Umklamo Wamandla AseMelika: Amagophe Nokulinganisela E - United States

Umqondo wokuhlola nokulinganisela umthetho kahulumeni wase-United States, umklamo wamabomu wokuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekuqoqeni igunya elingaphezu kwegunya. Lesimiso, esifakwe eMthethweni, siqinisekisa ukuthi amandla anikezwa phakathi kwemithetho, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela, ngalinye elinezindima ezihlukene nemithwalo ehlukene. Ngokudala isakhiwo lapho igatsha ngalinye lingalinganisela khona izenzo zabanye, abafaki befuna ukuvikela inkululeko nokuvikela ekucindezeleni ubudlova. Ukuqonda indlela ezihlolayo nezilinganiso ezisebenza ngayo namuhla, kanye nendlela eziye zavela ngayo emakhulwini amabili eminyaka futhi zibaluleke ngayo ekuqondeni amandla omthetho nenqubo yaseMelika.

Umsuka Wamasheke Nokulinganisela: Umsuka Wokukhanyiselwa Nomklamo Womthetho - sisekelo

Abakhi boMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. bathonywa kakhulu yifilosofi yezombangazwe yokukhanyiselwa. UBaron de Montesquieu, emsebenzini wakhe ka 1748 Umoya woMthetho [, waphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko ivikeleka kangcono uma amagunya kahulumeni ehlukaniswa ngamagatsha ahlukene. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, nezinye izihambeli eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo wa 1787 zahlola ngokucophelela, ziqaphela ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla, i-oligarchy, noma umhlangano othandwayo u-"[FLD][FFF:][FLT][5]

Madison wabhalwa ngokudume kakhulu ku- Fateralist No. 51 ukuthi “isikhundla kumelwe sibekwe ukuze silwisane nesifiso sokuvelela.” Ngaleyondlela uMthetho-sisekelo owawubangelayo wabela igunya emagatsheni amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye linikwe izindlela zokumelana nokungezwani namanye. Igatsha lemithetho (i-Conalferfer) lenza imithetho, igatsha lesikhulu (Mongameli) liwaphoqelela, futhi igatsha lokwahlulela (izinkantolo eziphethe, eziholwa iNkanto ephakeme) liyawachaza. Lokhu kwahlukana akuzona eziphelele; kunalokho, kuyisimiso semibuso ehambayo nezimiso ezihlukeneyo.

Okubalulekile, abakhi futhi abakhelwe ukuvikela ekuthandeni okuthandwayo. Isakhiwo se-bidameral se-Congress (Indlu neSigele), i-presidential verto, kanye nokuphila kwabahluleli bakahulumeni konke kusebenza njengezihluzo ezengeziwe ukuze kuncishiswe inqubo yomthetho futhi kuvikelwe izinto ezinkulu ezithathekile. Lokhu kuklanywa kubonisa ukungawathembi amandla angalawuliwe nganoma yiluphi uhlobo.

Amagatsha Amathathu Nemibuso Yawo Ehlukene

Ukuze umuntu aqonde ukuthi amasheke nokulinganisela kusebenza kanjani, kumelwe aqale aqonde imithwalo yemfanelo eyinhloko esabelwe igatsha ngalinye.

  • Igatsha elinomthetho (Ikhonsathi): Ekhiwe ngendlu yabameleli neSishayamthetho, uMkhandlu unegunya lokubhala nokudlulisa imithetho, umemezela impi, ukuphakamisa intela, nezimali ezifanele zikahulumeni. ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli futhi sifake izivumelwano. Njengale i-outroned Office [[, leligatsha laklanyelwe ukuba libe imvume engcono kubantu] kodwa futhi libe nemali engcono kakhulu yokuthatha izivumelwano.
  • Igatsha eliphetheyo (inxusa eliphethe nohulumeni): Liholwe nguMongameli, igatsha eliphethe limisa imithetho, liqhuba isimiso sangaphandle, futhi liyala amabutho ahlomile. UMongameli futhi unamandla okukhipha iziyalezo zesikhulu, unikeza intethelelo, futhi umisa amajaji angokomthetho (ibekwa ekuqinisekisweni kweSigele).
  • Igatsha laseJudicial (Inkantolo yeSiphakamiso nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni): Ijaji lichaza imithetho nomthetho-sisekelo ngelixa. Abahluleli abamiswa nguMongameli futhi baqinisekiswa yiSigele, kodwa bakhonza ukuphila ukuze baqinisekise ukuzimela ekucindezelweni kwezombangazwe. Amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela amakhono okushaya imithetho noma izenzo zesikhulu eziphula umthetho [[FLT]] [FLT]] [FLT]] Miburybry v. [18]]

Indlela Owahlola Ngayo Nokulinganisela Umsebenzi: Isimiso Sokulinganisela

Igatsha ngalinye linamathuluzi akhethekile okuhlola amanye. Lezi zinqubo azicatshangelwa ukuthi zikhona.

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

  • IVEto Engabambi: Izikhondla-Mkhandlu zingadlula i-veto kamongameli ngenani eliphindwe kathathu emagumbini womabili. Lombuso uye wasetshenziswa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwekhulu emlandweni we-U.S., nakuba ukudunyiswa okuphumelelayo kungavamile.
  • ISiqinisekiso samandla: ISigele kumelwe siqinisekise ukumiswa okukhulu komongameli, kuhlanganise nonobhala bamaKhabhinethi, amajaji kahulumeni, namanxusa. Lokhu kunikeza ithonya elibalulekile ngokwakhiwa kwamagatsha aphethe nawahluleli.
  • Ilungu lika- Indlu inamandla okuphela okungamangalela uMongameli, kuyilapho iSigele sisingatha icala futhi singasusa uMongameli ngevoti eyisithathu ezimbili. Ukuvota kuye kwasetshenziswa ngokumelene noMongameli abathathu [1] Andrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump , akukho noyedwa owalahlwa futhi wasuswa yiSigele.
  • Amandla entengo: uhlela ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni. Ayikho imali engasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokudluliswa yizindlu zombili bese isayiniwe emthethweni. Lokhu kunikeza uKhongolo-kasha olunamandla lwezenzo zesikhulu ezidinga ukuxhaswa ngemali.
  • [ I-arhente esemthethweni: amakomiti e-Congress angahlola imisebenzi yegatsha eliphetheyo, amabhukwana namakafakazi, futhi agcine izikhalo. Lomsebenzi wobubonisi uyithuluzi elibucayi lokudalula ukuziphatha okubi noma ukuhluleka.

Ukuqondisa Isimiso Sezomthetho Kuhlola Imithetho

  • IVEto Power: UMongameli angalahla noma isiphi isibeko esidluliswa uKhongolo-mthetho. Nakuba uMkhandlu unganqoba, usongo lweveto ngokuvamile luphoqelela abenzi bemithetho ukuba bayekethise nendlu emhlophe. Kusukela ngo-2025, amongameli baye bahlanganisa izikweletu ezingaphezu kuka-500.
  • I-Exective Orders: UMongameli angaqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zenze izenzo ngaphandle komthetho omusha, uma nje leyomiyalo isekelwe egunyeni lemithetho ekhona noma kuMthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba iziqondiso zezikhulu zingashintshwa ngomongameli olandelayo noma zishaywe izinkantolo uma zedlula igunya likaMongameli.
  • Ukuhlela Iziqephu Ezikhethekile: UMongameli angamisa iziKhongolo ngezikhawu eziphuthumayo ngaphandle kwekhalenda elivamile. Lamandla, nakuba engasetshenziswa njalo, anikeza umqondisi omunye umkhondo wokuhlela uhlelo lwezimo zomthetho.
  • [ Pradons kanye neReprieves: UMongameli anganikeza ukujeziswa ngenxa yobugebengu bukahulumeni, isheke egatsheni lokwahlulela amandla okwahlulela nasemakhonweni oKhongolo-mthetho okuchaza izijeziso zobugebengu.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Icala Nombuso

  • Jodicial Review: Lena i-cheme elinamandla kakhulu lomphathi wejaji. INkantolo Ephakeme ingamemezela imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho noma izenzo ezithathwa uMongameli ongekho ngokomthetho. Kusukela ngo-1803, iNkantolo iye yabulala imithetho engokomthetho kahulumeni engaphezu kwe-1800 nezinkulungwane zemithetho kahulumeni.
  • Amajaji e-FT: asebenza ukuphila, abavikela ekuphindiseleni kwezombangazwe. Lokhu ukuzimela kubenza bakwazi ukubusa kuhulumeni uma kudingekile, ngaphandle kokwesaba ukudutshulwa noma ukwehliswa.
  • Ukubekwa kwezenzo eziphetheyo: Izinkantolo zingachitha iziyalezo zezikhulu, izimiso, nezinye izenzo zomongameli ezidlula igunya lomthetho noma ezephula umthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, intsha eshaye i-Stown Commentap &lamp; Tube Co. v. Sayyer[ [1952], iNkantolo Ephakeme yahlasela umongameli uTruman ukuthumba izigaxa zensimbi phakathi neMpi yase Korea.

Ukuhlola Icala: Ukuhlola Nokulinganisela Kuyasebenza

Izenzakalo ezingokomlando zibonisa indlela lezizinqubo ezisebenza ngayo, ngezinye izikhathi ngezikhathi zezenzakalo ezivelele zezombangazwe.

I - Watergate Scandal (19721974)

Watergate iyisibonelo sencwadi yezifundo zokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ngemva kokwephula izimali endlunkulu yeDemocratic National Committee, uMongameli uRichard Nixon wazama ukufihla ukuhileleka. Uphenyo lwe-Congregational, luholwa yiKhomite yaseSikhundleni i-Watergate, i-supenade White House namabhuthi. Lapho uNixon enqaba, izinkantolo zamyala ukuba akhiphe amarekhodi. INkampathi Ephakeme yanquma ngokuvumelanayo [[FLT: 0] eUnited States v. [[FLT] [FLT] [197] [11] [12])) uphenyomgatheli weSikhungo] ukuthi uMongameli akanakusholo onegunya lokufihla ubufakazi bobugebengu. Ukungamela okuthile okungagunyaza eSihlalweni sendluni, uNixton, umongameli we-Predekiption, umlawuli wegatsha, umlawuli wegatsha.

Ukuhlongozwa KukaMongameli uBill Clinton (1998 - 19999)

UMongameli Clinton waphakanyiswa yiNdlu ngamacala angokomthetho kanye nokuvinjelwa kobulungisa okuhlobene nobufakazi bakhe ngomphikisi kaMonica Lewinsky. Nokho, iSigele sehluleka ukumbeka icala, sihluleka ukuhluleka ukukhipha isahlulelo esidingekayo esingu-35. Lokhu kuqokomisa ukuthi ukujezisa kuyinqubo yezombangazwe njengenqubo engokomthetho. Nakuba iNdlu yasebenza njengesheke ngokuletha amacala, ukwenqaba kweSigele ukuba kususwe uClinton kwabonisa ukuthi lokhu kwamacala kwakungagunyazi ukususwa kwesikhundla. Izimiso zokuhlola nokulinganisela kanjalo zavumela lenqubo ukuba ihambele phambili ngaphandle kokukhipha uhulumeni.

INkantolo Ephakeme NoMthetho Wokunakekela Ongayekethisi (202)

Lapho kudluliswa uMthetho we-Affordal Care Act (ACA) ngo-2010, umthetho wabhekana nezinselele ezisheshayo zomthetho. Endabeni ephawulekayo, National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yasekela igunya lomuntu ngamunye njengegunya elingokomthetho lokusebenzisa amandla omthetho ontelayo kaHulumeni kodwa yabulala ilungiselelo elalizophoqelela ukunwe ukuba iMedicaid. Isinqumo sabonisa ukubukezwa kwemithetho njengendlela yokuhlola i-Genesticial. Nokho, iNkanto yabonisa ukuthi imingcele yayiwufunda ngokuncane umthetho ukuze ilondoloze. Lo hlelo lwenze ezinye izingxenye zemithetho, kuyilapho ufaka ezinye izingxenye zendima engafanele kwabanye abangekho cishe phakathi kwamagatsha adlala imidlalo ezindaba.

Ukuhleleka Kwesimiso Sokuqondisa Nokuvinjelwa Kokuhamba (2017)

Ngo-2017, uMongameli uDonald Trump wakhipha umyalo wokulawula ovimbela ukuhamba ngezindlela ezihlukene emazweni amaningana amaSulumane. Lo mthetho wabekelwa inselele ngokushesha ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, okwavala ukugcinwa kwazo ngezizathu zokuthi yayiphula umthetho woMthetho-sisekelo ka-Claus nomthetho wokufuduka kazwelonke. Ngemva kokubukeza kaningi, iNkantolo Ephakeme ekugcineni yasekela inguquko ebukeziwe v. IHawaii [[FLTL:1] [2018], ikhipha isinqumo sokuthi uMongameli wayenenkululeko yokufuduka ngaphansi kwe-Imgate noMthetho we-National Act. Lokhu kubonisa indlela igatsha elikwazi ngayo ukuhlola amandla omphathi bezomthetho.

Ukubaluleka Kokulinganisela Nokulinganisela Namuhla

Kulelikhulu lama - 21, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sisabalulekile ekuvikeleni ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Sivimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekungeniseni igunya elinganqandeki nethonya lokuzicabangela nokuhlehla. Nokho ezombangazwe zamanje ziletha izinselele ezintsha ezivivinya ukuqina kwalesi simiso.

Ukufinyelela Kwesikhulu Esiphethe Nesihloko Senhlangano

Amashumi eminyaka amuva nje aye abona ukuthambekela ekwandiseni amandla obumongameli, ngokuvamile kuvunywa “imfundiso yesikhulu esiphethe,” esekela ukuthi uMongameli unegunya eliphelele phezu kwawo wonke amagatsha aphethe. Abasekeli baphikisa lokhu ukuthi kuvumela ukuphatha okuphumelelayo; abagxeki baxwayisa ngokululaza ukuqondisa kwe-commiliation kanye nokubusa komthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, abaPhathiswa bomabhishobhi bobabili baye basebenzisa iziyalezo zezikhulu zokumisa izinguquko ezinkulu ekuthuthweni kwezokufuduka, imithetho yezemvelo, nezokunakekela impilo ngaphandle komthetho omusha. Ngezinye izikhathi iSivume ukuvimbela ukumiswa kwezinhlangano, noma ukudlulisa izinqumo ezihlangene zokungamukeleki. INkakhulu iNkanto iyaqhubeka nokuchaza imingcele yamandla embusweni yezenzwe ekuthuthweni kwezenzweni kwezokuthutha nokusebenza kwezengasese.

I - gridrock Yase - Partisan Nezenzo Zomthetho

Amasheke nama-freactive kungaholela futhi ekudluleni kwe-roopy uma amagatsha elawulwa amaqembu aphikisanayo. Eminyakeni yamuva, uMkhandlu uye wazama ukudlulisa izindleko ngesikhathi, ukuqinisekisa abahluleli, noma ukuxoxa ngezindaba ezinkulu ezifana nokuguqulwa kwezindawo. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi abafaki bamafomu benza umthetho ube nzima ukudlula, kodwa i-stasiss ewumphumela wayo ingaqeda ukwethemba umphakathi kuhulumeni. Isimiso sisebenza kangcono kakhulu uma kunesici esiye saqala ukuxoxa ngo-(a) nemfanelo esingesivamile enkathini yokufudumala abantu. Noma kunjalo, isimo ngokwaso sihlala sinengqondo; inkinga isekuhlakaniphe esingokwesiko kwezombangazwe kunokuba kuklanywe ngomthetho.

Ukuthatha Icala Ngokwahlulela Kumelene Nemingcele

Amandla ejaji elibukezayo lokwahlulela aye aphikisana njalo. Abagxeki basola izinkantolo ngokuthatha isinyathelo sokwahlulela “izenzo zomthetho” lapho beshaya imithetho edluliselwe ngezikhulu zentando yeningi. Abalweli baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo kumelwe zivikele amalungelo amancane futhi zisebenzise imingcele engokomthetho, ngisho noma ukwenza kanjalo kungathandeki. Amacala amuva aphezulu okukhipha isisu, amalungelo okuvota, nenkululeko engokwenkolo (nenkululeko) iqinisa izimpikiswano ngendima efanele yejaji. Izimpi zokuqinisekisa ezimpi zeNkampathi Eziphakeme ziye zaba yi-Rhovisi eqinile, ziphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphathelene nokuzimelana isikhathi eside kweNkanto. Naphezu kwalokhu kuphikisana, isimiso siyaqhubeka: Imithetho yokuvota, futhi uMongameli ungenza imithetho eshaye yazinyuswayo.

Indima Yombono Womphakathi Nemithombo Yezindaba

Amasesha nama-fream awasebenzi endaweni engenalutho. Umbono womphakathi kanye nomshini wokunyathelisa okhululekile kusebenza njengenhlolo yethukela emandleni kahulumeni. I-unigative damuism, i-social media, ne-media, namaqembu okuphatha izigebengu angadalula ukuxhashazwa nokucindezelwa umphakathi. Ama-framers akuqonda lokhu: ku-Féderalist No. [, uMadison waphikisa ukuthi i-partic ingahlolelwa kangcono ukulawula amaqembu kunawo amademodelizimu amancane. Namuhla, imithombo yezindaba ivame ukudla indima ye-“efanti: 4,” ibambe wonke amagatsha alandisayo. Uma ukuqiniseka komphakathi, noma kunjalo, ukuphumelela kwesimiso sesimiso kungahlupheka.

Isiphetho

Ama-checks nama-aspects akuyona indlela esele yekhulu le-18; ayindawo ephilayo ehlela umthetho nesimiso nsuku zonke. Ukusukela eKhomishaneni ethatha i-veto kuya eNkantolo ePhakamileyo ihlola uhlelo lwezikhulu, izimiso zihlela futhi zivimbele ukugxiliswa kwamandla. Ukuqonda indlela lemisebenzi esebenza ngayo − nendlela eye yavivinywa ngayo ngezinkinga zomlando kanye nempi yezombangazwe, [“ibalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda i-U.S. uhulumeni. uhulumeni. Kusuka ekubeni umthombo wobuthakathaka, ukuxabana ngamabomu okubekwa eMthethweni we-Calcustom, yikho okugcina inkululeko nokuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha elilodwa elikwazi ukubusa. Njengoba isizwe sibhekenezinselele eziqhubekayo, ukuvikelwa kwezimiso nokulinganisela kwanamuhla kuqhubekela i-democralizimu eUnited States.

ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngemvelaphi nokusebenza kokuhlola nokulinganisela, vakashela iSikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo sesizwe [[FLT:] kanye nokuhlola izimpawu zeNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu [[FLT]] .