Ubuhlobo phakathi kombono womphakathi noMthetho-sisekelo abukaze bungaguquguquki. Kusukela enkathini Yokusungulwa kuya namuhla, ukuwohloka komzwelo othandwayo kuye kwashukumisela izinkantolo nezishayamthetho ukuba zichaze kabusha iziqinisekiso zesisekelo senkululeko. Ukuqonda indlela imibono ehlangene eguqukela ngayo oshintshweni olungokomthetho kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi amalungelo avikelwe futhi aqiniswe kanjani emphakathini wentando yeningi. Lesi sihloko sihlola umlando, imithombo yezindaba esekelwe, ihlola, nezinhlangano zomdlalizo ezisekelayo okuthi ngazo umbono womphakathi ubumbe amalungelo omthetho nenkululeko yomphakathi eUnited States.

Umlando: Indlela Ukuthunyelwa Komphakathi Okwawushintsha Ngayo Umthetho - sisekelo

AmaFramers aklama uMthetho - sisekelo njengencwadi ephilayo, kodwa ayengeke alindele ukushintsha kokuzamazama kokuziphatha komphakathi okwakuyophoqelela ukuguqulwa nokuchazwa kabusha. Umlando wamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, ngezindlela eziningi, umlando oshintsha umbono womphakathi wokunqoba izithiyo eziqinile zomthetho.

Ukuqedwa Kobugqila NeSichibiyelo Se - 13

ERepublic yakuqala, ubugqila bamukeleka kabanzi, ngisho naphakathi kwabasunguli abaningi. Kodwa ngo-1830, inhlangano ekhulayo yokunqanda ukuqedwa kwezakhiwo yaqala ukushintsha izinhliziyo nezingqondo. Incwadi yokulandisa njengoFrederick Douglas’s autobiography nomsebenzi ongapheli wobushisekeli onjengoWilliam Lloyd Garrison washintsha kancane kancane umbono womphakathi ngokumelene nenhlangano. Ukukhethwa kuka - Abraham Lincoln ngo-1860, epulatifomu emelene nokwanda kobugqila, kwakuwuphawu oluqondile lwalowo mbono oshintshashintshayo. Nakuba iMpi ye-Civin yangaphakathi yayiyimbangela yokuncitshiswa kweSiphendulo se-Rom yesithathu ngo-1865, izisekelo zokuphikisa umphakathi ubugqila obungokwa kwalethwano obungokomba kwezombangazwe.

Icala Labesifazane NeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nayisishiyagalolunye

Umzabalazo wamalungelo abesifazane ovota wathatha iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa. Ama-suffraster akuqala abhekana nokuhlekwa usulu nobutha obandile. Nokho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, inhlanganisela yokuhlelwa kotshani, izinguquko zezomnotho (abesifazane abaningi abangenela imisebenzi), nempumelelo yezindima zabesifazane phakathi neMpi Yezwe I yawushintsha ngokuphawulekayo umbono womphakathi. Amazwe aqala ukunikeza amalungelo okuvota abesifazane, futhi ngo-19773 uMkhandlu - sisekelo wadlulisa iSinyulo. Umkhankaso wokwakha i-ratiation waphumelela ngenxa yokuthi, njengoba ukuhlola kwamanje bekungabonisa, iningi lamaMelika laliye lakholelwa ukuthi ukuphika abesifazane ukuvota kwakungalungile.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu Yawo - 1950 Nawo - 1960

Mhlawumbe isibonelo esicacile somphakathi sokuphoqelela ushintsho lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho i-Civil Rights Movement. Emashumini eminyaka ngemva kokuvuselelwa kwe-Covil Rights. Amashumi eminyaka, ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga kwavunyelwa ngokomthetho ngaphansi kwe-Plessy v. Ferguson. Kodwa unya lukaJim Crow, olwalusakazwa kumathelevishini amasha, lwashaqisa isizwe. Izithombe zomlilo nezinja zamaphoyisa eBirmingham, nokubulawa kwezishisekeli zempi njengoMedgar Evers, i-black America ngokufanayo. Ngo-19464, ukusekela komphakathi amalungelo abanzi ezakhamuzi kwase kufinyelele isilinganiso esibucayi, okwenza ukuba kukwazi ukudluliswa kwe-Polivil Rights Act, futhi, unyaka olandelayo, i-Voting Rights Act. Isinqumo seNkantolo yezemfundo kaBrown. i-Eleast Courage of Brownv (1954) sawumbuso wamazwe angokomthetho, kodwa kwawumphumela womthetho wasemthethweni wabenyulwa umphakathi.

Ukwanda Kweminyaka Yamashumi Amabili Ngasekupheleni: Ubumfihlo Namalungelo Obuntu

Ilungelo lokuzifihla, elaqashelwa okokuqala ku- *Griswold v. Connecticut* (1965) ngokuphathelene nokuvimbela inzalo, lalithonywe kakhulu yisimo sengqondo somphakathi. Ngo-1960, iningi lamaMelika lakholelwa ukuthi ukulawula inzalo kufanele kube ngokomthetho, futhi isinqumo seNkantolo yaseMelika sabonisa ukuthi lo mehluko uyashintsha. Ngokufanayo, ukumiswa kwasemthethweni emshadweni ofanayo ku- *Obergefell v. Hodges* (2015) kwalandela ushintsho oluphawulekayo embonweni womphakathi. Ngo-19969, ngu-7% kuphela waseMelika owasekela umshado ofanayo; ngo-2015, lelonani lase linyuke lafinyelela ku-60%. INkantolo yaphawula ngokucacile "isimo sokuqonda umphakathi".

Indima Yemithombo Yezindaba Ekulolongeni Umbono Womphakathi Ngamalungelo Abantu

Imithombo yezindaba ibilokhu iyimoto yezingqondo ezishintshayo, kodwa amandla ayo aye aqina ngobuchwepheshe.

Ithelevishini Namalungelo Omphakathi

Ukufika kwezindaba zethelevishini kwaletha ukubhikisha okungalawuleki nokusabela kobudlova emakamelweni okuhlala kulo lonke elaseMelika. Lobu bufakazi obubonakalayo badlula izisethi zomhleli futhi badala umuzwa wokufakaza kobuzwe obuhlanganyelwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlanganiswa kwezindaba ze-Selma kumashayelo kaMontgomery, okuphoqelelwe kwezazi zezombangazwe ezazizimisele ukuthatha imvume. Njengoba i-ACLU [] ifakaze, imithombo yezindaba ingasebenza njenge "pulpulment" yamalungelo, kodwa futhi ingathuthukisa ukukhomba okuholela ekuvinjelweni kwamalungelo.

Imithombo Yezindaba Yezinombolo Nekhulu Lama - 20 Lokuqala

Ama-credit ezezokuxhumana anjenge-Twitter, Facebook, ne-Tik Tok abeke idemokrati ikhono lokuguqula umbono womphakathi. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- Liball Live Live Matter zathola ithenwa kumavidiyo evirus abonisa ubudlova bamaphoyisa, okuholela ekufuzeni ukuvuselelwa kwesimiso sokuzivikela komzimba kanye nezinye izimfundiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, izimpawu ezifanayo ezasakaza lamavidiyo nazo ziyahlukanisa, njengezisholo ezingamaphutha ngokukhohlisa okuvota okwanikela emhlabeni ka-January 617. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemidiya namalungelo omthetho womthetho buyinkemba ehlukene kabili: ingasekela ngokushesha ukukhuliswa kwenkululeko yomthetho womthetho.

Ukuhlola Icala Ethonyeni Lemithombo Yezindaba Ngamalungelo

  • Ama-Stowiewall namaLungelo:[FLT:] Izibhelu zamatshe zango-1996 zabikwa ekuqaleni, kodwa ukuhlanganiswa kwamuva kwamaphephandaba ongqingili futhi ekugcineni izikhangiso ezinkulu zashintsha ukuqonda komphakathi konya lwamaphoyisa ngokumelene ne-LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye. Lokhu kunakekela kwasiza ukuhlanganisa i-calyng umzabalazo wamalungelo ongqingili wanamuhla.
  • Ukungafundi nokungalawuleki: u-Edward Snowden's 2013 uvuza ngezinhlelo zokuhlola i-NSA, ezihlanganiswe kakhulu * i-Guardian* * ne * i-Washington Post*, yabangela ingxoxo yomphakathi ngesivikelo seSichibiyelo seSine seSiphendu sonyaka wenombolo. Umbuso wasabela nge-USA Freedom Act ka-20, ufaka imingcele emikhulu eqoqweni yemininingwane yemininingwane yemininingwane.
  • Ilungelo lamaGun namaShootings: isigqubo sokudubula okukhulu ngokuvamile siholela ekuxhaseni komphakathi ekulawuleni izibhamu, kodwa futhi siqoqa abasekeli beSibili seSichibiyelo. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ukufushana kwemithombo yezindaba kungathonya kakhulu ukuthi umphakathi ubheka ubunikazi besibhamu njengelungelo noma njengengozi.

Umbono Womphakathi Ubonakala Njengowuvimbela Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Polling has become a sophisticated tool for measuring where the public stands on specific constitutional questions. Legislators and judges alike pay attention to poll data, though the weight it carries varies.

Indlela Impova Ethonya Ngayo Isimiso Nomthetho

Nakuba amajaji kufanele azimele kunoma ubani, iNkantolo Ephakeme ivame ukuvumelana nombono weningi ezindabeni eziphambili zobu-Scrent. Ukuhlaziya okuvamile kwesazi somthetho uBarry Friedman kwathola ukuthi iNkantolo ayithathi nhlobo iphambuka kude nombono womphakathi isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zesimiso somphakathi esibanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusekela isigwebo sokufa kuye kwashintshashintsha ngombono womphakathi; lapho ukuhlola kwabonisa ukusekela konyaka ka 2000 no-2010, ukubulawa kwesigwebo seze kwancipha, futhi amazwe amaningana alahla isijeziso sentambo. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlolwa kokukhishwa kwesisu kuveza ukuthi iningi elisekela indlela ethile yokungena ngokomthetho, okungenzeka ukuthi ivumelanisa imingcele ethile yezwe ngisho nangaphambi kwemiqatha kahulumeni * i-Dobbs Health Organization ofs Jacksonn * yabuyisela imibandela ezindaweni.

Ukulinganiselwa Kombono Womphakathi Kuyaphazamisa

Izinhlolo zezibalo azizona ngaso sonke isikhathi izibikezelo ezinembile zoshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo. Amazwi emibuzo angathinta imiphumela ngokuphawulekayo. Ukuhlola okubuza "ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali" kungaveza izimpendulo ezihlukene kunezodwa ngokuphathelene "nokuvinjelwa kwezikhali" futhi, umbono womphakathi ungafinyela: abantu abaningi bangakubheka njengokungabalulekile ukuhweba okungokomthetho-mzingo. Ngalezi zizathu, ama-1960 abona izinto ezinkulu ezisekela kokubili amalungelo obandlululo nawomphakathi emaqophelweni ahlukene, kuye ngokuthi imibuzo ihlelwe kanjani. Imibono ibhekene futhi ne "inkululeko yokukhetha izikhali" /-slamentysssssss zingasho ukuthi yini ethandwayo ethandwayo abantu kunalokho abakukholelwa ngempela. [[FLT:] Isikhungo sokucwaninga [FLD]

Izindawo Ezihlukahlukene Zesifunda Nezokushintsha Kwezwe

Umbono womphakathi ngamalungelo omthetho-mthetho uyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokwendawo nangeqembu labantu abakhona. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusekela umshado ofanayo wobulili obufanayo kwakuphansi ngokomlando eNingizimu naphakathi kwamaMelika amadala. Lokhu kungafani kungenxa yokuthi isimiso sombuso sivumela ukuba kube yizikhungo zentando yeningi. Lapho iCalifornia idlulisa amaPregister 8 enqabela ukushada okungavumelani nomthetho wezwe ngo-2008, kwabonisa umbono wesikhashana owapheliswa yizo zombili izinkantolo futhi umzwelo oshintshashintshayo. Namuhla, izikhundla ezinkulu zentsha yase-Melika zisekela ukukhishwa kwezisu, imithetho enwetshwe ngezibhamu, kanye nesivikelo se-LGBTQ+ abantu, kuyilapho izizukulwane ezindala zihlala zihlukene. Le nkathi isikisela ukuthi umbono womphakathi uzoqhubeka ukuguqula njengeqembu elincane.

Amandla Okuzitika Ngezenzo Ekuvuseni Umbono Womphakathi

I-actial iyinjini eguqula umbono womphakathi ophoqelelwe ukuba ube ukucindezela kwezombangazwe. Izinhlangano zeGrassroot ziye zaba yindlela ephumelela kakhulu ngokomlando yokuphoqelela ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo, ngokuvamile ngaphambi kokushintsha umthetho kanye nokulawula.

Inhlangano Yowesifazane Ithuka

Umkhankaso wamalungelo okuvota abesifazane wawuyiqembu eliphambili lezenzwe. Izinhlangano ezinjengeNhlangano yeNational Woman American Suffile zasebenzisa imiboniso, ukuphehla izicelo, ukuxabana kwendlala, nokungalaleli komphakathi ukuze kugcinwe lendaba iphambi komphakathi. Umbono womphakathi abawuguqula ekugcineni wenza iSichibiyelo se-199 sazimela.

Inhlangano Yendawo Ezungezile Nelungelo Lokuthola Indawo Ezungezile Enempilo

Nakuba ingekho ngokuqondile umthetho - sisekelo, inhlangano yendawo ezungezile iye yaqhubekisela phambili ukuchazwa koMthetho-sisekelo ohlanganisa ilungelo lomoya ohlanzekile namanzi. Ukukhathalela komphakathi ngokungcola ngawo-1960 nangawo-1970 kwaholela eMthethweni weNkathi Yokusizungezile nasekwakhiweni kwe-EPA. Ezinye izazi ezingokomthetho ziphikisa ngokuthi iSichibiyelo seNinth singasetshenziswa ukuze kuqashelwe ilungelo lomthetho elingokomthetho lokusekela indawo ezungezile enempilo, futhi ukushisekela ushintsho lwesimo sezulu kwamuva kwakha ukusekela umphakathi ukuchazwa okunjalo.

Izinhlangano Zanamuhla: I - Black Life Into Ebalulekile Nenguquko Yamaphoyisa

I-Black Live Matter, eyasungulwa ngo-2013, iye yaguqula ingxoxo yomphakathi ngeSichibiyelo sesine sokuvikela izikhali ezifaneleyo ezifunwayo neziqulwayo, iSichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili sokunqanda isijeziso esinonya nesingavamile, kanye neSiphendulo se 14th se-Grand se-rimende esilinganayo. Ngemikhankaso, imikhankaso yezenhlalo yezembu jikelele, nesimiso sokunqanda ukulawulwa kwemithetho, inhlangano yashintsha umbono womphakathi ngezindaba ezifana nezokuvinjelwa okungakholekiyo, ukuvimbela ukumelana nokuquleka kwemizwa, nokushaya ikhamera. Ngo-2020202020, ngemva kokubulawa kukaGeorge Flod, izicelo eziphawulekayo zaseMelika zasekela inguquko enkulu yamaphoyisa − cishe eminyakeni embalwa nje. Nakuba ushintsho lwemithetho yemithetho lungalingani, inhlangano iye yafaka ngokuphumelelayo lemibuzo enkabeni yenkulumo - ngokomthetho enkabeni yenkulumo yesizwe.

Izindlela Zokulwa Ezithonya Umbono

  • Ukungalaleli kwe-Civil: Ukuphula umthetho ngokuthula (isib., izicabha, izivalo) kungabangela uzwela nokufinyeza kwemithombo yezindaba, njengoba kubonakala ekuvivimbeleni ukudla kwasemini kwango-1960.
  • Icala eliqondisiwe: amacala angokomthetho, ngokuvamile aqondiswa amaqembu njenge NAACP Ecligin Defense Fund noma i ACLU, angaphoqelela izinkantolo ukuba ziphendule imibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho futhi, zilolonge ukuqonda komphakathi.
  • Isakhiwo sokuhlanganisa: sihlanganisa amaqembu ahlukene (abaholi bokholo, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi) sihlanganisa umyalezo futhi sibonisa ukusekela okukhulu.
  • Ukuthembisana nabakhi bomthetho: amaMarche, amahholo edolobha, kanye nemikhankaso yocingo kubonisa izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuthi amalungu azo azikhathalela ngokujulile izindaba zomthetho-sisekelo.

Izinselele Zethonya Lombono Womphakathi Ngamalungelo

Nakuba umbono womphakathi ungaba ithonya lokwandisa amalungelo, futhi uveza izinselele ezinkulu. Kwezinye izimo, umbono wabaningi uye wasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela ukucindezelwa kwamalungelo amancane, njengasekungeneni kwamaJapane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, ayesekelwa kabanzi ngaleso sikhathi futhi asekelwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme eKorematsu v. United States * (1944). Icala lilokhu liyisixwayiso sokuthi ubandlululo lungawasusa kanjani imithetho esemthethweni.

Ukungaqondi Nokuhlaziya

Kulenkathi yezezindaba ezihlukene, umbono womphakathi ungasetshenziswa ngemikhankaso yokungavumelani kwezindaba. Izinkulumo ezingamanga ngokukhwabanisa kokhetho, izingozi, noma "inkolelo-mkhakha yohlanga" ziye zabangela umuzwa womphakathi futhi zaholela ekunqabeni ukumiswa kwemithetho elungelweni lokuvota, iziyalezo zempilo yomphakathi, nenkululeko yezemfundo. Ukuqamba kusho ukuthi imibono engomthetho ehlangene namalungelo omthetho ngokuvamile ihlukaniswa ngokuqinile ngemigqa eqinile, futhi ayibonisi ukungezwani okuqotho kuphela kodwa futhi iphumelela izinhlangano ezifana ne-NRA ezibonisa ukuchazwa okukhulu kwemiqondo yomphakathi.

Indima Yezinkantolo Njengezinhlangano Eziphikisayo

Igatsha lokwahlulela liklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo amancane ekuphathweni yiningi. Lo msebenzi owenziwe ngokuphikiswa uyisici esiyinhloko soMthetho-sisekelo, kodwa futhi ungadala ukungezwani nombono womphakathi. Uma iNkantolo ihamba phambili kakhulu kunombono womphakathi (njengoba abanye baphikisana * no-Roe v. Wade*), iyingozi ekwahlukaneni nomthetho-mthetho. Ngokuphambene, uma iphambuka (njengaku- * Pnety. Ferguson*), iqhubekisela phambili ukungalungi. Ukulinganisela okubucayi phakathi kokuhlonipha umbono womphakathi nokusekela izimiso zomthetho kuyinseleleko enkulu kummeli ozimele.

Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo: Ukuvivinywa Okuphelele KukaConsensus

Inqubo yokulungisa idinga ukuvota okungama-3 000 kuzo zombili izindlu zoKhongolo-kahla kanye nokuhlaziywa ngezingxenye ezintathu zezifunda. Lesi sigqebhezana esiphakeme sisho ukuthi ukulungisa cishe njalo kubonisa ukushintshwa okujulile nokuhlala njalo kombono womphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Uncimetic Rights Reformation, isekela kakhulu kuma-1970 kodwa ekugcineni yawa ezindaweni ezintathu ezingatholakali, ebonisa ukunqanyuselwa ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokwesaba ukushintsha kwendima yobufana. Iqiniso lokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uye walungiswa izikhathi ezingu-727 kuphela eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-30 libonisa ukuthi kunzima kangakanani ngisho nangombono wasobala ukuguqula umthetho ngokomthetho. Ngokuvamile, amalungelo enziwa ngokuchaza umbhalo okhona. Okungawo ngokwawo ngokwawo akhuliswa ngencazelo yomthetho yesikhathi esikhona.

Isiphetho: Ubuhlobo Obunamandla Obuqhubekayo

Ukuhlanganiswa kwemibono yomphakathi namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo akuyona indaba nje ebangelwa yisizathu esilula kanye nemiphumela. Isimo somphakathi sithonya isimo sezombangazwe lapho abahluleli bemiswa khona futhi kunqunywa khona, kodwa uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza futhi uhlelo lwezimiso ezihlala njalo ezingamelana nezinkulu. Umlando waseMelika usikisela ukuthi phakathi nesikhathi eside, umbono womphakathi uye wakhathalela ukwanda kwamalungelo. kodwa lowomendo awuvamile ukushelela. Abafundisi nabafundi abahlanganyela kulendaba kumelwe baqaphele ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awuyona incwadi eqinile kodwa umthetho ophilayo onenjongo engapheli enkantolo, izibopholo, nakukhomba komphakathi. Ngokuqonda indlela umbono womphakathi oye waqhubekisela ngayo ushintsho ngokomlando, singaqonda kangcono indima ekwakheni inkululeko ngakusasa.