Izinqubo Ezingokomthetho Ezisetshenziswa Abasekeli Bomshado Abalinganayo

Abasekeli bomshado baye balwa omunye wemikhankaso engokomthetho elandela impela emlandweni wanamuhla wamalungelo omphakathi. Phakathi neminyaka engaba ngamashumi amathathu, basuka ekunqotshweni ngokuphelele ezinkantolo baye ekunqobeni okukhulu okwaba nelungelo lokushada nemibhangqwana elinganayo eboshelwe eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe amaningi. Lokhu kuguqulwa akwenzekanga ngengozi. Kwakuwumkhiqizo wamasu omthetho ahloselwe ukuguqula umbono womphakathi, ukwakha inqubo yokwahlulela, nokuphoqa izivumelwano. Ukuqonda lezo zinqubo — kusukela kumthetho-ligconsiote kuya ezweni lomhlaba wonke — kwembula indlela umthetho ongaba nengaqhubelwa ngayo phambili ukulingana ngisho nokuphikisa okuqinile.

Inhlangano yomshado yokulingana yayingancikile endleleni eyodwa. Kunalokho, abasekeli bahlanganisa izinkolelo eziningi zomthetho, ukukhetha i-aum, kanye namasu okuhlela ukuze bandise amathuba abo okuphumelela. Bafunda ekunqotshweni kwangaphambili, bajwayela ukushintsha izimo zokwahlulela nezezombangazwe, futhi bakha isisekelo sezimboni zezenzuzo yomphakathi, abasekeli bezemfundo, nabahleli botshani abalokhu becindezela udwendwe olude. Umphumela awukona nje uchungechunge lokunqoba kwenkantolo kodwa uyisibonelo samalungelo omphakathi ayaqhubeka ethonya izinhlangano zobulungisa bobuhlanga, ubulili, kanye nelungelo le-LGBTQ emhlabeni wonke.

Lesi sihloko sihlola amasu ayinhloko angokomthetho asetshenziswa abasekeli bomshado abalinganayo. Sihlola indlela izimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo ezahlelwa ngayo, indlela amacala ahlolwa futhi abekwa ngayo, indlela umthetho wezizwe omisiwe ngayo, nendlela ukuthatha imithetho kanye ne-collet kwaphelelisa ngayo imizamo esekelwe enkantolo. Ukuhlaziya kuveza imithetho engokomlando, ukukhulumela kwezazi, kanye nokulandisa kwalabo abasekela lenhlangano.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo: Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nenqubo Efanele

Impikiswano yomthetho-sisekelo yokulingana komshado isekelwe ezinsikeni ezimbili: i- Equal Protection Clause yeSichibiyelo se 14th Isichibiyeli, esivimbela ukuphika noma imuphi umuntu isivikelo esifanayo semithetho, kanye I-Seed Programme Claus [, evikela inkululeko eyisisekelo ekungeneni kukahulumeni. Imisha isekela ukuthi imithetho evimbela ukushada kwemibhangqwana ehlukene nengalinganiyo, nengalinganiyo ngesisekelo socansi, nokuthi inciphisa imibhangqwana eqinileyo yelungelo eliyisisekelo sokushada ngaphandle kokulunga okunamandla.

Ikhankasi lokuqala ngokuvamile lixhomeke empikiswaneni yokuvikela efanayo ebekwe ngokuqondene nokucwasana ngokobulili. Babaehr v. Lewin [1993], iNkantolo ePhakeme yaseHawaii yasekela ukuthi umthetho womshado kahulumeni ocatshangelwayo wokuhlukanisa ngesisekelo sobulili futhi ngenxa yalokho ubangele ukucubungula okuqinile ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo olinganayo. Le sinqumo saqalisa ukusabela okulandelanayo okwaholela kumalayisensela omshado wokuqala owengeziwe eMassachusetts ngo 2004 futhi ekugcineni esinqumweni sophawu oluse Oberge. v[FLT]

Ngesikhathi iObergefell ifinyelela eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S., abasekeli base beyilungisile inkolelo yabo engokomthetho-mthetho ukuze bagcizelele kokubili isivikelo esilinganayo nenqubo efanele. INkantolo, ngokombono kaMahluleli uAnthony Kennedy, yakholelwa ukuthi ilungelo lokushada liyilungelo eliyisisekelo eliyisisekelo elisemkhululweni walowo muntu, nokuthi ngaphansi kwe-CTIC Procession and Exmetect Classite Claussnes, imibhangqwana efanayo ingase ingaphucwa lelolungelo. Isinqumo esicacile esihlobanisa umshado nenkululeko yomuntu siqu, ukuhlangana okuseduze, nesithunzi sabantu ngabanye — izimpikiswano ezazisungulwe futhi zaviswa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka adlule.

Abameleli baphinde bathumele izimpikiswano zomthetho-mthetho ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ngokuvamile bencike emalungiselelweni omthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke anikeza isivikelo esibanzi kunomthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke. Goodridge v. Umnyango wezempilo ka Public (2003]), iMassachusetts Supreme Judicial Court yachaza isivikelo esilinganayo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nenqubo efanelekile yokufuna ukulingana komshado. Leso sinqumo sasibaluleke kakhulu ngoba sakha isibonelo sokuqala somshado owezentengiselwano eUnited States futhi sanikeza isibonelo sabaphathi kwezinye izizwe.

Ngaphandle kwe-United States, izimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo zathatha izindlela ezihlukene. ECanada, iNkantolo Ephakeme iReference removement-sex Umshado [2004] yaqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe wayenegunya lokumisa ukulingana komshado, nokuthi umthetho onjalo wawungeke weqe inkululeko engokwenkolo. ENingizimu Afrika, iNkantolo yoMthetho-mthetho ] ku-Master of Homea Affat v. [2005] (i-2005]) u-memogumentation yemithetho efanayo yomshado yayingenakubekwa ngaphansi kokulingana nezimiso zomthetho womthetho waseNingizimu Afrika. Zonke lezi zinqumo zabonisa umbhalo othile nomlando wayo, kodwa zonke izimiso eziyisisekelo ezihlangene zezimiso ezivumelana nezimiso ezivumelana nezimiso ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezifanele ukulingana nomthetho womthetho womthetho owenziwayo ngaphansi komthetho owe-uhulumeni.

Ukuqanjwa Kwamacala Asemqoka Nezivivinyo

Mhlawumbe icebo eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu elingokomthetho elisetshenziswa abasekeli bomshado ukulingana kwaba i-listratigic [ — ukukhethwa kwama-pasttiff, izindawo, nempikiswano engokomthetho ukuze kwakhiwe izimo ezingcono zokumisa isiqalo esihle. Lendlela yayidinga ukubekezela, ukubambisana, nokuzimisela ukulahla amaphutha ngokufanelekile ukuze kwakhiwe umbhalo ongcono we-quart.

Esinye sezibonelo zokuqala zokubekwa kwemithetho emzamweni wokulingana kwemishado kwakuyicala Babahr eHawaii. Abameli be-American Civil Liberaties Union (ACLU) neLambda esemthethweni babesebenza eduze nabameli bendawo ukuze baqaphele abamele ingxenye enkulu yomphakathi — ababenemiphakathi emide ezinikele, ababenezingane, ababethanda inkolo, futhi ababekwazi ukuchaza ukuthi kungani umshado ubalulekile kubo siqu. Umgomo wawuwukwenza ukuba ubuso babantu bubheke izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho futhi ukwenza kube nzima ukuba izinkantolo zilahle indaba enzima ukungayiboni.

Njengoba ukuhlaziywa kwemishado kwaqhubekela phambili, abasekeli bagxila futhi ekwakheni irekhodi lamaqiniso elamelana nokuthethelela kombuso okugomele ukukhipha imibhangqwana engoxeni. Lokhu bufakazi obusobala bezinzuzo ezingokwengqondo nezingokwenhlalo zezingane, ukungabikho kokulimala kwemishado ehlukeneyo, nomlando wokucwaswa kwe-LGBTQ + abantu wamiswa ezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala futhi kamuva wakhonjwa ngezindawo ezicashelweyo. Lendlela esobala yayigxeka emacaleni anjenge [FLT: 0] Perry v. Schwarzegger [20] [20]), inseleleko yomphakathi eCalifornia lapho ukuqulwa kwenkantolo kwakubekwe khona i-promotion esobala futhi kwanikezwa khona izigency.

Ukukhethwa kwamacala okuhlola kwakuhilela nokucabangela isimo sezombangazwe nesokwahlulela. Ekuqaleni kwawo-2000, abameleli bagwema ukuletha amacala ezwe elinamadlangala kakhulu, kunalokho bagxila ezindaweni lapho umbono womphakathi wawungcono khona nalapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zazibonise ukuvumelana ne-LGBTQ+ + amalungelo. Njengoba isimo somthetho siqala, abameleli basuka ezinkingeni zikahulumeni baye ezindaweni eziphethe, baphumela emzamweni ohlangene owaveza i-Obergefell.

Omunye umkhakha we-ligion ye-octal kwakusetshenziswa ukusekela okucunuliwe . Abameli bahlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zamazwi asekelayo — kusukela ezinhlanganweni zenkolo nasezifundweni ezingokomthetho ukuya kubaholi bezezebhizinisi nabezenhlalakahle yabantwana — ukunikeza izincazelo ezimfushane ezaphendula imibuzo eqondile engokomthetho futhi zabonisa ukusekela okukhulu kweze-social ukuze kulingana komshado. Imfanelo nezinhlobonhlobo zalezi zimpicazelo zaba uphawu lokulingana komshado futhi ngokunokwenzeka zathonya ukuqonda kweNkantolo Ephakeme.

I-ligitary eqeqeshiwe yayidinga futhi ukuqondiswa mayelana nokudluliswa kwemithetho. Abameli baqaphela ukuthi ukugijimela eNkantolo Ephakeme kusheshe kuphumele ekunqotshweni okungaphinde kuvuselelwe iminyaka eminingi. Kunalokho, balinda kwaze kwaba nezinqumo ezinzima zecala eliphansi kanye nokunqoba okusezingeni eliphezulu kwasungulile. Lapho ekugcineni i-Obergefell ifinyelela eNkantolo Ephakeme, isisekelo sasinamandla kangangokuba umphumela wawulindelwe kabanzi.

Imithetho Ephikisanayo Ewubandlululo: Ukusuka EBaehr Kuya E - Obergefell

Inselele yemithetho yobandlululo yavela ezindaweni eziningi eziseqophelweni lomshado phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka. Amacala okuqala abhekana nezingqinana ezinkulu: Baker v. Nelson [17], iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. yasilahla ngokushesha isikhalo esivela enkantolo yomshado efanayo yaseMinnesota, kamuva abasekeli bavuma ukuthi kwakuyisithiyo esikhulu. Kodwa ukunqotshwa kwakuqala kwafundisa nesifundo esibalulekile: iNkantolo yayingakulungele ukuzwa impikiswano, futhi abalweli badinga ukuthatha isisekelo esiqinile ezinkantolo zikahulumeni kuqala.

Le mpumelelo yavela nge- Babaehr v. Lewin eHawaii. INkantolo ePhakeme yaseHawaii yanquma ukuthi umthetho womshado kahulumeni wawungagunyaziswanga ngoba wawuhlelwa ngesisekelo sobulili. Ngo-31, inkantolo yokuqulwa kwecala yaba necala elisobala futhi yaphetha ngokuthi umbuso awukwazi ukubonisa isithakazelo esiphoqelelayo. Nakuba ekugcineni isinqumo sasingathathwa nge-ampectment yomthetho-mthetho wezwe, i-Bahr[FLT] icala lesizwe futhi lidlulisele ukuxoxisana.

Ngo-2003, iMassachusetts Supreme Judicial Court yakhipha isinqumo sayo ku Good , iphethe ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kombuso emshadweni ongokwabesilisa nabesifazane kwaphula umthetho ongokomthetho waseMassachusetts. Isinqumo senza uMassachusetts yaba isifundazwe sokuqala se-U.S. ukuba sivumele umshado owesisheleleyo, futhi izithombe zemibhangqwana ezivulekele ukuhlobisa ngoMay 2004 zaguqula ukuqonda komphakathi lendaba. Isinqumo saseMassachusetts sanikeza isibonelo esicacile sokuthi ukuhlukanisa umshado owezezentengiselwa-mthetho asibangelanga okungokomphakathi, futhi sanikeza iphuzu elinamandla lokukhuluma.

Impicabadala yaqhubeka ngesifundazwe phakathi neshumi leminyaka elilandelayo, ngokunqoba eConnecticut, eIowa, eVermont, eNew Hampshire, eNew York, nakwezinye izifundazwe. Ukunqoba ngakunye kwakha ithemba futhi kwakha indikimba ekhulayo yezinkantolo zikahulumeni ezazingathembela kuyo lapho ziqala ukuxoxa ngalendaba ngokuqondile.

Inselele kahulumeni e-FLT’S Proposition 8, Perry v. Schwarzenger (kamuva Hollingsworth v. Perry]), yayiklanyelwe ukuveza inqubo kahulumeni. Inkantolo yokuqulwa kwecala, eyayingamele iJaji elikhulu uVaught Walker, yaba nombono omude osobala futhi yakhipha umbono obanzi wokuthi uProfece 8 waphula iMbeko weSimiso noMvikelo Olinganayo. Nakuba icala ekugcineni laliphele ngokuma ezingosini eziPhaka iNkakhulu, ukutholwa kwenkantolo okuyiqiniso kwavezwa ezinye izinkantolo futhi kwanikela ekwandizeni e-Oberge.

I- i-United States v. Windsor (2013) isinqumo sasingenye inkathi ebucayi. INkantolo Ephakeme yalahla Ingxenye 3 ye-Defense of Marriance Act (DOMA), eyayichaze ukushada njengophakathi komyeni nowesifazane oyedwa ngenxa yezinjongo zikahulumeni. INkantolo yathi iDOMA yaphula izimiso ezilinganayo ezisemthethweni weSiphendulo sesihlanu. Windssordsor[ ayizange ifune ukuba kuqashe ukuqaphela umshado ofanayo ongathi ungahlangani, kodwa yavula umnyango ukuba uvimbele uhulumeni ukuba uvimbele umthetho ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke ubala imibhangqwana emishane engokomthetho.

Ngemva I-Windsor, inqwaba yecala likahulumeni lamangalela ukuvinjelwa komshado ezweni lonke. Izinkantolo zesifunda eziphansi, zicaphuna zombili Wundstor[ neNkantolo Ephakeme yenkantolo, yaqeda ukuvinjelwa okulinganayo kwemithetho ezwe ngemva kwesifunda. Inkantolo yeSixhumi sesifunda se-Octals yayiyinkantolo yesifunda kuphela esekela ukuvinjelwa, idala ukwahlukana okunqunywe yiNkantolo Ephakeme [FLT:]berge. Hodge .[FLT]

Isinqumo ngokwaso sasiwumkhiqizo wesu lokucophelela. Ama-listratiff akhethwa ngokucophelela ukuze amelele okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukahlukene — kuhlanganise nombhangqwana okhulisa umntwana, umfelwa ofuna ukuqashelwa komshado wakhe, nemibhangqwana esezifundazweni ezihlukene ezingokomthetho. Izimpikiswano zomthetho zazihloselwe ukudlulisa isithunzi sikaKennedy. Futhi lapho kufika isinqumo, sasiwukunqoba okukhulu okwakungaqapheleki ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada nayo yonke imibhangqwana ehlukene engokwasemthethweni.

Ukufinyelela Kwezomthetho Emhlabeni Wonke

Abasekeli bomshado abagcinanga imizamo yabo ezinkantolo zasemakhaya. Basebenzisa futhi umthetho wamalungelo abantu womhlaba wonke [ kanye nokulawula kwezinkantolo zakwamanye amazwe ukuze baqinise izimpikiswano zabo futhi babangele ukucindezela kokuguqula. Lendlela eguquguqukayo yafeza izinjongo eziningi: yanikeza ezinye izinjongo zomthetho, yabonisa ukuthi ukulingana komshado kwakuvumelana nemithetho yamalungelo abantu, futhi yanikeza iziphetho zokuphikisa ukuthi umshado ofanayo wawuyisiqalo noma inguquko engokwesiko.

Enye yezinqobi zokuqala emhlabeni wonke yafika ngo-2005, lapho iNkantolo Yamalungelo Abantu yase-Afrika ikhipha uchungechunge lwemithetho eqaphela amalungelo emibhangqwana efanayo ehlangeneyo ukuba iqashelwe ngokomthetho. Schalk noKopf v. Inkantolo [i-Austria] [[FLT] [2010] [iNkakhulu] [i-2010], iNkantolo yathi ilungelo lokushada ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 12 se-Europe sobuhlanga lwamalungelo abantu ayizange ibophe ukuba kuvunyelwe ukunikeza izivumelwano ezifanayo zobuthengikazi, kodwa yayidinga ukunikeza ezinye izindlela ezingokomthetho zokuqaphela imibhangqwana ehlukene. Ngesikhathi, iNkakhululu lweNkantolo isonde isondelo isondele ukulingana, nakuba amalungu efuna ukulinganayo kwelungu lelungu lezenxenxeba.

Ngo-2018, iNkantolo yaseMelika yamalungelo abantu yakhipha umbono ogunyaza ukuthi amalungu eNhlangano yaseMelika elwela amalungelo abantu kwakudingeka aqaphele umshado ofanayo obulili. Umbono wawungabopheki kuwo wonke amazwe angamalungu, kodwa wanikeza amabutho anamandla angokomthetho abashisekeli baseMelika. Amazwe afana neCosta Rica, Ecuador, ne-Argentina kamuva agunyaza umshado owezentengiselwano noma umthetho, ngokuncika kwendlela yeNkaliso yeNkantolo ye-Internet America.

IKomiti yeZizwe Ezihlangene Yamalungelo Abantu futhi iye yakhuluma ngokulingana komshado. Ezimweni ezinjengethi Broup v. Australia [2003] ne Fedovav. Russia[[[FLT:]] [202], iKomiti etholakele ukuthi iMithetho iphule iSivumelwano sezizwe zonke seSimo soMbandlu noMbuso wezombangazwe ngokuphika ukufinyelela imibhangqwana efanayo emshadweni noma ukulingana nawo. Nakuba imibono yeKomiti ingabophikisi ngokomthetho ngendlela efanayo njengemithetho yasekhaya, iphethe igunya elingoko futhi ingakhonjwa emikhankanyeni engokomthetho.

Amasu angokomthetho abalulekile ikakhulukazi emazweni lapho izinkantolo zasekhaya zazingafuni ukuthatha isinyathelo. Ngokwesibonelo, eRussia, abashisekeli baye basebenzisa iNkantolo yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu ukuba baphikise imithetho yokulahla icala ngisho nanjengoba isimo sezombangazwe sesizwe siye saba nenzondo kakhulu. Ezingxenyeni ze-Afrika ne-Asia, abameleli baye bathembela emalungelweni abantu ezizwe zonke ukuze baphindisele imithetho yobudoma nemithetho yomshado emelene nemithetho ye-colonia.

Ukusetshenziswa komthetho wezizwe zonke kwakunempikiswano. Abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukucela izenzakalo zangaphandle noma zezizwe ngezizwe kwalulaza ukubuswa kwentando yeningi. Kodwa abameleli baphikisa ngokuthi izimiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke zibuyisela emuva okubalulekile lapho izinqubo zezombangazwe zasekhaya zihluleka ukuvikela amaqoqo amancane. Ukuvumelana komshado nomthetho womhlaba wonke kwabonisa indlela izindlela zomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingaphelelisa ngayo ukubekwa kwamalungelo embulungeni yonke.

Indima Yemithetho Yesithakazelo Somphakathi Neqembu Eliyisekelayo

Amasu angokomthetho achazwe ngenhla abengeke akwazi ukufezeka ngaphandle kokuba isisekelo esinikezwa izinhlangano zomthetho zezentengiselwano zomthetho nezinhlangano zeze-activation. Amaqembu anjenge Lambda Esemthethweni[, [[FLT]] i-American Liberties Union [[[[FLT:]]] Commalbession Union [[] [[FLT]]] i-ACLU], [i-Human Rights [[FLT] [iright:], [[FLT]] ne[FLT] ikhululekile] ukuhlangana nokwenyuswayomphakathi, ukusekela, nokusekela imicimbi yomphakathi.

Lambda Legal, eyasungulwa ngo-1973, kwakuyinhlangano yokuqala eUnited States eyanikezelwa ku-LGBTQ+ ukugunyaza ngokomthetho. Yaletha ezinye zezindaba zokuqala zokulingana komshado futhi yathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokuqondisa inhlangano yenhlangano yamashumi eminyaka. Izinhlangano ezimbili ze-ACLU's LGBTQ+ Rights Project, eyasungulwa ngo-1986, yathatha amacala ayinhloko kuhlanganise nenselele kahulumeni eDOMA kanye no-Obergefell[. Izinhlangano ezimbili ngokuvamile zasebenza ngokuhambelana kweminyango noma ngokubambisana kwemifelandawo, zihlanganyela izimali kanye nezinhlelo zomthetho.

Inkululeko Kumshado, eyasungulwa ngo-2003, yathatha indlela ehlukile. Kunokuba idlulisele umbono womphakathi emacaleni aqonde ngqo, yayigxile emfundweni yomphakathi, ekwakheni isakhiwo esihlangene, nasekuthatheni umbuso ngesifundazwe. Inkululeko yokushada iphakamele izimali emikhankasweni kahulumeni, yanikeza amaqembu endawo isiqondiso esiwusizo, futhi yasebenzela ukuguqula umbono womphakathi okhokhelwayo ngemithombo yezindaba nangezimo zotshalo. Umkhankaso wayo "Isizathu Somshado" wasiza ekulungiseni impikiswano yothando, isibopho, nomkhaya — uhlanganisa ngaphezu kwemibono engokomthetho ukuze uxhumane namaMelika avamile.

I-Human Rights Campaign, inhlangano enkulu kakhulu ye-LGBTQ+ i-LGBTcompacy e-United States, yenza indima ephelelisayo. i-HRC lobbedid Congress nezikhulu zikahulumeni zombuso, abasekeli bezicelo, nabaqoqi beminikelo. I - Index yezentengiselwano nezinhlelo zezinhlangano zaminyaka yonke zabangela ukucindezela kwezomnotho kubaqashi ukuze basekele ukulingana kwemishado, okwathi kamuva kwathonya umbono womphakathi kanye nezibalo zezombangazwe.

Lezinhlangano zazingavumelani ngaso sonke isikhathi. izimpikiswano eziphathelene nesikhathi sokuhlela, ukukhetha i-coum, nokuthumela imiyalezo zazivamile. Kodwa ukubambisana kwezimiso zomshado kwaphumelela kakhulu. Umza wokulingana komshado wakha isisekelo somthetho esikhokhelwe kahle esasingasekela imikhankaso emide yezikhathi ezithile futhi sisabele ngokushesha ezimweni ezishintshayo.

Izinhlangano ezifanayo zavela kwamanye amazwe. Egale eCanada, i-stownall eUnited Kingdom, ne [[FLT]] I-ILGA World [[ [i-International Lesbian, Gay, Biy, Trans Trans and Interssex Association] yanikeza ubuchwepheshe obungokomthetho, ukusekela, nokuhlanganisa imikhankano yomshado elinganayo embulungeni yonke. [[FLT] [[FLT]] [i] izibo ezihlukeneyo eziphakathi zazenza amasuntswo angokomthetho ezweni elilodwa] (indlela engenziwa futhi yasetshenziswa kwezinye.

Ukungenela Kwebhola Nokuya Esontweni

Nakuba ukuhlaziywa kwakuyisu elibonakala kakhulu, ezizweni ezithile inhlangano yokulingana komshado yaqaphela futhi ukubaluleka [kwe- kombuso womthetho osekelayo kanye ne-[FLT]ballot [[. Kwezinye izizwe, abasekeli basebenzela ukudlulisa imithetho elinganayo ngezishayamthetho, ukwakha imifelandawo yabenzi bomthetho abasekelanayo futhi basebenzise ukucindezela ngemikhankankaso yomphakathi. Kwabanye, balwa izimpi zokulwa nezinyathelo zokulwa nezimpi ezazifuna ukuvimbela umshado ngomthetho wesimemezelo.

Icebo lomthetho laphumelela kakhulu. Ngo-2009, uVermont waba uhulumeni wokuqala owabhalisa umshado ongokwabesilisa abangokwabesifazane ngomthetho esikhundleni semvume yenkantolo. Inkantolo ephakeme ka-Iowa kakade yayisiwuqedile umsebenzi womshado kahulumeni, kodwa isenzo sombuso wombuso eVermont sabonisa ukuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe zingamukela ukulingana komshado ngaphandle kwenhlekelele yezombangazwe. INew York yalandela ngo-2010 ukudlulisa uMthetho we-Mality Eveture alandela umkhankaso ophakeme we-profile owawuhlanganisa ukungenela komuntu siqu nguMbusi u-Andreal Cuomo nomzamo ohlangene kakhulu namaqembu ezokuphatha i-athonsitacial.

Imithetho yokushaya umthetho yayidinga amakhono ahlukile kune-ligitation. Abameleli kwadingeka baqonde isimo sezombangazwe, bakhe ubuhlobo nabenzi bomthetho, kanye nezigijimi zobungcweti ezazivumelana nabavoti abangahlolwanga. Basebenza nabaholi benkolo, amaqembu ezamabhizinisi, nezinhlangano zomphakathi ukuze basungule imifelandawonye emikhulu engamelana nokuphikiswa yizinkolo ezingokwenhlalo.

Izindlela zokuthatha ibhola zaziyinselele kakhulu. Ekuqaleni kwawo - 2000, ukunqanda ukunqanda umshado kwadlula ezifundazweni ezingaphezu kuka-30, ngokuvamile ngezindawo ezinkulu. Lezi zinyathelo azizange zivele nje zivimbele ukulingana komshado — zaveza futhi imingcele engokomthetho okwadingeka abameleli ukuba bayinqobe kamuva i-Prosition 8 eCalifornia ngo- 2008 yaba yisithiyo esibuhlungu kakhulu, nakuba futhi yabangela ukuba impicabadala futhi yaholela enseleleni ephumelelayo eyagcina ihlasele isilinganiso.

Phakathi nawo-2010, umbono womphakathi ngokulingana komshado wawusushintshe kakhulu, futhi izinyathelo zokuvota zaqala ukusebenza ekwamukeleni abameleli. Ngo-2012, abavoti eMaine, eMaryland, naseWashington bagunyaza izilinganiso zokulingana komshado, ukuphawula umshado wokuqala owenziwe ngokulinganayo wesilisa sesini wawuvunyelwe ebhokisini lebhukwana. Lokhu kunqoba kwabonisa ukuthi lenhlangano yayinemisipha yezombangazwe yokuwina abavoti ngokuqondile, hhayi izinkantolo nje.

The combination of litigation, legislation, and direct democracy created a powerful multi-front strategy. When courts were unavailable or hostile, advocates turned to legislatures. When legislatures were blocked, they turned to voters. And when all else failed, they went back to court. This flexibility allowed the movement to adapt to different political and legal environments and to keep pushing forward even when one avenue was closed.

Ifa Elinethonya Nokuqhubeka

Amasu angokomthetho asetshenziswa abasekeli bomshado aba nethonya elikhulu. Bathola ilungelo lokushada nemibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo e-United States nakwamanye amazwe amaningi. Baguqula ukuqonda komphakathi nge-LGBTQ+ futhi basiza ekuqondeni ukuthi uthando nesibopho kuwumqondo ochaza umkhaya, hhayi ubulili noma isayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Futhi basungula isilinganisi sokulwela amalungelo omphakathi esiqhubeka sikhuthaza amanye amaqembu ahlukene.

Imiphumela idlulela ngalé komshado ngokwawo. Izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ezakheka ezicatshangelweni zokulingana komshado — ikakhulukazi eziphethe isithunzi esilinganayo, isivikelo, kanye nokulimala okubangelwa ukukhishwa kukahulumeni — ziye zakhonjwa ezicabeni ezihilela amalungelo adlulisayo, ubulungisa bobuhlanga, nokufuduka. i-Oberge yawisa[ isinqumo, ngokwesibonelo, sakhonjwa iNkantolo Ephakeme [FLT:] kuboslock v. Clayton County[[[FLT:] [20]), i-Sihlombe se-O'slo syntine socation VII's syn properm (2020), esasikholelwa ukuthi ubandlululo lobulili nezimpawu zobulili obufanayo. Ukuklana komshado okulingana okunikezwa yikho kokubili ukuvuselelwa komthetho womthetho wokuhlenga.

Kodwa ifa alikho inselele. Ukukhulula kwezenkolo kuye kwaba indawo enkulu, eminye imibuso emisa imithetho evumela amabhizinisi nabantu ukuba benqabe izinkonzo zemibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo esekelwe ezinkolelweni ezingokwenkolo. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Amacquothhop v. iColorado Civil Rights Commission [208]) yasikisela ukuthi inkululeko engokwenkolo kumelwe ilinganiswe nesivikelo esimelene nokungaguquguquki kwemithetho engokwenkolo — kodwa yashiya isinqumo esiqondile salokho kulinganayo. Abameleli bomshado bayaqhubeka bevikela izinga lokunqoba kwabo ngokumelene nemizamo yabo yokulwa ne-carve ngaphandle.

Kuwo wonke umhlaba, isimo siyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu. Nakuba ukulingana komshado kuye kwakhula emazweni amaningi, kuye kwabhekana futhi nokuguquguquka. ERussia, i-LGBTQ, i-Antinglift + imithetho iye yaqiniswa. EHungary, uhulumeni uye waphumelela izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ezichaza ukuhlanganiswa komshado njengesibopho phakathi komyeni nowesifazane oyedwa. E-United States, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ku-Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [2022], eye yabhidlikijela isivikelo sokukhishwa kwezisu zomthetho, yaphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi isibopho seNkantolo yenze inqubo efanelekile yini — isihluthulelo se-

Kodwa futhi umzabalazo womshado uye wabonisa ukuqina okuphawulekayo. uma kuphakama izinsongo ezingokomthetho, abasekeli basuke bekulungele ngamasu okuzinza, imikhankaso yomthetho, nemizamo yemfundo yomphakathi esekelwe emashumini eminyaka okuhlangenwe nakho. Isisekelo esakhelwe ukulwa komshado okulinganayo — izinkampani zomthetho, amaqembu ezigebengu, imifelandawonye yabameli nabashisekeli — sihlala sisendaweni futhi singazilungiselela noma yini ezayo.

Isiphetho

Amasu angokomthetho asetshenziswa ngabasekeli bomshado ayengayisu eliyinhloko kodwa ayewuhlelo oluvumelana nezimo ezishintshayo. Ukuhlelwa kwemithetho-mthetho, ukukhethwa kwezezimali, ukubekwa kwemithetho emhlabeni wonke, umsebenzi womthetho, nentando yeningi okuqondiswe yikho konke okwadlala izindima ezibalulekile. Impumelelo yalenhlangano ayibonisanga amandla empikiswano engokomthetho kuphela kodwa futhi ukubekezela, nokubambisana kwabameli nabashisekeli ababewayisa phambili.

Okwenza umkhankaso womshado wokulingana uhluke ukuthi ukuzimisela kwawo ukutshala imali ekushintsheni ukwakheka isikhathi eside. Abameleli abazange bamane bafake izikhalo zecala futhi bathembe ukuthi zingcono. Bakha izinhlangano, bathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe, futhi badala indikimba yesibonelo eyayingamelana nezithiyo futhi isekele amandla amashumi eminyaka. Baqonda ukuthi ushintsho olungokomthetho alusona isenzakalo esisodwa kodwa inqubo — okudinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela, ubufakazi bezwe obungokoqobo, kanye nezindaba zabantu ezinikeza izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo incazelo yazo.

Kulabo abasekela ukusebenza kwezinye izindaba — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukwahlulela ngokulunga kobuhlanga, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, noma isimo sezulu — umzabalazo wokulingana ngomshado unikeza izifundo ngendlela okungasetshenziswa ngayo umthetho ukuthuthukisa ubulungisa bezenhlalo. Ibonisa ukuthi ukuqashelwa kunamandla kakhulu uma kuyingxenye yecebo elikhulu elihlanganisa imfundo yomphakathi, ukwakha ingxubevange, nokuthembisana kwezombangazwe. Futhi kubonisa ukuthi ngisho nezici ezigxile kakhulu zobandlululo zinganqotshwa ngenhlanganisela efanele yenkolelo engokomthetho, isineke nesibindi sabantu.

Njengoba ukulwela ukulingana kuqhubeka — e - United States, emazweni lapho umshado ofanayo wokuziphatha okuxekethile uhlala ungekho emthethweni, nasemzabalazweni omkhulu we - LGBTQ + isithunzi — amacebo angokomthetho aklanywe phakathi nomkhankaso wokulingana emshadweni ayoqhubeka eqondisa futhi ekhuthaza.