Umthetho wezwe lonke unikeza izakhiwo ezibalulekile ezilawula indlela ebusa ngayo imisebenzi yobuphekula ngalé kwemingcele yabo. Nakuba ubuphekula busongela ngokuqondile ukulondeka kwesizwe, ukusabela kumelwe kusebenze ngaphakathi kwesimiso esiphathelene nobukhosi bombuso, sivikele amalungelo abantu, futhi sisekele ukubusa komthetho. Inselele ikhona ekulinganiseleni isenzo esiphumelelayo ngokumelene nemifelandawo yamaphekula nokunamathela ngokuqinile emithethweni evame ukudidaniswa noma ukuncintisana. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso eziyinhloko ezingokomthetho, izinselele ezicindezela kakhulu ekuzisebenziseni, izinhlobonhlobo zezifunda ekusondeleni, kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo komthetho wezizwe zonke endaweni emelene ne-athonsi ye-atho.

I - Officeal Commond Ezakha Amalungelo Ezomthetho Ezomelana Nemisebenzi Yobuphekula

Umthetho wezizwe zonke omelene nobuphekula usuka emithonjeni eminingi: i-United Nations Charter, izivumelwano eziningi ze-International Parvey on Civil and Political Rights (ICCR) ne-Geneva Courve, i-Security Council, izinqulu zobukhaphelo, nomthetho wezizwe zonke ovamile. Akukho sivumelwano sinye sichaza "ubuphekula" ngokubanzi, kodwa umsebenzi wemishini ehlukene uhlanganisa izenzo ezithile ezinjengokuthumba, ukuthumba, ukuqhutshekisa, nokubhoboza. I-UN Security Council iye yamukela izinqumo ezibo ezibophayo ngaphansi kweSahluko VII (2001) (2001) neSigqi 2249 (209), ezifaka izibopho ezise izibopho ezise ekuvimbeleni izenzo zamaphekula amaphekula. Lezi zihlanganisa isisekelo esingokomthetho sezenzo zesiphamba esiphambazwe kodwa futhi zakhanyiselwayo esikhona.

Ubukhosi Nokungahambisani Nezimo

Isimiso sokubusa .Ilungelo lokubusa isifundazwe ngasinye ngaphandle kokuphazamisa .Isisekelo somthetho wezizwe zonke. I-UN Charter inqabela usongo noma ukusetshenziswa kwempoqo ngokumelene nobuqotho bezwe noma ukuzibusa kwezombangazwe kunoma yisiphi isifundazwe (Artle 2(4). Noma yikuphi ukusebenza okumelene nokumelene nombuso okuqhutshwa kwenye indawo ngaphandle kwaleyondawo imvume kahulumeni ephula ubukhosi ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe isisekelo somthetho wezwe. Ukuvunyelwa kwezwe kuyisisekelo esisobala esingokomthetho: izigodi ezithinane zivumela izizwe eziningi ukuba ziqhube imisebenzi ngaphansi kwezivumelwano zazo zezezwe. Uma imvume ingekho, izimpikiswano ezisekelwe ekugunyazweni kombuso wezwe noma kwe-UN i-sombuluko iyaziwa kakhulu. Umthetho wezizwe zonke uqaphela "ukuthanda noma imfundiso engenakukwazi", ezinye izigungume ukuba zisebenzise izenzo ezivumelanayo kanye nezindawo lapho zingasamukeli izivumelwano zesifundazwe noma zingayivinjelwe izivumelwano.

Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 51

ISiphakamiso 51 seUN Charter silondoloza ilungelo elingokwemvelo lomuntu ngamunye noma elihlangene lokuhlasela okuhlomile. Umbuzo oyinhloko uwukuthi amaphekula ahlaselwa abadlali abangewona ababusi angalingana "ukuhlasela ngezikhali" okubangela ukuzihlasela kwawo siqu. INkantolo yezizwe zonke yeJaji Nicaraguaragua [ kanye [[FLT]] neMicikilisho yezemisebenzi izinqumo ezithi iyazibangela ukuba i-difense] ingasebenzi izikhaliense. Isinqumo sikholelwa ukuthi izenza imingcele ekhona isebenza kuphela ekuhlaseleni izigwegwegweni ngezimo. Nokho, i-9/11 amacala akhona ahlaselayo kanye nohlelo olulandelanayo, i-UMkhathiwe: Ukuzivikela i-empepho ezindaweni ezihlukene, futhi ihluleka ukuhlasela kwenani elikhulu lamazwe angaphandle. Kulezi zikhona kanye nezimo eziseqeqeqeshiwe.

UMthetho Wokusiza Abantu Emhlabeni Wonke Nomthetho Wamalungelo Abantu

Ukulwa kwezenzo zobuphekula kusebenza ngaphandle kwezwe ekuhlanganeni kwemibuso emibili ehlukene: umthetho wesizwe wesizwe (IHL), osebenza phakathi nempi elwiwayo, nomthetho wezizwe zonke (IHRL), osebenza ngazo zonke izikhathi. Ukunquma ukuthi yimuphi umbuso obusayo kuxhomeke ekusongweni nasekuvuthweni kosongo namandla obudlova. Uma imisebenzi yokulwa nobudlova ikhona phakathi kwempi eqhubekayo elwiwayo engekho zweni lonke, esetshenziswayo, futhi isebenza phakathi nezimpi zempi zezizwe ngezikhathi zempi zempi, , , kanye nezimpi zesizwe zamazwe e-Afghanistan, i-Aramu, noma i-Aramu, noma i-IHL, i-IHL inikeza imithetho elawula i-Ir, futhi i-onqabela noma iziphi izikhali ezimeleniswe abantu. Ngaphansi kwamandla ezindaweni ezihlukene, izikhali ezingoko ezingokozwezwezwe linye ezingasekuzomthetho zingakho, uma kungathi zikhona izivumelwano ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezivamile, zikhona nakwe kakhulu, lapho kungathi zikhona nakubusa

Izinselele Eziyinhloko Ezingokomthetho Ebuthweni Lanamuhla Lamaphekula

Naphezu kokuba khona kwezimiso ezingokomthetho, ukusebenza kwazo emikhankasweni yokulwa nobuphekula kwamanje kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima.

Ukugadla Nomthetho Wokuzibulala

Ukusetshenziswa kwama-drone ahlomile ekuhlaseleni izikhali kude ezimpini eziphambili kuye kwaba uphawu lwezenhlalayenza engekho emthethweni yanamuhla. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ama-droni avumela ukuhlasela okuqondile komholi wamaphekula kuyilapho enciphisa umonakalo wokwahlukanisa futhi enciphisa ingozi kumasosha. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlasela kwe-drone ngokuvamile kuphula umthetho womhlaba wonke ngokuphula umthetho wezwe ngokuphula incazelo yezwe, ukuhluleka ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zobuphembelelo zomuntu siqu, futhi ukungazinaki ukuhlasela okuqhubekayo, futhi ukungazinaki umsebenzi wokuhlukanisa phakathi kwamasosha nezakhamuzi. Impikiswano eyinhloko ingukuthi ingabe i "imfine" yini usongo lungahlolwa isikhathi esingaphezu kwezindawo. Njengendlela yokuzingela i-U. I-Emperence engcono kakhulu, i- - ngokomthetho futhi i- - ngokomthetho ekhohliswayodwa, i- - ngokomthetho futhi i- - mbumbulu, i- - yaziwa kakhulu, i- - ngokomthetho futhi i- - ngokomthetho ekhona, i-funze izisulu, i-ofuzelele ngisho naku, i

Ukuzigcina Usukile Nokuselapha

Ukunqanda ukuboshwa kwabantu ababanjwa phakathi nemisebenzi yobuphekula kwamanye amazwe kuphakamisa izinselele ezinkulu ezingokomthetho. Ngaphansi kwe-IHL, empini engalwiwe nesizwe, abathunjwa kumelwe baphathwe ngobuntu futhi bavunyelwe ukuqulwa ngokusemthethweni. I-HRL futhi inqabela ukuboshwa okuzenzekelayo futhi idinga ukubukezwa komthetho ngokushesha. Nokho, umkhuba "ukubuyiselwa" – ukudlulisela izinsolo emazweni amathathu lapho bengase babhekane khona nokuhlushwa – baqhubeke beyinkathazo enkulu. Isimiso se-U.S. sohlelo lokushumayeza okungavamile nokuboshwa okuyimfihlo ngemva kuka-9/11 sezenzwe ngaphandle kwezivumelwano silahlwa kakhulu izivumelwano ezimelene nokuvinjelwa okungamelwe kuboniswe ngokusemthethweni. I-Obama ne-Biden igwebondsssssssss ngokomthetho oqinile, kodwa iziboshwa ngokuqhubekayo kwemvume engokomthetho. Iziboshwa ka-Obama neyaluntengiselwayo ezindaweni ezisobala zeziboshwayo. Iziboshwa ezingaphandle kwemivusenyuka ezingokomthetho ziyaqhubeka zezingamele iziboshwa.

Ukumelana Nobuphekula Negebe Elingokomthetho

I-Cyber isebenza ngokusebenza kwamaqembu amaphekula . njengokubuthwa kwe-inthanethi, inkulumo - ze, ukuqoqa, nokuhlasela kwezezisekelo ezibucayi . kwayenze kwadala izinselele ezintsha. Umthetho wezizwe zonke uyasebenza kuyi-inthaneti: i-UN Group of Governal Memonysting yaqinisekisa ngo-2013 ukuthi umthetho okhona, kuhlanganise ne-UN Charter ne-IHL, ulawula ukuziphatha kwe-ICM. Amazwe angasabela ekuhlaseleni kweze-ingosigebetho ngokuhlasela kweze-inthane uma ehlangabezana nomnyango wokuhlasela kwezikhali. Nokho, inkinga engokwengxenye engokwengxenye engokomthetho yenza izinto zibe nzima: ukunquma ukuthi iqembu elithile noma i-i - Internet liqala ukusebenza kunzima. I-Dinjini elikhombayo i-mfazini ekhipha imithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho, kodwa i-Octrobic.

Izinhloso Zesifunda Zokumelana Nomthetho Wobuphekula

Imibuso nezinhlangano zezifunda ezihlukahlukene zichaza futhi zisebenzise umthetho wezizwe zonke ekulweni nemisebenzi yobuphekula ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ziveza amasiko azo angokomthetho, ukukhathazeka ngokulondeka, nezikhundla zezombangazwe.

I - United States: Ingxenye Eyindilinga Yesenzo Esingesona Esivamile

I-United States iye yathatha umbono omkhulu ngokuqhathaniswa wezwe lamaSulumane, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali ngokumelene nabadlali abangewona amazwe. Ngemva kuka-9/11, uMkhandlu wagunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwebutho lezempi ngokumelene nalabo abanomthwalo wemfanelo (AMF), izikhulu ezilandelanayo eziye zachaza kabanzi ukuhlanganisa amaqembu anjenge-Sulumane State, al-Qaeda commentationes, kanye nokusebenzisa amandla ahlangene. U.S. uye waqhuba imisebenzi okungenani emazweni ayisishiyagalombili, ngaphandle kwemvume eqondile yemvume yesizwe noma kwe-UN Councictive Council. Imithetho ye-Obama esungulwe ifuna ukuba kungenelwe izigwebo - – intengi "ize" ukuthi isisulu sikhona, futhi izakhamuzi ezihlangeneyo, kodwa ezisekela ngokubambisana nezizwe zonke. I-Trumpmps aziyifuni ngokomthetho futhi zisekela ngokubambisana nezizwe zonke.

I - European Union: Izindlela Zokufinyelela Amalungelo Abantu

Izifundazwe zaseYurophu zithambekele ekugcizeleleni kakhulu ukuthobela amalungelo abantu kanye nokuthobela umthetho ekulwisaneni nemisebenzi yobuphekula kwamanye amazwe. I-EU'Counter-Trorism Stratery isho ngokucacile ukuthi izinyathelo kumelwe zihloniphe amalungelo ayisisekelo. Amazwe aseYurophu ngokuvamile akhetha izisekelo ezihlukene: asebenza ngeUN, i-NATO, ne EU ngokwayo. Amazwe amaningi e-EU abhekene ngokuqinile imisebenzi yobuhlakani futhi afune ukuvunyelwa kokwahlulela ngemisebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-UK’Preaginigateation Powers Acts, kuyilapho i-UFract ehlangene i-UFol Constigation Activeal Courageal Act, kuyilapho i-Unict ebeke imingcele ye-Union ebeke imingcele yokwabelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-drounion. Inkantolo yaseYurophu ifuna ukukhoselelwa okusobala okusobala kwegunyazwe lonke, kodwa futhi isekela i-umbuso wamazwe akhona. Nokho, i-unts ngokomthetho ohulumeni uhulumeni uhulumeni uhulumeni uhulumeni uhulumeni uyavuma

IZizwe Ezihlangene: Ukuqoqwa Kwezokulondeka Nokuhlanzwa

I-UN Security Council ifeza indima ephambili ekulolongeni uhlelo olungokomthetho lokulwisana nobuphekula. Ngaphansi kweSahluko VII, uMkhandlu ungagunyaza amazwe angamalungu ukusebenzisa "zonke izindlela" zokulwa nobuphekula, njengoba yenza ngeSinqumo 2249 (209) ngokuqondene noHulumeni wamaSulumane. UMkhandlu ubeka izijeziso kubantu abawuphekulayo namalungu akhona, ifuna ukuba amazwe afake izakhiwo eziqinile, ukuvinjelwa kwezezohambo, kanye nezikhali. Nokho, lezi zijeziso ziye zagxekwa ngenxa yokuntula inqubo efanelekile: abantu ngabanye bangahlelwa ngaphandle kobufakazi noma ithuba lokubukezwa. I-UN futhi isekela amandla nosizo olungokomthetho ngeHhovisi ye-UN ye-Trobit-rorism (UN) kanye ne-oaze-proftiodmistism Com Comment (Extedmist). Nokho, iMikha yamandla encishisiwe ngezenzo ze-Abicishicine ye-Russia, inikeza imvume yemithetho ye-Russia, isekela ngokusekela ngoku

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo Zomthetho Wezizwe Zonke Ekumelaneni Nobuphekula

Njengoba ubuphekula buqhubeka buguquka, umthetho wezizwe zonke kumelwe uzivumelanise nobuchwepheshe obusha, ukushintsha kwezindlela zokulwa, nesidingo sokulandisa okukhulu.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuklanywe Ngezikhali Ezizibusayo

Ukuhlanganiswa kokuhlakanipha okungeyokwenziwa (I) emikhankasweni yokulwa nezenzo zobuphekula kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima engokomthetho. Izimiso zezikhali ezizimele ezingabona futhi zingenele izisulu ngaphandle kokulawula komuntu zibekela inselele izimiso ze-IHL zokwehluka nokulingana. Uma i-drone ingazihlasela ngokuzimele abantu abasekelwe ekuzibonakaliseni kwe-algorithm, abanecala lokushaya ngephutha? Umthetho wezizwe zonke ufuna ukuba kwenziwe izinqumo eziyingozi kubantu abakwazi ukusebenzisa isahlulelo. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-AING ekwazini ukuhlaziya ukuhlakanipha kuphakamisa futhi kuphakamisa inqubo efanelekile, ikakhulukazi uma iholela ekutholeni abantu ngabanye ababhekene yizisulu noma iziboshwa. Izizwe zisaqala izikhundla ezingokomthetho zemithetho ehlukene. Izikhali ze-U.S. Izikhulu zikahulumeni ziphikisa ukuvinjelwa kwezikhali ezibulalayo, kanti eziningi zisho ukuthi kuyi-UN eMhlanganweni we-CCC. Ziye ziphinde ziqinisekise ukuthi inqubo engokomthetho engokomthetho yemithetho engokomthetho yezizwe zonke, futhi ziphinde izikhulu.

Ukuqinisa Imisebenzi Yamafomu Ezomthetho: Ukulandisa Nokulandisa

Enye yezidingo eziphuthumayo iwukucacisa kakhulu kwemithetho elawula imisebenzi yobuphekula kwamanye amazwe. Imfundiso "ethanda noma engakwazi", ububanzi bezethu ngokwayo kumelene nabadlali abangesibo abesifundazwe, kanye nokusetshenziswa okungaphezulu komthetho wamalungelo abantu konke kudinga ukuvumelana okucace kakhulu. Abanye ochwepheshe baye babiza isivumelwano esisha esichaza ubuphekula kanye nokumisa izindinganiso ezivumelanayo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho zemisebenzi enqamule imikhawulo yezempi. Abanye baphikisa ukuthi uma umthetho uchazwa kahle futhi uphoqelelwe, wanele kodwa okumelwe unamathele kuwo. Izimiso zokulandisa amalungelo abantu zibuthakathaka futhi zibangela ukugqebezwana kokuqulwa noma ukuvinjelwa. Inkantolo yezentengiselwano (ICC) iyakuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwempi, kuhlanganise nezenzo zobuphekulaphula umthetho. I-Sulumane i-Sulumane iqala ukuphekula i-Arcusch, kodwa i-Sulumane iyavuma futhi imibuso yezizwe ngezikhali ukuba ibone ukuthi izikhali zezizwe ezingaphandle.

Indima YeNkantolo Yezigebengu Yomhlaba Wonke

Indima ye-ICC ekulwisaneni nobuphekula ilinganiselwe ngoba igunya layo lihlanganisa ubugebengu obukhulu kakhulu bomhlaba wonke: ukuqothulwa kohlanga, ubugebengu obumelene nesintu, ubugebengu bempi, nobudlova. Izenzo eziningi zamaphekula, njengokubhomba okuzibulala okuhlasela izakhamuzi ngamabomu, zingakha ubugebengu kubantu uma ziyingxenye yokuhlasela okusakazeke kakhulu noma okuhlelelwe. I-ICC iye yahlola amalungu eSikhumulo soMkhosi wakwaMna, uBhoko Harham, neZwe lamaSlam e-Iraq nase-Syria ngenxa yobugebengu obunjalo. Nokho, inkantolo ayinakho ukubusa ngobugebengu obugunyazwele "bebu--Rhavian" njengabo. Nakuba ezinye izigaba ziye zahlongoza ukuhlasela ubuphekula i-Gibralth, kodwa okuye kwabonakala kunzima kakhulu kwezombangazwe. I-ICUSCU ingenza futhi izikhulule izime zokulwa kwezenzo zobugebengu phakathi nezenzo zobushibhishobhishobhisi, njengokuvile noma ukuhlukuhluku.

Umthetho wezizwe zonke uzoqhubeka uwumnqanda futhi ube yisiqondiso sokulwa nemisebenzi yobuphekula kwamanye amazwe. Inselele yemibuso iwukuba kube nezimiso zobuphekula eziphumelelayo futhi zithembeke ezimisweni zobukhosi, ukulwela amalungelo abantu, nomthetho wezenhlalakahle. Njengoba isimo sobuphekula sishintsha, ngokufanayo namathuluzi angokomthetho asetshenziselwa ukulwa nayo. Izimiso ezicacile, ukulandisa okuqinile, kanye nokubambisana kwangempela kwezizwe zonke kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukulwa nobuphekula akuzilulazi zona kanye izindinganiso ezifunwa yizo ezifuna ukuvikela.