Indima Yombono Womphakathi Ekulweni Nosizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe

Emiphakathini yentando yeningi, izimiso zokusiza zangaphandle azivamile ukuthathwa endaweni engenalutho. Nakuba ochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe bezezentengiselwano besebenzisa amasu asekelwe ezithakazelweni zezesayensi yezwe nakwezomnotho, amandla amakhulu ngokuvamile ahlela imingcele yalokho okungenzeka kwezombangazwe: izwi lomphakathi. Umbono womphakathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ulinganiswa ngemininingwane yokuhlola, evezwa ngokhetho, noma ngokukhuliswa amaqembu enzalo, afeza indima ebalulekile futhi ewujuqu ekunqumeni ukuthi izwe lisiza kangakanani futhi ubani. Ukuqonda lesi sidlalo esishukumisayo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nezenzo zikahulumeni kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela intuthuko yomhlaba wonke ehlelwa ngayo enkathini yanamuhla. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela yokwazisa umphakathi ngethonya lamazwe angaphandle, ukuhlola izibonelo zangempela, futhi sicabangela izinselele eziphakamayo lapho abantu abaholayo kulendawo eyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukuchaza Usizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe: Ngaphandle Kokudluliswa Okulula

Usizo lwangaphandle, olwaziwa futhi ngokuthi i-Official Development Arevition (ODA), luhlanganisa uhide olubanzi lwezimpahla ezithunyelwa kuhulumeni abanikelayo emazweni amukelayo. Izinjongo zazo zihlukahluka ngokufanayo, zihlanganisa usizo olunikeza usizo olunikeza usizo, ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho, izinhlelo zezemfundo nezokuthuthukisa impilo, kanye nokusekela ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Ukuqonda izinga losizo lwangaphandle kuyadingeka ngaphambi kokuhlola indlela umbono womphakathi oluyihlela ngayo.

Izinhlobo Zosizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe

  • [ Isiza esiqondile esivela kwelinye izwe siye kwelinye, esivame ukuhlanganiswa nobudlelwane obuhleliwe noma obungokomlando. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States inikeza usizo olubalulekile ku-Israyeli naseGibithe ngokusekelwe ezivumelwaneni zokuphepha ezithathe isikhathi eside.
  • Iminikelo ye-Multoladal Aid: ezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene, iBanki Lomhlaba, noma amabhange entuthuko ezifunda, abe esesakaza izimali ezisekelwe ezimisweni zawo. Lokhu kuvumela amazwe anikeleyo ukuba aqoqe izimali futhi ahlanganyele umthwalo wezinselele zembulunga yonke.
  • Usizo oluzimele: Usizo oluphuthumayo olunikezwa ukusabela ezinhlekeleleni ezingokwemvelo, izingxabano, noma indlala. Lomkhakha ngokuvamile ujabulela ukusekela komphakathi okukhulu kakhulu ngenxa yesimo sawo sokusindisa ukuphila.
  • I-Actnical Alterance and Capaity Building: Ukudlulisa, ukuqeqesha, nobuchwepheshe kuhloselwe ukuqinisa izinhlangano nenhloko - dolobha yabantu emazweni abawamukelayo.

Isilinganiso sosizo lwakwamanye amazwe sikhulu. Ngokwenhlangano yezentengiselwano Co-operation and Development (OECD), ingqikithi ye-ODA evela emazweni angamalungu e-Development Affect Committee (DAC) ifinyelele cishe ama-R22 000 ezigidi ngo-2022, ngokwengxenye iqhutshwa ukusekela okwengeziwe kwe-Ukraine kanye nokusabela okuwumqedazwe ([ [ODA CD DA DA ]). Kodwa leli nani limelela ingxenye encane yamazwe anikelayo eGDP, ngokuvamile engaphansi kwe-1%, futhi liqondwa umphakathi ukuthi kusetshenziswa malini asetshenziswayo ngokuvamile ngokungafanele.

Imishini Yethonya: Indlela Izakhamuzi Eziwuthonya Ngayo Umthetho Wokusiza

Ubuhlobo phakathi kombono womphakathi nesimiso sosizo sakwamanye amazwe abuqondile. Busebenza emizileni eminingana ehlangene, ngayinye inezici zayo ezinamandla nezilinganiselwe.

Ukucindezela Okukhulu Nokulandisa

Kuyidemokrasi, izikhulu ezikhethiwe kumelwe ekugcineni zibhekane nabavoti. Uma usizo lwangaphandle luba yimpikiswano yokhetho olusemthethweni, abezombangazwe bahlonishwa ukuba bavumelanise izinqubo zabo ngomuzwa womphakathi ovamile. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi emazweni lapho ukungabaza usizo lwakwamanye amazwe kujula khona. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, lapho izinhlelo zokuhlola zibonisa njalo ukuthi izakhamuzi zihlala zingenamali engakanani emalini yemali kahulumeni enikezelwe usizo lwangaphandle (ngokuvamile ziqagela ukuthi lungu 20% noma ngaphezulu, uma empeleni kungu-1%), i-polithi elingumba izithembiso zokunciphisa nokusebenzisa izidingo zasekhaya. I-votaralaltary zenza ukuhlobana nokuxhumana okunamandla, uma ngezinye izikhathi, inqubo yomphakathi yokukhetha ukuqondisa isimiso senqubo.

Ukudayisa Ngemishini Yezindaba Ne - agenda

Imithombo yezindaba ifeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni indlela umphakathi obheka ngayo usizo lwakwamanye amazwe. Uma izikhangiso zezindaba ziqokomisa imisebenzi yentuthuko ephumelelayo noma izindaba ezishukumisayo ezithakazelisayo zomuntu, ukusekela komphakathi kuvame ukwanda. Ngokuphambene, ukuhlanganiswa kwenkohlakalo, udoti, noma usizo olusekela ngokungahlosile uhulumeni ocindezelayo lungasusa ukusekela ngokushesha. PNN] PH [[ [[FLT]] [i-FLT] ichaza inqubo ephambili lapho imithombo yezindaba ichaza khona izinhlekelele zomphakathi, njengango-1999 inhlekelele yababaleki e-Iraq noma ukuzamazama komhlaba kweHaiti, ibangela ukucindezela komphakathi ukuze kuphendule ngosizo. Kule mzuzu, umbono womphakathi, ukukhala ngemifanekiso ephawulekayoyo ngokomzwelo, ukuveza ukuthatha izinqubo eziphambili futhi ephoqa impoqophayo.

Amaqembu Anesithakazelo, Ama - NGO, Nemikhankaso Yokubusa

Izinhlangano ezingezona izinhlangano zikahulumeni namaqembu okuthola izimvume asebenza njengabameli abasebenza phakathi komphakathi nabenzi bezimiso. Izinhlangano ezifana ne-OST Campaign, i-Oxfam, nodokotela abangenayo i-Borders bahlanganyela emfundweni nasemizamweni eklanyelwe ukwakha ukusekela izinyathelo ezithile zosizo. Ziqhuba futhi ukunxusa okuqondile kwezikhulu zikahulumeni. Uma lamaqembu ephumelela ekusebenziseni usizo lwangaphandle njengemfuneko yokuziphatha noma indaba yesithakazelo sesizwe, angaguqula kokubili umbono nenkambiso yomphakathi. Imikhankampane, njengenhlangano yeJubili 2000 yezentengiselwano, ibonisa indlela ukuhlanganisa umphakathi nezinguquko ezinkulu, kuhlanganise nokuncishwa kwezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali ezweni elisayo.

Intando Yeningi Nentando Yeningi Eqondile

Kwamanye amazwe, izakhamuzi zinezwi eliqondile eliqonde kakhulu emithethweni yosizo ngokuthatha izinyathelo zosizo nge-parenda noma ngezindlela zokuvota. Nakuba zingavamile, lezizinqubo zinganikeza uphawu olucacile lwentando yomphakathi ethandwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, eSwitzerland, lapho idemokrasi eqondile iyisisekelo sesimiso sentando yeningi sesimiso sezombangazwe, abavoti baye bahlola izimpikiswano ezithile ezihlobene nosizo, njengokunikela ezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke noma ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa intuthuko. Le mikhankatho ipho inikeza ukuphikisana okuqondile phakathi kwentando ethandwayo nezimiso eziphambili, ngezinye izikhathi iholela ekumangazeni izikhulu zikahulumeni.

Ukulinganisa Umbono Womphakathi Ngosizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe: Lokho Esikwaziyo

Ukuhlola isimo somphakathi kudinga ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa okuhleliwe. Ucwaningo oluningi nocwaningo lwezemfundo luye lwahlola izici ezithonya isimo sezakhamuzi ngosizo lwakwamanye amazwe. Okutholakele kulokhu kucwaninga kuhlanganisa:

  • Ukulinganisela kwesilinganiso: Ngaphesheya kwamazwe e-OECD, izakhamuzi zilinganisela kakhulu ukuthi uhulumeni wazo uchitha malini ekusizeni kwamanye amazwe. E-United States, isilinganiso singu-31% wemali kahulumeni, kuyilapho inombolo engokoqobo icishe ibe cishe 1%. Igebe phakathi kokuqonda nezimiso ezithandekile, njengoba izakhamuzi ezikholelwa ukuthi ukuchitha imali kuthambekele ekuthandeni ukulimaza.
  • Uphenyo lwe-Domestic Focus: lubonisa njalo ukuthi izakhamuzi zihlela izinkinga zasekhaya eziphambili njengokunakekela impilo, imfundo, nesisekelo sosizo lwangaphandle. Uma kucelwa ukuba zikhethe, abantu abaningi bakhetha ukuchitha imali ekhaya.
  • [ Ingxenye yosizo lobuzwe: Naphezu kokungabaza ngosizo lwentuthuko oluthatha isikhathi eside, usizo lokusiza abantu ngezinhlekelele zemvelo kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo zinikeza ukusekela okukhulu komphakathi ezinhlangothini zemibono. Abantu bazimisele kakhulu ukusiza lapho bebona isidingo esisheshayo nezisulu ezicacile.
  • [ Intando yenkolo:[ Umphakathi uvame ukusekela usizo oluhlangene nezimo, njengezimfuneko zokubusa okuhle, izinyathelo zokungakhohlisi, noma ukubambisana ezindabeni ezinjengokulawula ukufuduka. Lokhu kubonisa isifiso sokulandisa nemiphumela.
  • Parisan Divisions: Emazweni amaningi anikelayo, imibono yezombangazwe iyisibonakaliso esinamandla sezimo zengqondo zosizo. Abantu abasolwayo bathambekele ekusekeleni usizo lwangaphandle, kuyilapho abantu abahlukumezayo bengabaza kakhulu, beyibheka njengesaphazayo noma njengengenanzuzo.

Ukuhlola Icala: Umbono Womphakathi Uyasebenza

Ukuhlola amazwe athile kwembula indlela ithonya lomphakathi elisebenza ngayo ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zezombangazwe.

IUnited States: Ubuhlobo Obunomsindo Nosizo

I-United States iyisinikele kakhulu emhlabeni, nokho ubuhlobo bayo nosizo lwangaphandle bubunjwe umphakathi ojulile. Njengoba kuphawuliwe, amaMelika anezinzuzo ezinkulu kakhulu zokusiza ngokulinganayo, futhi lokhu kungayikhokhi kahle isekela ukusika. Nokho, uma amaphengululi enikeza ukwaziswa okunembile mayelana nengxenye engu-1% yangempela yemali, ukusekela ukulondolozwa noma ngisho nokukhushulwa kwemali. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi [[FLD:0] umbono womphakathi ungcono kakhulu kunombono womphakathi ongenalwazi. . U.S. Congress, esabela kakhulu emibonweni ehlangene, ngokuvamile izingxabano zihlela izindleko zemali ngosizo lwezinto eziphambili zasekhaya. Izinyathelo eziphambili, njengoba uMongameli ethanda i-Emergeagency (EPARNCE) ngaphansi kosizo lwe-AIDS (PA). UGeorge umlawuli we-BRUS, usekela futhi ukusiza umphakathi wonke ngokusekela impumelelo yezentengo yosizo nenzuzo yomphakathi.

I - United Kingdom: Ukuzinikela Okungu - 0,7% Nokuvuselelwa Kwakho

IUnited Kingdom yayingumsekeli ophambili wezisulu zezwe lonke zokuchitha u-0.7% we-Gross National Income (GNI) ngosizo lwakwamanye amazwe. Eminyakeni eminingi, ukuvumelana okuphambanayo kwasekela lesi sisulu, futhi umphakathi waveza umbono womphakathi, nakuba kungakhange kuhileleke kakhulu, kodwa izingcindezi zezomnotho ezilandela inkinga yezezimali ka-2009 kanye nobhadane lwe-COVID lwezwelor lwashintsha indawo yezombangazwe. Uhulumeni, ubhekene nobunzima bemali ekhaya, waveza ukuthi ukulinganisela imali yosizo kwakudingekile ekulawuleni izimali zomphakathi. Abagxeki bezekwethulwa intuthuko ende yesikhathi nedumela lezizwe ngenkambiso yezentengo yezizwe. Ingxoxo eqokozwe kakhulu ngosizo lomphakathi [[FLD:] [FLD], ifaka u-UK7] ngokunciphenelwa kwezenteko yezentengo yezentengo yomphakathi.

Amazwe AseNordic: Ukusekela Komphakathi Kwasekelwa

Amazwe ase-Nordic ahlala esendaweni ephakathi kwabanikeli abapha kakhulu bezwe lase-GDP, e-Norway, naseDenmark aye ahlangana noma adlula izisulu ezingokomlando. Umbono womphakathi kulamazwe ubonakala ungcono kakhulu ekusizeni kwamanye amazwe kunakwamanye amazwe amaningi anikelayo. Lokhu kuthiwa kunezici eziningi: isiko eliqinile lokubambisana kwezenhlalo kanye nokusekela amazwe, imikhankaso yemfundo yomphakathi ephumelelayo ngezinhlangano zentuthuko ne-NGO, kanye namazinga aphansi kakhulu okungaqondaniwawa mayelana nokusetshenziswa kosizo. Indaba yaseNordictic ibonisa ukuthi ukuthengwa komphakathi ekuthuthukiseni imfundo engokwezentengiselwa phambili kungadala umjikelezo omuhle [, lapho izinhlangano ezifundisayo futhi ezisekela umphakathi zikwazi ukugcina khona iziphano zosizo eziwusizo ezinde kakhulu.

Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa Kwethonya Lomphakathi

Nakuba umbono womphakathi uyiqiniso, ithonya lawo ekusizeni kwamanye amazwe linezinkinga.

Inkinga Yokungaqondi Ngokufanele Nokungalawuleki

Umbono womphakathi ungcono kakhulu uma nje ukwaziswa okusekelwe kukho. Njengoba indaba yase-U.S. ibonisa, imibono egcwele ngokungeyikho ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwemali yosizo ingaholela ekukhetheni okungokomthetho okungaqondiwe kahle ngezinto eziza kuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubantu abaningi, usizo lwangaphandle luyimpikiswano ephansi uma iqhathaniswa nemisebenzi, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, noma imfundo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imibono ngokuvamile iyaguquguquka futhi ithotyelwe kalula yizilinganiso zemithombo yezindaba noma izihlakalo zezombangazwe. Ohulumeni babhekene nenselele yokufundisa umphakathi ngaphandle kokubhekwa njengabasakazi.

Ukungezwani Phakathi Kwentando Yeningi Nemigomo Ehlelekile

Usizo lwangaphandle luvame ukusetshenziswa ukufinyelela izinjongo ezithatha isikhathi eside, njengokwakha izivumelwano, ukuthuthukisa ukuzola ezindaweni eziya ngokuya ngokuya, noma ukusingatha izinselele zembulunga yonke njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokuvuvukala kobhadane. Lemigomo ingase ihambisane njalo nokukhetha okufushane komphakathi, okuthambekele ekusekeleni imiphumela esheshayo, ebonakalayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umphakathi ungasekela usizo lwempumuzo yenhlekelele kodwa ungakushisekeli kakhulu ukuthuthukisa intuthuko ethatha isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezintekentekenteke, ngisho nalapho leyo ekhona ibaluleke kakhulu ekuzinziseni okuhlala njalo. Ohulumeni kumelwe basebenzise le miphumela ethinta umphakathi ngesidingo sokulandela isimiso esiwusizo, esiwusizo bezizwe.

Ingozi Yokuhlasela Kweziqhumane

Eminyakeni yamuva, izinhlangano zomphakathi zamazwe amaningana ezinikelayo ziye zabuza inani losizo lwakwamanye amazwe, zilubeka njengendawo yokukhokha imali ekhokhiswa abantu bakwamanye amazwe ngenkathi izidingo zasekhaya zihlala zingangeni. Lokhu kukhuluma kungaba namandla ngokwezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho noma inkathi yokungalingani okukhulu. Uma abaholi be-populist bethola amandla, banganciphisa imali yosizo noma baphinde bahlele kabusha imigomo elinganiselwe, ukuzizuzisa komuntu siqu njengenokulondeka komngcele noma ukukhushuliswa kwezentengiselwa phambili. Lokhu kwakha ingozi yokuba usizo lwangaphandle lube yi- i-acastyotation yezepolitiki yezentengiselwano yasekhaya , ukukhiqisa izibo zokuzinikela ezithatha isikhathi eside.

Ukuqinisa I - police Emphakathini

Njengoba becabangela ukubaluleka kombono womphakathi nokulinganiselwa kwawo, ohulumeni nabasekeli bentuthuko bangakuqinisa kanjani ukuhlobana phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezinolwazi nezimiso zosizo eziphumelelayo?

  • I-Implifigurate Ukuxhumana komphakathi:[ Izinhlangano zomsebenzi kufanele zifake imali ekuxhumaneni okucacile, okubonisayo mayelana nendlela usizo olusetshenziswa ngayo nemiphumela oluyifinyelela ngayo. Izindaba zempumelelo, ezivezwe ngamafomethi afinyelelwayo, zingakha ukwethembana nokulandisa okungakhi.
  • [ I-Procter Mispect: Ukwaziswa okulula, okuyiqiniso ngobukhulu bemali esetshenziswayo kungaguqula isimo sengqondo somphakathi. Abanye ohulumeni baye bazama ukunikeza imininingwane enembile yemali esetshenziswayo ezinhlolweni noma emikhankasweni yomphakathi, ngemiphumela emihle ekusekeleni.
  • fractal Aid njengeSithakazelo esihlanganyelwayo: Kunokuba bathembele kuphela ekunxuseni kokuziphatha, abameleli kufanele bagcizelele indlela usizo lwangaphandle olusiza ngayo izithakazelo zamazwe anikelayo, kuhlanganise namathuba ezomnotho, ukulondeka kwempilo embulungeni yonke, kanye nokucindezela kokufuduka okuncishisiwe. Lokhu kuhlola okusheshayo kungakhanga izilaleli ezibanzi.
  • Izakhamuzi ezihlala eGenesi ziqonde ngqo: izinqubo ezihlanganyelayo, njengokuhlola umphakathi, iziqu zomphakathi, noma amapulatifomu e-inthanethi ukuze kutholakale uhlelo lokuhlelwa kwemali, kunganikeza abantu umuzwa wokuba nakekeli ngenqubo yosizo futhi kukhuthaze ukucubungula kolwazi.

Bheka Phambili: Umbono Womphakathi Ezweni Elishintsha Ngokushesha

Izwe losizo lwakwamanye amazwe liyahlukahluka. Abanikeli abasha, njengeChina neNdiya, benza ukulandisa okungokwesiko okuphathelene nokusiza abasweleyo nokuthuthuka. Izinselele zembulunga yonke ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nobhadane zifuna ukuthathwa kweqembu ngokwezinga elingakaze libonwe ngaphambili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, indawo yokwaziswa iyahlukana, imithombo yezokuxhumana ithuthukisa kokubili ukwaziswa okuqondile kanye nokungaqondi kahle ngosizo. Kulokhu, ukuqonda nokwenza umbono womphakathi kuyoba baluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.

Kunesizathu sokuqiniseka okuqondile. Ukuhlolwa kokwaziswa okuvela eminyakeni yamuva kusikisela ukuthi izizukulwane ezisentsha emazweni amaningi anikelayo zithambekele kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwezizwe zonke futhi zisekelane. I-Ipssos Imbulunga yonke ifunda ngeSintu [ futhi imibiko evela [ku- ku-Overseats Development Institute [[] ibonisa ukuthi ukusekela usizo, nakuba lungahlangani, kuhlala kuqinile. Inselele yabenzi bezimiso zokusebenza kulokhu kusekela okungase kwenzeke ngokwenza icala losizo lwangaphandle ngokwezilinganiso zezakhamuzi.

Ekugcineni, indima yomphakathi ekulungiseni isimiso sosizo sakwamanye amazwe iyindaba yokunyanzelwa kanye nethuba. Icindezela ngokubeka imingcele kulokho okunokwenzeka ngokwezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi ezikhathini zobunzima basekhaya. Kodwa futhi idala amathuba okuthatha isinyathelo sesibindi lapho izakhamuzi zithembisiwe futhi zifundiswa. Ukwakha isimiso sosizo lwembulunga yonke esiphumelelayo nesingabekezeleleki ngeke kudinge nje kuphela ulwazi lwezobuchwepheshe nentando yezombangazwe kodwa futhi kudinga ukuzinikela okuqinile ukuxoxa okungokomoya [ okuhlanganisa izakhamuzi nezimiso ezijulile zokuziphatha neziwusizo ezihambisana nosizo lwakwamanye amazwe.

Ezweni elihlangene, lapho imiphumela yokungalingani nokungantengantengi inqamula khona imingcele, izwi lomphakathi liyohlala liyisici esibalulekile empikiswaneni eqhubekayo mayelana nendlela izizwe ezihlanganyela ngayo ingcebo nemithwalo yazo yemfanelo.