Isidingo Esikhulayo Sesisekelo Esingokomthetho Ekuqoqeni Ubufakazi Bezinombolo

Ukuhlukunyezwa nge-inthanethi kanye ne-inthanethi ye-inthanethi kuye kwanda kusukela ekukhathazekeni kwezindawo kuya ezingeni eligcwele ukuphepha komphakathi. Nsuku zonke, izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho eUnited States zithola izikhalo ezihilela izinsongo, ukusongela, ukukhohlisa, ukuthatha izithombo nezinye izinhlobo zokusebenzisa kabi amanani. Ukuhlola lezi zenzo kudinga ukuqoqwa kobufakazi bemishini ye-athom(imiyalezo), izingosi ze-IP, izitembu, kanye nezinsimbi zomthetho. Kodwa ukuqoqa ubufakazi obunjalo abucacingi. ISimende sesine se-U. Umthetho uvikela abantu ekupheni ngokungenangqondo nasekuqumbeleni, futhi ubufakazi obungahluzeki. Ubufakazi obuvamile obunikezwayo bugunyazwe yizizathu zokuhlukunyezwa kwe-inthaneti ne-ibhuthi.

Ukuqongelelwa Ubufakazi Bezinombolo

ISichibiyelo Sesine Nokulindela Ukuba Wedwa

ISichibiyelo sesine sithi: “Ilungelo labantu lokuphepha kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, ngokuphenywa okungacabangeli nokuquleka, ngeke liphulwe, futhi akukho Sikhamu se-Warrant esizovela, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, esisekelwa yi-Oath noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo okumelwe iphenywe, futhi abantu noma izinto ezimelwe zithunjwe. [[FLT:] V. California.[FLG1] [20] [isimiso sezenyuko] [indlela] (2014], iNkanto ehlangeneyo ifuna ukuba amaphoyisa afune ukuhlolwa kwento eyenzekayo.] i-sejwayezwe i-octive.[2]

Imininingwane engakhonzi

Ngaphansi komthetho Obonisa ukuxhumana okunezithombe, ividiyo, “imininingwane ye-SCA), umthetho kahulumeni olawula ukufinyelela kwezokuxhumana kwe-electronic, umehluko phakathi kwe-“ukwaziswa” (umk., umbhalo womyalezo, i-video) kanye ne-“ayinayo" imininingwane (umz., i-i-IP, amakheli, izikhathi zesikhathi nezikhathi). Ukuthola okuqukethwe kudinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola okusekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekile. Uma kungakahlanganisiwe, uma kusalokhu kuvikelwe, kungatholakala ngohlelo lwenkantolo noma ngezindinganiso eziphansi. Nokho, ukucuphana kwemidiyana, imiyalezo ekhungeniswayo, ukusongela, noma ukugculisa ubugebengu.

Umthetho Odinga Ukulwa Owenqabela Izimfuneko Ezingadingekile

  • Riley v. California (2014]: Amaphoyisa kumelwe athole isiqinisekiso ngaphambi kokuhlola ukwaziswa kocingo lwamakhalekhukhwini, ngisho noma ucingo lubanjwa ngokomthetho.
  • AmaCarplate v. United States (208): Uhulumeni kumele uthole isiqinisekiso sokwaziswa okungokomlando ngendawo yengqamuzana-yokwaziswa okuvela kubantu abathwala item-tem.
  • United States v. Warshak (2010): Isifunda seSitanhatu sakholelwa ukuthi abantu balindele isikhathi esifanelekile somuntu siqu kuma-imeyili agcinwe nge-ISP; uhulumeni wadinga isiqinisekiso sokuphoqelela umnikezi ukuba awenze.

Ukuze umthetho uhlole ukuhlukunyezwa nge - Internet, ukuhluleka ukuthola imvume efanele kungaphumela ekucindezelweni kobufakazi ngaphansi komthetho owenqabela ukukhishwa kwecala, okungase kuvimbele indaba engathi sína.

Izinhlobo Zobufakazi Ezifunwa Ngokuvamile Emacala Okuhlukunyezwa Nge - Internet

Ubufakazi Obuvela Ezinhlotsheni Zemithombo Yezindaba

Ukulandisa kwezenhlalo eziseziteshini njenge Facebook, Istagram, Twitter (manje engu X), iSnapchat, ne-Tik Tok kuyimithombo yokuhlukumeza. Ukuze uthole imiyalezo eqondile, izikhombo ezizimele, imininingwane yokubekwa kwendawo, nezingodo zokuxhumana, abacwaningi kumelwe basebenzise isiqinisekiso. I-SCA ivame ukudinga isiqinisekiso sokuqulathiwe okugcinwe izinsuku ezingaphansi kuka-80, kuyilapho imiyalezo emidala ingasadinga isiqinisekiso ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Amapulatifomu amaningi anyathelise iziqondiso zomthetho (httle /s officture projectal this, i-Enautive’s Leactive Guides[FLctive:1] uhlaka lokuhlola okusemthethweni kokulandisa okusekusekugcineni okuyimfihlo.

Ubufakazi bezinhlelo zokusebenza zokulayeza

Imiboniso yokuthumela imiyalezo ekhowudiweyo njenge-Assapp, i-Ignal, ne-i-Mail iletha izinselele ezihlukile. Nakuba ukuvulwa kombhalo oyimfihlo ekupheleni kuvimbela umnikezeli ekungeneni kokuqukethwe, ukugcinwa komthetho kungafuna imetameter njengemininingwane yendalo, izinombolo zocingo, nokwaziswa komshini ngemvume. Kwezinye izimo, bangase bafune isiqinisekiso sokuphoqelela umsebenzisi ukuba avule isisetshenziswa ngokwaso. Indawo esemthethweni isalokhu iveza, ngezinye izikhathi izimemezelo eziphethe izimemezelo ezifuna abasebenzisi ukuba banikeze isiqiniseko se-projectal (iprint noma i-scan) ukuze bangene esisetshenziswayo, nakuba imiyalelo enjalo ibhekene nezinselele zomthetho mayelana nokuziveza ngokwakhelo.

Imishini Yezinyawo Nemethadatha

Abahloli bavame ukubheka amakheli e-IP, ama-hestamp, izikhombi zomshini, kanye neminwe yokuhlola. Le metadata ingahlobanisa umhluphi ongaziwa nendawo noma isisetshenziswa esingokoqobo. Nakuba ukwaziswa okungaphelele kungatholakala nge-cheupoena noma uhlelo lwenkantolo, iziqikili eziningi manje zidinga isiqinisekiso se-IP izingodo ezembula imniningo yomsebenzisi ngoba ukuhlukanisa imininingwane enjalo kungakha ibalazwe eliningi lomsebenzi womuntu wangaphakathi. I-Supreme Courtry’s i- i-Calenter [] isikisela ukuthi uma imetammetam iveza isithombe esibanzi sokuphila komuntu, inkindlakamo ye-mfanele.

Imishini yokulungisa isisetshenziswa

Kuhlolwa ikhomphyutha, ucingo, noma isibhebhe kuvame ukudingeka isiqinisekiso, ikakhulukazi uma ithuluzi lilelamunye (umz. umzali noma umqashi). Abangenisi kumelwe bachaze i-parime affidavit umshini oqondile, indawo, nezinhlobo zemininingwane abalindele ukuyithola (umz., ukugcina imiyalezo, umlando ogciniwe wezithombe). Iziqondiso zemithetho yezezimali ezithinta amanani emishinini. igcizelela isidingo semithetho eqondile yokugwema ukuphenya nokuphula amalungelo eyimfihlo.

Izimfuneko Zokuthola Umsizi

Imbangela Enengqondo

Imbangela ezwakalayo iyisisekelo sanoma isiphi isiqinisekiso esizwakalayo. Ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kunikeze amaqiniso anele ukuze kuholele umuntu onengqondo ekukholelweni ukuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa nokuthi ubufakazi bokuthi ubugebengu buyotholakala endaweni noma into ezose zihlolwe. Ukuze kuhlolwe ukuhlukunyezwa kuyi-intanethi, kungenzeka ukuthi kuqashelwe ngezinkulumo zezisulu, izithombe zezithombe, amarekhodi ofakazi, amarekhodi e-IP, noma ukuvuma komsoli ekusolweni. I-affidavit kumelwe ixhubanise ubufakazi e-akhawuntini, i-octal, noma indawo efunwayo.

Okubalulekile

ISichibiyelo sesine sidinga ukuba “izindawo zokuhlola ngokwengxenye, kanye nabantu noma izinto ezizothathwa.” Lokhu kusho ukuthi abaphenyi abanakuthola isiqinisekiso sokuhlola zonke izinto zomuntu ezisetshenziswa ngemishini. Kumelwe bachaze ama-akhawunti aqondile, amathuluzi, uhide, nezinhlobo zemininingwane. Ngokwesibonelo, imvume ingagunyaza ukuphenywa kwe- “Samsula Galhaxy S23 SMS, esendaweni kaJohn Doe, ese 123 Main Street, Aunettle, USA, ukuze kufakazelwe ukuhlukunyezwa ngezobuchwepheshe obuphakathi kuka-January 1, 2025 noMarch 1, 2025. Ngokungaphezulu kwemithelela izingozi zokuncithamisa ubufakazi obusemqondweni kaJane Smith.

I - Affidavit

I-affidavit isifungo esishiwo isikhulu esinikeza imininingwane yamaqiniso aveza imbangela. Kumelwe ihlanganise i-akhawunti (ye-victim), noma ibuphi ubufakazi obusekelayo, kanye nencazelo yokuthi ukwaziswa okuceliwe kuyohlobana kanjani nobugebengu. Izikhulu kumelwe zichaze futhi ukuthi kungani ukwaziswa kusasebenza futhi kuyiqiniso, ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukwaziswa kusekhona futhi akukapheli. Emicimbini yokuhlukunyezwa nge-inthanethi, izisulu zivame ukubika ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ngakho izikhulu kumelwe zichaze ukuthi kungani ukwaziswa kusasebenza futhi kungadideli.

Inqubo Yokuthungatha Umuntu Osempini

  1. Umbiko we-Intial kanye nombhalo: Isisulu sifakela isikhalo, sinikeza izithombe zezithombe zezithombe, futhi sigcina ubufakazi. Abaphathi-mikhosi babhala isikhathi, bakhomba amapulatifomu ahilelekile, futhi baqale ukuqoqa ukwaziswa okungahlanganiswe okungase kutholakale nge-subtipena (umz., ulwazi oluyisisekelo lwezikhokhelo).
  2. Ukuhlanganisa i-Affidavit: Isikhulu esihlolayo sibhala i-affidavit eningiliziwe echaza amaqiniso asekela imbangela okungenzeka. Izinhlangano eziningi zinesilinganisi sesilinganisi, kodwa i-affidavit ngayinye kumele ivumelaniswe necala elithile. Ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, umshushisi noma umkhangisi ongokomthetho angabukeza i-affidavit ngaphambi kokuzithoba.
  3. Ukuvumisa eMahlulelini noma eMagiste: Isikhulu sivela phambi komahluleli ongathathi hlangothi noma imantshi (kaningi ngumuntu noma ngevidiyo) sifungela ukubukeza i-affidavit. Umahluleli angabuza imibuzo ngomthombo wokwaziswa, ukuthembeka kofakazi, kanye nokungathakazelelwa kwesicelo.
  4. Izekethiso ze-Warrant: Uma umahluleli ethola imbangela futhi imvume ihlangabezana nezimfuneko ezithile, basayina isiqinisekiso bese besibuyisela kumphathi. Isibonakaliso sisho ukuthi yini engabanjwa futhi isuka kuphi.
  5. Isenzo: Isikhulu sisebenzisa isiqinisekiso kumsizi wenkonzo noma sisenze uphendlo olungokoqobo lomshini. Abanikezeli benkonzo ngokuvamile banenqubo emisiwe engokomthetho yokudla (umz., 's Law Infligides Iziqondiso ze-Emplictive Guides[). Abaphathi- ngokomthetho kumelwe basebenzise isiqinisekiso phakathi kwefume lesikhathi elishiwo (ngokuvamile izinsuku eziyishumi).
  6. Buyela futhi ubala: Ngemva kokubulala, isikhulu kumelwe sibhale ukubuya ngohlu lwezimpahla ezithathwe enkantolo, bese sinikeza uhlu lomuntu ompahla yakhe iphenyiwe.

Lapho Impi Eyingozi Ingase Ingadingeki Khona

Ukuqonda lokhu okuhlukile kubalulekile ukuba abaphenyi bagweme ukulibala okungadingekile ngaphandle kokwephula amalungelo:

  • Izimo ezingathi shubisekiyo[: Uma kunosongo olusheshayo ekuphileni noma ekuphepheni (ngokwesibonelo, umcabango ufaka usongo olucacile lobudlova) /izisebenzi zingasebenza ngaphandle kwemvume yokuvimbela ukulimala. Bangase bathathe isisetshenziswa noma bathintane nomxhasi wokulondoloza ukwaziswa. Nokho, noma yibuphi ubufakazi obuqoqwe ngokunye ukuvikela kumelwe kamuva buthetheleleke enkantolo.
  • I-conect: Uma umsebenzisi evuma ngokuzithandela ukuseshwa kwethuluzi lakhe noma i-akhawunti, imvume ayidingwa. Imvume kumelwe yazi futhi izenzekalele; ukuvuma okulula kwegunya kungase kwanele. Izisulu ngokuvamile zinikeza imvume yezindlela zazo, kodwa abahloli abakwazi ukuphoqelela ukusola.
  • USubpoenas vs. Abaxhasi: Imininingwane engadityaniswanga : njengekheli le-IP elihlotshaniswa neposi(a subpoena noma uhlelo lwenkantolo ngaphansi kwe 18 U.S.C. 76 2703(d) ingaba yanele. Eminye imininingwane, njengokwaziswa okuyisisekelo komsekeli, ikhona nempophona. Nokho, imitako idinga izicelo ze-IP ezibonisa izimpawu ze-IP ezibonisa i-ip.
  • Umbono oPlain Trinity : Uma isikhulu sibona ngokusemthethweni okuqukethwe yisikhombi esibukweni (umk., phakathi nokuboshwa okungokomthetho), bangathatha lobufakazi ngaphandle kogunyazo. Kodwa ukucusha ngomshini akuvunyelwe.

Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa Ekutholeni Abafuduki

Izindaba Eziyimpikiswano

Ukuhlukunyezwa nge-intanethi ngokuvamile kunqamule isifundazwe noma imingcele yezwe. Isisulu sase California singahlukunyezwa yi-texal esolwayo, sisebenzisa izisebenzi eVirginia noma kwamanye amazwe. Ukuthola imvume egunya lomphakathi wesisulu kungase kungaphoqeleli umxhaswe wesithathu ukuba avumelane. I-SCA ivumela izibopho ukuba zifune imvume enqabeni lapho umnakekeli ebhaliswe khona noma lapho ukwaziswa kugcinwa khona. Umbuso ufaka izivumelwano zokuxhumana komthetho [ uhlanganisa amalungiselelo okusizana ngezivumelwano ezingokomthetho zamazwe angaphandle, kodwa lezi zingathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka, ukwenqaba kakhulu ukuphenya.

Ukungaziwa Nokuqanjwa Kwamagama

Abafuni bavame ukusebenzisa ama-akhawunti okulahla, ama-flue, ama-tor, noma u-Wi-Fi womphakathi ukuze bafihle ukuthi bangubani. Ngisho nangemvume, ikheli le-IP lingaholela kwikhompuyutha efakelwe ekuthatheni ikheli lekhofi. Abangenisi-Pinigigigion kufanele bathathe ezinye izimvume zokufaka izingodo kuleyo nkampani ye-panet, ukwenza uhide lwezimvume. Kukhona futhi ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwezinhlelo zokubhala imiyalezo eziyimfihlo ezingagcini imethamende ngendlela efinyelelekayo.

Ukubambisana Kwabalungiseleli Benkonzo

Nakuba abagcini abaningi bemisebenzi bevumelana nenqubo engokomthetho esemthethweni, encane noma ephesheya kungamelana. Ezinye izinkampani zingakhipha imibiko evezayo, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zalwa nemvume ezisezikhundleni zomuntu siqu. Ngo-2016, iMicrosoft yabekela i-DOJ imvume yama-imeyili egcinwe e-Ireland, okwaholela e-CLOUD Act (2088), eyacacisa ukuthi abaxhasi kumelwe baveze ukwaziswa ngaphansi kwe-U.S. imvume kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kugcinwe kuphi. Ngisho nange-CLOUD Act, into ethile yohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe, yenza ingxabano.

Ijubane Lokuncipha Kwemininingwane

Amapulatifomu amaningi ayazisusa ngokuzenzekelayo izigijimi ngemva kwesikhathi (umzk., i-Snapechat’ephemeral milayezo). Imibiko yabaculi ivame ukubambeka, futhi ngesikhathi kukhishwa imvume, okuqukethwe kungase kuphele. Abangenisi bangasebenzisa [ izicelo [ — ngaphansi kwe 18 U.S.C. 76 2703(f)(h) ukuze bafune imvume yokugcina amarekhodi izinsuku ezingu-90 ngesikhathi imvume ikhona. Izisulu kufanele zilulekwe ukuba zingasisusi imiyalezo ngokwazo, njengoba kungabulala ubufakazi.

Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Ezisulu Zokuhlukunyezwa Nge - Internet

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila ezinqubweni zokugcinwa komthetho, izisulu zifeza indima eyinhloko ekulondolozweni kobufakazi nasekulungiselelweni imvume. Nazi izinyathelo izisulu ezingazithatha:

  • Ungasusi Ubufakazi: Gcina izithombe zezithombe zezithombe, URLs, kanye nama-heastamp. Dala ihele lemidwebo nazo zonke izixhumaniso, kuhlanganise nezitho zomsebenzisi, izithombe zeprofayili, nanoma iziphi i-metameter ebonakalayo.
  • Cela iLetter elondoloziwe: Cela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba usebenzise incwadi elondolozwayo endaweni yesikhulumi ukuze uvimbele ukucisha ukwaziswa.
  • Ihele iNhlanu yeNkantolo yamaphoyisa: Yenza ukulandisa okulandelanayo, kuhlanganise nendlela ukuhlukunyezwa okuthinta ngayo ukuphepha. Uma kucacile, kungcono i-affidavit.
  • Ngaphansi kwe-Phansi kwe-Our Amfihlo: Uma isisetshenziswa noma i-akhawunti yesisulu izoseshwa (umz., ukuze kuboniswe ukuthi asithumelanga imiyalezo ehluphayo), kungacelwa. Izisulu zingathintana nommeli ngaphambi kokuba zivume.
  • [[QUE:0] Umsebenzi noMmeleli oyisisulu : iminyango eminingi yamaphoyisa nenzuzo enjenge I-Cyber Community Intiative[ isekela izisulu zokuhlukunyezwa.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokuphoqelelwa Komthetho

  • Izikhulu zeziyalezo zeSichibiyelo Sesine samanje esiphathelene nobufakazi obungokwezinombolo.
  • Sebenzisa ama - template alungele ukulungiselelwa kusengaphambili ashintshwa njalo ihhovisi lomshushisi.
  • Ukuhlanganiswa neqembu elingokomthetho lesikhulumi elisebenzisa umthetho ngaphambi kokunikeza imvume yokuqinisekisa ukuhlelwa nokudluliselwa okufanele.
  • Hlanganisa ne - nexus ecacile phakathi kobufakazi obufunwayo nobugebengu okuthiwa babusemkhakheni.
  • Lapho usingatha amacala amaningi amelene nesigwebo, cabangela ukusebenzisa ama - junior agunyaza uhulumeni (ngaphansi kweSihlomo 18 noma 21) ukuze uthole igunya lokweqa imingcele.
  • Gcina uchungechunge lwencwadi yokugcina umntwana ukuze kutholakale ubufakazi obuvumelana nezindinganiso zokugunyazwa kwecala.

Isiphetho

Ama-antarant awayona nje inqubo engokomthetho; ayisivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esiqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi bemidwebo buqoqiwe ngendlela ehlanganisa ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu bonke lapho kunikezwa ubufakazi obunokwethenjelwa, obungakholeki ezimweni ze-intanethi nokuhlasela nge-inthanethi. Inqubo . Ukusungula imbangela elindelekileyo yokufaka isiqinisekiso esithile nokusifaka ngokunembile futhi ukwenze ngokunembile ibonelela ngokunakekela okuqondile kokuningi ngokufaneleyo futhi ngokuya phambili ulwazi oluphathelene nolwesikhathi sawo wonke umuntu lwezomthetho. Umthetho uyokwenza ukuba kuqondwe uma kudingekile futhi uma kuyimfuneko ingasho umehluko phakathi kokuchulwa okuphumelelayo nobufakazi obungalawuleki. Izisulu ezibonelweni ezifundile kanye nokulondoloza ubufakazi obusuka ekuqaleni ukulandisa. Njengoba imishini iyaqhubeka, izibalo ezingokomthetho ziyokwazi ukuguqula isilinganiso esingokomthetho; isilinganiso esingokomthetho esikhona nge-Foctive [F.[0] [F.] kunye ne-Crectives] ezisezisekeni eziselunyiweyo.[3]