Ukufinyelela Ubulungisa Njengelungelo Eliyisisekelo

Ukufinyelela ekulungeni kobulungisa akuwona nje umthetho osemthethweni nje kuphela. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi izigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke zibhekana nemingcele ebalulekile lapho zizama ukufuna amakhambi angokomthetho. Lemingcele ihlanganisa izindleko eziphakeme zabameli, izinqubo zenkantolo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukuhlukana kolimi, ukungalingani kolwazi olungokomthetho, igebe elilinganiselwe ngenkululeko engokomthetho, futhi ukutholakala kwemisebenzi engokomthetho. Umehluko phakathi kwenani elingokomthetho elidinga abantu ngabanye abathola izinzuzo eziphansi nemithombo ekhona ukuze bahlangane nalabo abadinga usizo olukhulu. Kulendawo yomthetho, kuvela isithembiso esingokomthetho esibalulekile sokuhlanganisa ukuhlukana kwegebelwa, ukuswela kolwazi, ukutholakala kwenkululeko engokomthetho. Igebe yobulungisa.

Izinhlelo zosizo ezingokomthetho zinikeza ukusekela okuphawulekayo kulabo abebengeke bakwazi ukukhokha imvume engokomthetho. Ziqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu, kusukela kumphathi obhekene nokuxoshwa kumzali empikiswaneni yokuwinwa kwezingane ecaleni lobugebengu, unethuba elihle lokuzwakala. Ngaphandle kosizo olungokomthetho, isimiso somthetho siba yithuluzi labacebile, sinciphe ukwethenjwa umphakathi kanye nokubekwa kwezinhlangano zokwahlulela. Lesihloko esinwetshiwe sihlola indima yosizo olungokomthetho ngokujule, kuhlanganise nomlando waso, izinselele, izindaba zempumelelo, nemizamo yeqembu elidingekayo ukuze siluqinise.

Uyini Usizo Olungokomthetho?

Usizo olungokomthetho lubhekisela elungiselelweni lezinkonzo ezingokomthetho ezikhululekile noma ezisemthethweni kubantu ngabanye nasemikhayeni ehola imali ephansi engakwazi ukuveza izimpawu zomuntu siqu. Lomqondo uye wavela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka kusukela kubantu abangabantu ababonisa iminikelo esekelwe ekusizeni kuya ezimisweni zanamuhla, ezihlelwe uhulumeni. Namuhla, usizo olungokomthetho luhlanganisa izinkonzo eziningi, kuhlanganise:

  • [[[Umthetho:0] Iseluleko somthetho sakuqala nokuhlola [[QUL:1]] - - -siza abantu ukuba baqonde amalungelo abo, izinketho, nemiphumela engase ibe khona emacaleni abo.
  • [ Imelela i- – inikeza abameli abasekela amakhasimende ezigila-jiji zezembubhiso, ubugebengu, noma ukuphatha.
  • Ukulungiswa kwekhasi [ - - usiza ngamafomu, izivumelwano, ifayiledi, kanye namanye amaphepha omthetho.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Ukukhipha nokukhipha [[[QL:1] - -siza izingxabano ukuxazulula izingxabano ngaphandle kokuya enkantolo.
  • Imfundo yasemthethweni kanye nokuphuma - - ukwazisa imiphakathi ngamalungelo ayo nendlela yokulawula isimiso somthetho.

Usizo olungokomthetho lunganikezwa ngamahhovisi omphakathi avikelayo (kukakhulu ngenxa yamacala obugebengu), imitholampilo yomthetho, izinhlelo ze-probono ezilawulwa izinkampani zomthetho wamuntu siqu, nezinhlangano ezisemthethweni ezingazuzisi. Imithombo yezimali iyahlukahluka, kanti ukunikeza kukahulumeni kunakho konke okunikelayo emazweni amaningi, okunezelwa yiziphakamiso ezisekelwe ezisekelweni, izinkampani zezindawo, kanye nabantu abanikela ngazo ngabanye.

Umehluko Phakathi Kwesigebengu Nosizo Olungokomthetho

Ezindaweni eziningi, ilungelo lomthetho ezicabeni zobugebengu liqinisekisiwe ngokomthetho-mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, inkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. icala likaGidion v. Wainwright (1963) limisiwe ukuthi amazwe kumelwe anikeze abameli abamangalelwa ezimweni ezingemthetho abangakwazi ukukhokha. Nokho, usizo olungokomthetho (ukufihla umthetho womkhaya, indlu, isikweletulo sabathengi, ukufuduka, njll.) ngokuvamile akuyona imvume yomthetho, futhi ukutholakala kwawo kuxhomeke ekusekeleni izimali zikahulumeni nemithombo engazuzi nzuzo. Leligebengo lisho ukuthi abantu abaphansi ababhekene macala angokomthetho angokomthetho, ubudlova obufanayo, noma ukuncishwa kwezinzuzo zasekhaya, ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwezinkozo zokuphila.

Ukubaluleka Okubalulekile Kosizo Olungokomthetho

Usizo lwasemthethweni lufeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi edlula imiphumela yecala ngalinye. Imiphumela yalo ebanzi yezenhlalakahle zihlanganisa:

  • Ukumisa inqubo yokuthatha i-acteral – Uma omunye ephethe enommeli omunye engenaye, ukungalingani kululaza ukulunga koqhubekeka. Usizo olungokomthetho lubuyisela ukulingana.
  • Ukulondoloza amalungelo ayisisekelo [ - Izindaba eziningi zosizo olungokomthetho zihilela izimpikiswano ezinjengendlu, ukuphepha, nobuqotho bomkhaya. Ngaphandle kosizo olungokomthetho, lamalungelo awasho lutho ngokuphumelelayo kwabampofu.
  • Ukunciphisa ubumpofu nokungabinamakhaya – usizo olungokomthetho ezimweni ezixoshwayo luvimbela ukushenxiswa; usizo ngezikweletu namathuba okulahlekelwa kungalondoloza ukuzinza komkhaya.
  • Ukuqinisa impilo yomphakathi nokuphepha - - Usizo ekutholeni iziyalezo zokuvikela abaxhaphazi noma ekutholeni izinzuzo zokunakekela impilo kuthuthukisa umphakathi.
  • [ impumelelo ebanzi ehamba phambili yesimiso sobulungisa [ - izigaxa ezimelelwe zingaxazululwa ngokushesha nangokufanele, ukunciphisa iziqiwi zenkantolo nokulondoloza imali yabakhokhi bentela.
  • ukuqinisa umthetho [ - Uma amaqembu abekwe ngaphansi engafinyelela ngokuphumelelayo esimisweni somthetho, kuqinisa isimiso sokuthi umthetho usebenza ngokufanayo kubo bonke.

Ukucwaninga okuqhubekayo kubonisa ukuthi usizo olungokomthetho luletha inzuzo enkulu ngokwezomnotho. Kunoma imalini egciniwe ekhokhwayo, ukuhlola ukulinganisela izindleko zokukhosela, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha, nezinkonzo zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, i- Legal Services Services (LSC) eUnited States ibika ukuthi usizo olungokomthetho lusiza ekuvimbeleni ukuxoshwa, ukulondeka kwezinzuzo ze-VEterans, futhi luvikele abakhulu ekukhwabaniseni (ingxenye encane yemali ye-societal) uma ingekho amakheli. Funda okwengeziwe engosini yesobunxele. [FLT:]

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezimiso Zosizo Ezingokomthetho

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwalo okuboniswe, usizo olungokomthetho lusebenza ngaphansi kwezingcindezi eziphikelelayo nezikhulayo.

1. Isiko Lokungajabulisi

Izinhlelo zosizo ezingokomthetho emhlabeni wonke azinakusetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo. Izimali zikahulumeni azivamile ukuhambisana nokuncipha kwamandla emali, ukwanda kwenani labantu, noma ukukhula kobunkimbinkimbi obungokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-LSC ilinganisela ukuthi isebenza kuphela kubantu abafanelekayo abamahlanu abadinga usizo olungokomthetho. Izinhlelo ezifinyelelweyo zokususa amakhasimende, ukubeka imingcele yezezimali, noma ukuthembela ezisebenzini ezindwayo.

2. Isidingo Esiphakeme Nesibindi

Ukuwohloka kwezomnotho, izinhlekelele zemvelo, izinkinga zokuxoshwa, nokukhuphuka kwezokufuduka kungafuna usizo olungokomthetho olunamandla kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umqedazwe weCOVID-19 wabona ukwenyuka kwezindawo zokuhlala nezokuqashwa, izinhlangano eziningi ezinikeza usizo olungokomthetho. Isidingo esingapheli sishiye abantu abangavikelekile ngaphandle kokuziphindisela.

3. Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nokusetshenziswa Okukhethekile

Izindaba zomthetho zanamuhla ngokuvamile zihlangana nemikhakha ekhethekile njengomthetho wokuqondisa, umthetho wokufuduka, noma impahla ehlakaniphile. Abameli abaphethe umthetho bangase bantule ubuchwepheshe bokusingatha izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuphumelelayo. Lokhu kudinga ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo nokubambisana nochwepheshe be-probono, okunezela ezindlekweni zenhlangano.

4. Umehluko Wezindawo Zendawo

Emazweni amaningi, imithombo yosizo engokomthetho igcwele emadolobheni, ishiya imiphakathi yasemaphandleni nekude ingekho. Izakhamuzi zalezindawo ngokuvamile kumelwe zihambe amabanga amade ukuze zifinyelele ehhovisi losizo lomthetho, noma zingase zingakwazi nhlobo ukufinyelela. Ubuchwepheshe bungasiza ekuvaleni igebe, kodwa ukutholakala kwezindawo ezibanzi nokufundwa kwamanani akulingani.

5. Ukuqaphela Umphakathi Nokungavikeleki

Abantu abaningi abafanelekela usizo olungokomthetho abakwazi ukuthi lukhona noma besaba ihlazo elihlangene nokwamukela "ukwethakathi". Abanye bangase bangayiqapheli inkinga yabo njengendaba engokomthetho. Ukuthola imfundo nomphakathi kubalulekile, kodwa akunandaba.

6. Imingcele Emayelana Nokuphakama Nokuzilawula

Abanye ohulumeni babeka imingcele eqinile ezinhlotsheni zosizo lwamacala lungasingatha, ngokwesibonelo, ngaphandle kwezindaba ezithile zomphakathi noma ukubeka amakheshi aqinile akhokhelwayo ashiya abantu abaningi abaseduze nabampofu ngaphandle kosizo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinhlelo zidinga amakhasimende ukuba akhokhe izindleko ezincane, enze imingcele yabaswele kakhulu.

Lezi zinselele zidinga izinguquko ezingokwezimiso, hhayi nje ukwanda okusheshayo kwezimali. Indlela ebanzi iyadingeka, ihlanganisa ukutshala umphakathi okuqhubekayo, ukunikeza izilinganiso ezintsha, kanye nobudlelwane obuqinile phakathi kwabasizi abangokomthetho nebhamu elizimele. i-United Nations Principles ne-Dignome on Legional Aid in Criminal Justice Systems [ inikeza amabhentshi awusizo ukuze amazwe ahlole ukusebenza kwawo. Funda kakhulu eHhovisi leZizwe eMilaliso neCrime[FL:] [FLT]]

Indlela Usizo Olungokomthetho Olusebenza Ngayo

Nakuba izinqubo ezithile zihlukahluka ngokwezwe, ngokuvamile kulandela lezi zigaba ukuze kutholakale usizo olungokomthetho oludingekayo:

  1. Bamba futhi usebenzise isihenqo sokubona-kude - - abathengi abangase bathintane nehhovisi losizo olungokomthetho ngocingo, buqu, noma nge-inthanethi. Abasebenzi bahlola iholo, impahla, kanye nesimo senkinga engokomthetho ukuze kubonwe ukuthi i-eligible. Ezinye izinhlelo zisebenzisa amathuluzi azenzekelayo ukulandelana kule sinyathelo.
  2. I-Case Retation - Inikeziwe imithombo elinganiselwe, izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho zivame ukuhlela amacala adinga izinsongo eziphuthumayo (umz., ukulahlekelwa kwezindlu, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukuvikelwa ebudloveni) noma okungabangela imiphumela ebanzi.
  3. Isibonakaliso kuStaff Attorney noma ivolunter - Uma samukelwa, icala labelwe izisebenzi, ummeli we-parlegal, noma ummeli we-probono emkhakheni wangasese. Izinhlelo eziningi zisebenzisa i-schemes lapho izisebenzi zisingatha khona amacala ayinkimbinkimbi nezisebenzi zokuzithandela zisingatha izindaba eziqonde kakhudlwana.
  4. [[QURT: 0] I-Legal Work - Izifundo zomthetho zokucwaninga, ukuncenga, ukuxoxisana namaqembu aphikisanayo, futhi imelela ikhasimende enkantolo equlweni noma emacaleni okuphatha. Usizo lomthetho, abavikeli bomphakathi basebenza ngokufanayo, ngokuvamile basingatha amacala amaningi ngesikhathi esifanayo.
  5. Isinqumo nokulandelela-kuqeda [ - Amacala amaningi osizo olungokomthetho axazululwa ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala, ngezindawo zokuhlala, nge-oda yemvume, noma izivumelwano zethuku. Ama-Attorney aqinisekisa amakhasimende ukuba aqonde umphumela nanoma iziphi izibopho eziqhubekayo.
  6. Iqoqo ne-Vieology - - Imiphumela engokomthetho enikeza usizo ukuze kuboniswe ithonya nokusekela ukuxhaswa kwemali okuqhubekayo. Lo kwaziswa kubalulekile ekuboniseni ukubuya komngeniselo.

Ubuchwepheshe buziguqula ngokuqhubekayo lezi zinqubo. Ama-opera angaphakathi okudla, ukuvela kwenkantolo, nokubukezwa kwephepha eligunyaziwe le-Al kusiza izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho ukuba zisize abantu abengeziwe ngezindleko eziphansi. Nokho, isici somuntu sihlala singashintsheki, singenazwela, nokwahlulela okukhokhelwayo kubucayi ekuqondiseni amakhasimende ezinkingeni ezingokomthetho.

Izindaba Eziye Zaphumelela Ezibonisa Umphumela

Nakuba izibalo ziveza izinga lokuphila kwabantu, izindaba ngazinye zicacisa izigxobo zomuntu:

Ukuvimbela Ukungabi Nakhaya Ngokuzivikela Komlutha

Umama ongayedwa edolobheni elikhulu wabhekana nokuxoshwa ekhaya ngemva kokulahlekelwa umsebenzi. Umninindlu wathatha icala enkantolo, futhi akakwazanga ukukhokhela ummeli. Ummeli womthetho wangenela, wathola ukuthi umninindlu akakwazanga ukugcina impahla ingekho emthethweni wezindawo zokuhlala. Ummeli waxoxa ngesivumelwano esivumela umkhaya ukuba uhlale ekhaya, wancishiswa intela ngesikhathi kulungiswa. Ngaphandle kosizo olungokomthetho, umama nabantwana bakhe babeyophelela endaweni yokukhosela.

Ukuvikela Izingane Ezimpikiswaneni Zelungelo Lokugcina

Kwecala lesehlukaniso eliphikisanayo, ubaba owayenomlando wobudlova basekhaya wafuna imvume yokuwinwa. Umama, owayebaleka ukuxhashazwa, wayengenamali yommeli wangasese. Usizo lwasemthethweni lwalummelela, lunikeza ubufakazi bokuziphatha kukababa. Inkantolo yanika unina ilungelo eligcwele lokuhlala futhi yamvakashela uyise, iqinisekisa ukuphepha komntwana.

Ukulwa Nokukhwabanisa Kwabathengi

Umbhangqwana osukhulile othola imali encane wabanjwa yisisulu sesimiso sokuboleka imali eyingozi esongela ukuthatha ikhaya lawo. Umthola-lwazi womthetho wathatha icala, wamangalela umbolekisi ngaphansi kwemithetho yokuvikela abathengi. Inkantolo yakhipha imali ebolekwayo kanye nemali ekhokhwayo, yavumela umbhangqwana ukuba ugcine ikhaya lawo. Lelicala laholela futhi ukunakekela kwemithombo yezindaba okwasiza ekudaluleni izenzo ezibanzi zombolekisi.

Ukuvikela Isigebengu Ngokufanele

Insizwa ethile yaboshwa futhi yabekwa icala lobugebengu engalenzanga. Ingakwazi ukuthumela ibheyili, yagqunywa ejele izinyanga eziningi. Ihhovisi lomphakathi elivikela umphakathi (*) ingxenye eyinhloko yosizo olungokomthetho (_ifake uphenyo oluphelele), yathola ubufakazi bokudlulisa icala, futhi yathola isigwebo esimsulwa. Icala libonisa ukuthi kungani usizo oluqinile lwezigebengu lubalulekile ekuvikeleni abangenacala ekumangalelweni okungalungile.

Lezi zibonelo zithathwa emacala angokoqobo asingathwa yizinhlangano ezinjenge I-NYC , i-Komiti yama-volutions [[FLT:] i-[FLT] i-Aid yase-North Carolina]. [ngezindaba ezengeziwe, vakashela i-Aid Society e-Act]

Usizo Oluthuthukisiwe Olungokomthetho: Ubuqaba Nokubuyiselwa

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi usizo olungokomthetho lufeza umsebenzi walo, kudingeka ukuqapha okuqinile namakhambi okusungula. Nawa amasu ayinhloko okuqinisa usizo olungokomthetho lwesikhathi esizayo:

Yandisa Izimali Nosizo Lukahulumeni

Isisekelo esilindelekile, esiwukusekela okunemali yomphakathi. Abameleli kufanele bafune ukunikeza izinkulumo zaminyaka yonke ezihambisana nokwehla kwamandla emali nesidingo, kanye nokufakwa kosizo lwasemthethweni njengezindleko eziyinhloko zobulungisa. Amanye amazwe aye amisa iziphathimandla ezizimele zosizo olungokomthetho ngezindlela eziqinile zokusekela imali, ezivikela izinhlelo ezifihlwa yizombangazwe.

2. Yandisa Ukuphumelela Futhi Ususe Izithiyo

Abantu abaningi abadinga usizo olungokomthetho abalutholi ubumpofu kodwa abakwazi ukuthenga abameli abazimele. Izwe kufanele liphakamise isilinganiso seholo elifanele futhi lisuse ukuhlolwa kwempahla okungakufanelekeli ukuba abanikazi bezindlu ngokungenabulungisa. Ukususa izindleko zamakhasimende kanye nokwenza amaphepha abe lula kunciphisa izithiyo.

3. Ukuthuthukisa Izinhlangano Zomphakathi Neze - proBono

Izinhlangano ze-Bar, izikole zomthetho, nezinkampani zinganikela ngezinhlelo ze-probono. Izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho zingabambisana nezinhlangano zomthetho ukuze zithole ulwazi olukhethekile, kanye namaqembu omphakathi ukuze ziphumele ngaphandle. Abaxhasi benkonzo engokomthetho abangekho emthethweni, njengasezikhungweni zosizo lomthetho namathuluzi e-inthanethi, zingasiza ekuvaleni igebe ngezindaba ezingayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

4. Sebenzisa Ubuchwepheshe Ezinsinzweni Zokulinganisa

Ubuchwepheshe obusha − njengezincwadi eziklanywe ngemishini, izinxoxo zokwaziswa okungokomthetho, kanye nezinkantolo zecala ezithi zingakwazi ukunciphisa izindleko ngokuphawulekayo futhi zikwazi ukufinyelela. Nokho, lamathuluzi kumelwe aklanywe ngekhono elifinyele engqondweni, asekele amakhasimende angakwazi ukufunda isiNgisi, ukukhubazeka, noma angakwazi ukufunda kakhulu amanani.

5. Yenza Imikhankaso Yemfundo Yomphakathi

Abantu abaningi bayazibona izinkinga zabo (njengezikweletu, ukuhlukunyezwa, noma izindlu ezingalondekile) ngaphandle kokuqaphela ukuthi ziwubufakazi obungokomthetho. imfundo yomphakathi ngemithombo yezindaba, imitapo yezincwadi nezikole ingasiza abantu ukuba bafune usizo ngaphambi kokuba izinkinga zikhule.

6. Ukucwaninga Okusekelayo Neqoqo Lokwaziswa

Ukwaziswa okungcono ngezidingo zomthetho nemiphumela kungasiza abasekeli ukuba benze icala lokutshala imali. Ohulumeni kufanele bafake izimali ezithathe isikhathi eside zokuhlola ithonya losizo olungokomthetho kwezempilo, ukuqina kwezindlu, nomsebenzi. ubufakazi obunjalo bunamandla ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho.

I- World Justice Project (WJP) ithatha ukufinyelela ebulungisani emazweni ngamazwe esebenzisa umthetho wawo we-Index yoMthetho, inikeza ukwaziswa okungalinganiswa okungaqondisa izinguquko. Thola ukwaziswa okwengeziwe eMklamweni woBulungiseleli bezwe [[[FLT:]] wezwe .

Isiphetho: Usizo Olungokomthetho Njengensika Yomphakathi Olungile

Ukufinyelela ebulungisani akuyona into yokunethezeka − kuyilungelo lomuntu futhi kuyimfuneko elungiselelweni lomphakathi. Usizo olungokomthetho luyindlela eguqula lokho kube yiqiniso ezigidini zabantu abebengavalelwa ngaphandle kwesimiso somthetho. Ukuvikela abaqashi ekuxoshweni okungekho emthethweni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqulwa kobugebengu, usizo olungokomthetho lusekela izindinganiso zesithunzi, ukulingana, nenqubo efanele.

Nokho isimiso singaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu. Ukuncishiswa kwemisebenzi, ukufunwa, nokuhlelwa kwezindawo ezisemthethweni womphakathi kusho ukuthi abantu abaningi abafanelwe usizo abalutholi neze. Ukuvala leligebe lobulungisa kudinga umzamo womphakathi wonke: ohulumeni kumelwe benze umzamo owanele noqinile wokusekela imali; ibhange kumelwe lihlanganise i-probono njengemisebenzi yobuchwepheshe; umphakathi kumelwe uthuthukise amathuluzi afinyelelekayo; futhi umphakathi kumelwe uqonde futhi ufune ukuba usizo olungokomthetho lutholakale uma kudingeka.

Njengoba isisho sithi: “Ubulungisa bebungalungi. ” Kodwa ukufinyelela ubulungisa ngokulinganayo akunakuba khona ngaphandle kosizo olungokomthetho. Ngokufaka izinkonzo zokusiza ezingokomthetho, asixazululi amacala abantu kuphela kodwa futhi siqinisa zona kanye izisekelo zentando yeningi nokubusa komthetho. Indlela phambili icacile: hlela usizo olungokomthetho njengenkonzo yasobala, futhi ubulungisa buyakuba yiyo ngempela kubo bonke.