kunciphisa izinga lokuthatha umhlalaphansi noma isikhathi esimisiwe senkonzo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, imithetho yezomthetho ihlela ukunikeza umahluleli omkhulu noma ukukhumbula, ivumela abahluleli abathatha umhlala phansi ukuba bahlale inxenye esikhathini sokuhlala isigaba sesikhathi.

Izibonelo Nemikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yomhlaba Wonke

Ukuhlola okuqhathanisa kwembula izindlela eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-judiary ye-United States ayinayo iminyaka yomhlalaphansi ephoqelelwe yabahluleli be-Agarti III, abasebenza ngemibandela yokuphila phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle − isibonelo esiklanyelwe ukuveza inkululeko. Ngokungafani, izifundazwe eziningi zibeka iminyaka yokuthatha umhlala-phansi ebophekile, ngokuvamile phakathi kuka-70 no-75. United Nations Bacs Paridences ku-Idependence [[[[FULT:1] Izimiso zomthetho ezilawulayo] zitusa ukuba isilinganiso sokwahlulela siqinisekiswe kuze kube inkathi ebophekile yomhlalaphansi noma inkathi emisiwe yesigaba, kodwa zingagunyaziswe inani elithile. EMbusweni we-United, i-Penionstions and Respancrence Act 1993, kuyilapho eCanada, amajaji enkantolo aphakeme kumelwe athathe isilinganiso esingu 75.

Indima Yokuzimela Ekwahluleleni Ezahlulelweni Ezinqunyweni Zokuthatha Umhlalaphansi

Ukukhululeka kokwahlulela akubalulekile kuphela phakathi nenkonzo yejaji ematasa; kungokufanayo lapho amajaji enquma ukuthi ayasebenza yini noma nini. Uma amajaji esaba ukuthi izinqumo zawo zomhlalaphansi zizosetshenziswa ngokumelene nawo (ngokwesibonelo), ngokunciphisa izinzuzo zempesheni, ngokulimaza idumela lawo, noma ngokubangela ukugxekwa komphakathi, angase abe madolonzima ukuyeka lapho kufanele akwenze. Ngokuphambene, ijaji elihlala ebhentshini lidlule iqophelo lokuphumelela ngenxa yokucindezela kwezombangazwe kokuhlala (noma ukuhamba) lihlehla izinga lobulungisa. Inkululeko iqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo zomhlalaphansi zenziwa ngokuzithandela, zisekelwe ekucabangeleni komuntu siqu nochwepheshe, ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa abadlali bangaphandle.

Ukuvikela Abahluleli Ekucindezeleni Kwezombangazwe

Izinsongo eziyingozi kakhulu zokuzimela ekwahluleleni ngokuvamile zivela lapho kunezimo zokushintsha. Uhulumeni ofisa ukubuyisela ikomiti yejaji angase azame ukucindezela abahluleli asebekhulile ukuba bathathe umhlala-phantsi ngaphambi kwesikhathi, enze igumbi lokumisa okuvumelana nezimiso zayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umahluleli angase ashukunyiswe ukuba ahlale ebhentshini isikhathi eside kunalapho kugunyazwa ukuba avimbele ukunqanda izikhulu ezithathelwa indawo yemali ezingathandeki zikahulumeni. Izinhlangano zenhlangano zamazwe anamandla zenza isiqinisekiso semali nempesheni, ukuba khona kwemikhakha yokwahlulela ezimele nezimiso zezempatho zezempatho yekheshi, kanye nezindlela ezibonisa ukuthatha umhlala phansi okungathíze ukuvimbela okunjalo. Ngokwesibonelo, emazweni amaningi umthetho wombango, umkhakha wezwe wemali ephezulu kahulumeni wezenzweni.

Ukulondeka Kwezimali Nokuzimela

Impesheni nezinzuzo ezanele ziyimfuneko ukuze kube khona ukuzimela okuqotho ezinqumweni zomhlalaphansi. Abahluleli abakhathazekayo ngenhlalakahle yabo engokwezimali ngemva kokushiya ibhentshi basengozini yokuthonywa. Uma igatsha eliphethe ipeni elilawulayo lilawula ipeni yokwahlulela, lingasebenzisa lawomandla njengengcina-mgoqo. Ukumelana nalokhu, imibuso eminingi iqinisekisa ukuthi impesheni yokwahlulela ivikelwe umthetho futhi ilungiselwe ukunyuka kokwehla kwamandla emalini, futhi abakhohliswa ngaphandle kwezenzo ezimbi ezinkulu. INhlangano yezizwe zonke yaBahluleli igcizelela ukuthi ukulondeka okungokwezimali kumele kudlulele ngalé kwenkonzo esebenzayo ukuze kuqinisekwe ukuthi abahluleli ukuthi bangalahlekelwa isithunzi futhi bangasaba isijeziso.

Ukulondoloza Amaphoyisa Athatha Umhlalaphansi

  • Izimiso zenkathi yomhlala-phansi ezicacile nezingagwegwesi: Ukumisa inkathi emisiwe yomhlala-phansi noma isikhathi senkonzo esiphoqelelwe sinciphisa ukungaqondakali futhi sivimbele ukusebenza okungahleliwe.
  • [ Ukuhlola umhlalaphansi okusekelwe ku-Morit():[ Izinqumo eziphathelene nomhlalaphansi noma ukukhumbula kusekuqaleni kusekelwe ekusebenzeni, empilweni nasemsebenzini, hhayi ekufuneni okungokwezombangazwe.
  • ukuvikelwa ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe: izindikimba ezizimele, njengemikhandlu yokwahlulela, kufanele zibe negunya lokuvumela izinqumo ezihlobene nomhlalaphansi[6], kuhlanganise nezicelo zokusebenza ezikhumbulweni noma esimweni esithathelwe isikhathi.
  • [[IZInqubo ezibonakala zilungile]:[[QLT:1] zonke izinqubo zomhlalaphansi kufanele zitholakale obala futhi zibukezwe ukuze kugcinwe ukulandisa.

Ukuphatha Impumelelo Yokwahlulela

Ukuhlelwa kwempumelelo kungumphelelisi ongokwemvelo wezimiso zomhlalaphansi. Ukulandelana okulandelanayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo zigcwaliswe ngokushesha ngabantu abafanelekayo kakhulu, ukulondoloza isikhundla senkantolo nokwethenjwa umphakathi. Ukukhululeka kwezomthetho kuhamba phambili enqubweni elandelanayo ngoba indlela abahluleli abasha abakhethwa ngayo ithinta ngokuqondile ukuqanjwa nokuzimela kwejaji. Uma inqubo yokumisa ikhushulelwa, izingozi zokugawula kuba ukunwetshwa kwegatsha eliphethe, ilulaza indima yayo njengendlela yokuhlola amandla kahulumeni.

Inqubo Yokumisa Nokuzimela

Ukumiswa kokwahlulela kungakwenziwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene .Indlela yokuhlela, ukumisa kwezikhulu, ukuqinisekiswa kwemithetho, noma inhlanganisela (*) kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isibonelo, ukuzimela kumelwe kuvikelwe. Izimiso eziphumelela kakhulu zihlanganisa amakhomishane okwahlulela azimele ahlola abazohlolwa ngokufaneleka, ukuthembeka, nekhono, okungenalo ithonya eliguquguqukayo. Ngokwesibonelo, [ukhetho lomthetho] Jucial Precialics [ Commissions [[FLT]] eNgilandi naseWales] isebenzisa inqubo yokuncintisana, ehlanganisa ukuhlolwa okukhulu kwamakhono angokomthetho kanye nezimfanelo zomuntu siqu. Izindikimba ezifanayo zikhona eCanada, e-New Zealand, nakweminye imikhankane. Lemikhampane isiza ukumiswa ekuqoqweni kwezombangazwe futhi iqinisekisa abanyuke kakhulu ebhentshile.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuhlukahluka Nokucwasana

Ukukhululeka kokwahlulela kuhlanganisa futhi isimiso somthetho ohlukene nomela abahluleli. Ibhentshi elibonisa izakhamuzi zomphakathi likhulisa ukwethemba umphakathi futhi liletha izinqumo eziningi ekuthatheni isinqumo sokwahlulela. Ngakho - ke ukuhlelwa kwempumelelo kufanele kuhlanganise imizamo yamabomu yokwandisa izikebi, kuhlanganise nezigaba ezingekho ngaphansi. Nokho, ukucabangela okuhlukahlukene akumelwe kuqedwe; kunalokho, kufanele kuhlanganiswe nesisekelo esihlanganisa izindinganiso ezihlukene zokuhlangenwe nakho nezizinda. Izimiso eziningi zokumisa manje zikhuthaza izicelo ezicacile ezivela kwabesifazane, izigaba zohlanga, nabameli ezivela ezizindeni ezingokomthetho ezivamile, kuyilapho kunezingalingani nezimiso eziqinile.

Ukuhlela Impumelelo Nenkumbulo Yenhlangano

Ukuhlela ngokulandelana okuphumelelayo akukhona nje ukugcwalisa izikhawu; kungokokuqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kolwazi lweziqu zenkantolo namasiko. Abahluleli abavumela ukuba baqondise iminyaka yolwazi olusha. Ngokwesibonelo, inkantolo yezwe eliphethe ivumela ukuba iqondise izikhulu ezisezingeni ezikhundleni, iqonde isiqalo, futhi ijwayelane nozakwabo. Ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa, abaningi abagcini bemihlala-mhlalaphansi, ukukhumbula noma izimiso zokwahlulela ezinkulu ezivumela abahluleli abadala ukuba baqondise abasha. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo zezwe lase-United States ngokuvamile zivumela abahluleli abadala (labo abaye bathatha umhlalaphansi kodwa abaqhubeka besingatha isigwebo esinciphile isikhathi esinciphileyo) ukuba basebenze ngengxenye yesilinganiso esincane, ngaleyondlela balondoloze ikhono lapho bekhulula izikhungo zomthetho ezintsha. Izilungiselelo ezinjalo kumelwe ukuba bazimisele futhi bangakhishele ukuzimela, kodwa bangakhulu kakhulu isikhathi sokushintsha kwenkathi.

Ukuvimbela Ukungenela Kwezombangazwe

Usongo olukhulu kakhulu ekulandeleleni okungahlukaniswa yizimo zezombangazwe ukungenela kwezombangazwe. Uma umphathi noma isishaya-mthetho silawula izinqumo ngaphandle kokuqondisa okuzimele, ijaji linganqwabelana nabaqotho, linciphe ikhono lalo lokubusa kuhulumeni. Uhulumeni onamandla udinga ukuba izinqubo zokumisa zivikelwe ekucindezeleni okungalawuleki. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinqumo zokukhetha kufanele ziqondiswe futhi zaziwe obala; ukuthi izinqumo zokunquma kufanele zihambisane nezincazelo ezicatshaziwe; futhi kufanele kube khona ukuhileleka okunenjongo kwejajikijekile kwejadi ngokwayo ekukhetheni amalungu ayo esikhathi esizayo. Amanye amazwe adinga ukuqinisekiswa okukhulu ukuze anciphise ukulawulwa kwe-Rhoversa, kuyilapho amanye enikeza imikhandlu yokugcina yokwahlulela ithi. [[FLT:] [BLD] [FLD] [10]

Izinselele Nezinguquko Ekuthatheni Umhlalaphansi Nokuphumelela Kokwahlulela

Naphezu kokuqashelwa kakhulu kwalezizimiso, abahluleli abaningi babhekana nezinselele ezingapheli. Inkinga evamile ukungezwani phakathi komhlalaphansi ophoqelelwe kanye nesifiso sokuhlala namajaji anekhono elingavamile. Amanye amazwe asungule ezinye izindlela zenkonzo, njengomahluleli omkhulu, ezivumela amajaji angomakad ’ ebona ukuba aqhubeke enikela ngaphandle kokuvimbela ukulandelana okungokomthetho. Enye inselele iwukuhlela isilinganiso esikhulu somhlalaphansi (nesilinganiso sesigaba sesigaba sesigaba sesigaba sesigaba seminyaka esingaphansi kwesishiyaka-R36). Inselele ukuhlelwa kokubekwa kwabaphathi abaqala amashumi eminyaka angaphambili futhi manje sebefinyelele iminyaka yokuthatha umhlala phansi ngesikhathi sokuthatha umhlala phansi. Ngaphandle kokuhlelwa kwezikhathi ezilandelanayo, izinkantolo zingashiywa ngaphansi kweminyaka eminingi, kuholele ukuhlelwa ngezikhathi ezingemva kobulungisa.

Ukushintsha Inkathi Yokuthatha Umhlalaphansi

Impikiswano ngenkathi yokuthatha umhlala-phansi efanelekile iyaqhubeka iqala, ikakhulukazi njengoba ukuphila kulindele ukukhula. Abanye baphikisa ngokukhuphula inkathi yomhlalaphansi ephoqelelwe ukuze bazuze ekuhlakanipheni kwamajaji asekhulile, kuyilapho abanye bexwayisa ngokuthi amajaji amadala angase angavumelani nezinguquko zezobuchwepheshe noma izindawo ezintsha zomthetho. Indlela elinganiselwe ingahlanganisa inkathi yomhlalaphansi ephakeme ehlangene nempilo eqinile nokuhlola ukusebenza. Inguquko kumelwe yenziwe ngenqubo esobala ehilela ukuzimela kwayo, kunokuba ibekwe isikhulu.

Ukuqinisa Imikhandlu Yokwahlulela

Izinhlangano zokwahlulela ezizimele eziqondisa umhlalaphansi nokumisa zingasebenza njengesivikelo ekuphazanyisweni kwezombangazwe. Nokho, lemikhandlu ngokwayo kumelwe iqanjwe ngendlela elondoloza ukungathathi hlangothi kwayo cishe ihlanganise ukuxubana kwamajaji, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, namalungu avamile. Izinqumo zayo kufanele zibukezwe ngokulinganiselwe, futhi amalungu ayo kufanele akhethwe ngenqubo ethonya elinciphileyo. Amazwe amaningi aye aguqula imikhandlu yawo emashumini eminyaka amuva ukuze asekele ukuzimela kwawo, futhi lezinguquko ziye zathuthukisa ukwethenjwa komphakathi.

Ukukhuluma Nomthetho Nokuthenjwa Komphakathi

Ekugcineni, umgomo wokulawula umhlalaphansi nokulandelana akuwona nje umsebenzi ongokomthetho wokuqondisa; kuwukugcina isigwebo sokuthi umphakathi uthembele ekukhetheni okulungile nokungakhethi. Lapho ukuthatha umhlalaphansi nokumisa ukumiswa kubhekwa njengokuphoqelelwe ngokwezombangazwe, ukuthembela ezinkantolo kuyawohloka. Ngokuphambene, ukuboniswa kwezinqubo ezisekelwe ngokukhanyayo, ezisekela ukuzibusa komthetho. Imfundo yomphakathi mayelana nendlela abahluleli abakhethwa ngayo nokuthi kungani kufanele bazimele kungasiza ekusekeleni inguquko edingekayo.

Isiphetho

Ukukhululeka kokwahlulela akulona ilungelo elizimele kodwa kuwumkhuba oqhubekayo okumelwe uvikelwe kuzo zonke izinga lomsebenzi wamajaji − kuhlanganise nezikhathi zokushintsha okuphawula ukuphela kwenkonzo yomahluleli oyedwa nokuqala kweyenye. Izimiso zokuthatha umhlalaphansi kanye nezimiso zokulandelana kungaphezu kakhulu kwemininingwane eqinile; ziyisivikelo somthetho esinqumayo ukuthi izinkantolo zihlala zikhululekile ekulawuleni kwangaphandle. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi amajaji angathatha isikhundla ngesithunzi futhi ngaphandle kokwesaba, nokuthi abalandeli bawo bakhethwe ngokufanelekela kuphela ngezinqubo ezisobala, imiphakathi ingalondoloza ubuqotho bezimiso zayo zobulungisa. Ukubusa komthetho kuxhomeke kulokho. Njengoba isazi esingokomthetho uTom Bhingham sabhala, “ukuzibusa kwezwelozwe liyisimiso esiyisisekelo sanoma isiphi isimiso sokubusa.”