Isisekelo Sokukhetha Kokwahlulela

Inqubo abahluleli abakhethwa ngayo ihlela wonke umkhuba wesimiso sokwahlulela. Inquma ukuthi ubani ochaza imithetho, oxazulula izingxabano, futhi ovikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Kunokuba abe yimininingwane yokuphatha kuphela, indlela yokukhetha ithinta ngokuqondile ukuzimela kokwahlulela, ukwethemba umphakathi, nobulunga bobulungisa obukhishweyo. E-United States kuphela, indlela yokuhlela ihluka kakhulu ezinkantolo zikahulumeni nezezwe, nesimiso ngasinye esibonisa izinto eziza kuqala ezingokokulandisa, ukungakhethi, kanye nekhono lobuchwepheshe.

Ukuqonda ukuthi amajaji akhethwa kanjani kudinga ukuhlola ukushukuma kweminyombo emnyombweni wokukhetha ukwahlulela: isidingo sokuba abahluleli bazimele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe kuyilapho behlala benecala emphakathini. Lokhu kulinganisela kufinyelelwa ngezinqubo ezihlukene, ngalinye linamandla alo nokungaphathi kahle. Ijaji likahulumeni lincike enqubeni eklanyelwe ukuveza inkululeko engcono, kuyilapho izinkantolo eziningi zikahulumeni zisebenzisa ukhetho olubeka phambili. Eminye imithetho ihlanganisa izici zazo zombili izama ukuthatha izinzuzo zazo.

Inqubo yokukhetha ihlanganisa izigaba eziningi zokugcina amasango, kuhlanganise nokuhlola okokuqala, ukumisa noma ukuthembeka, ukuqinisekisa noma ukukhetha, nokuzigcina. Esiqenjini ngasinye, izikhulu ezihlukene zemidlalo i-̬ izikhulu ezinqumayo, izindikimba zomthetho, iziphathi-mthetho, izimemo zokuhlolela, izimemo zokufaka amacala, kanye nabavoti i-̬ yenza izindima ezihlukile. Ukuhlelwa kwalezi zindima kuchaza ukwakheka komgadisi nganoma isiphi isigaba.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwezindlela Zokukhetha Ukwahlulela

Izindlela ezisetshenziswa ekukhetheni amajaji ziye zashintsha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Eminyakeni yokuqala ye-United States, isimiso sombuso esamiswa nguMthetho-sisekelo sanika umongameli amandla okukhipha izinyunyana ngeseluleko nangemvume yeSigele. Lesi sibonelo sasihloselwe ukuvikela amajaji kahulumeni ekucindezeleni okuthandwayo kuyilapho siqinisekisa ukuhlolwa kwegunya lezikhulu ngokuqinisekiswa kwemithetho. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zalandela indlela efanayo, kanye nababusi abamisa amajaji ezifundazweni eziningi.

Phakathi nenkathi kaJackson ka-1830 no-1840, i-populist aphikisana nokulawula kwezikhulu yabangela ukuba amazwe amaningi ashintshele ekukhetheni abahluleli abadumile. Ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango, iningi lemibuso lase limukele ukhetho lokwahlulela. Lenguquko yashukunyiswa inkolelo yokuthi ukwenza abahluleli babe nesibopho sokuvuna ngokuqondile kubavoti kunciphise inkohlakalo futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi abahluleli babonisa izindinganiso zedemokrati. Nokho, okuhlangenwe nakho kwembula izithiyo eziphawulekayo, kuhlanganise nethonya lezombangazwe ezizimele kanye nobunzima bokubhekana nokhetho ekuququlweni nabaqondisi bejaji bejaji.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka kwaletha elinye igagasi lenguquko, njengoba kukhathazekile ngokungenela kwezombangazwe emajajini akhethiwe kwaholela ekusungulweni kwezimiso zokukhetha ezisekelwe ekukhetheni. INhlangano yaseMelika iJudicature yasekela lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi iMissouri Plan, okwaqala ukuthathwa kulelozwe ngo-1940. Lendlela ihlanganisa izici zokumiswa nokukhethwa, isebenzisa ikhomishane yokuhlola ngaphambi kokuba umphathi amise ukumiswa, kulandelwe yizinqumo zenqubo yokuvota. Lendlela ye-projective Society iye yathathwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ngamagodu angamashumi amathathu kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, okungenani ezinye zezinkantolo zabo.

Inqubo Yokumiswa Kwesimiso Sikahulumeni SeGahluleli III

Ukumiswa kwamajaji kahulumeni ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo ̬ kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo ePhakeme, amajaji enkantolo yesifunda, namajaji enkantolo yesifunda i-̬ kulandela inqubo ethatha izinyanga eziningi ukuqeda. Lenqubo ihilela kokubili amagatsha aphethe ne-propatitive futhi ihlanganisa ukulwa kakhulu kwabazohlolwa.

Ukukhethwa UMongameli

Le nqubo iqala lapho indawo iqala ebhentshini likahulumeni. Umongameli, ngokuvamile osebenza ekutuseni okuvela kuMnyango woMahlulelo, icebo leWhite House, abasizi abavela esifundeni esihlobene, noma amaqembu enzalo angaphandle, ukhetha i-menee. Izikhala zenkantolo zesigodi, isiko lenhlonipho ye-senator linikeza ithonya elikhulu kubaqondisi beqembu lomongameli elivela esifundazweni lapho ikhona khona. Laba bakhampathi bebopha imvume yokubulala izakhamuzi bangayivala ngokuphumelelayo i-athomu ngokunqaba ukubuyisela i-slip eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, bebonisa ukuphikisa kwabo esimweni sokungena entweni.

Abaholi bavame ukufuna abazakwabo abanefilosofi yabo yokwahlulela futhi abaneziqu eziqinile. Omahluleli abaningi bakahulumeni banolwazi lwangaphambili njengabahluleli, abashushisi, noma abangane emafemu amakhulu omthetho. I-American Bar Association’s Stavid Committee kuFederal Judicary ihlola u-mminee futhi ibalinganise futhi bafaneleke kahle, bafaneleke, noma bangafaneleki, nakuba lokhu kuhlola kuyikhomba kunokuba ibopha.

Ukucwaninga Nezici Eziyisisekelo

Ngaphambi kokuba iSigele sicabangele ukumiswa kweziqu, iFederal Bureau of Investigation yenza uphenyo oluphelele lwezimo zombhalisa. Lokhu kuhlola kuhlola umlando womuntu siqu, wochwepheshe, nowezimali. IKomiti yeSigele ithumela futhi amaphephandaba abuza imibuzo eningi kubantu ababuza ngolwazi lwabo olungokomthetho, imibhalo enyathelisiwe, izinkulumo, nezikhundla ezingokomthetho. U-Nomine kumelwe athulule ukubambelela kwabo ngokwezimali, ukungezwani kwesithakazelo, nanoma yiziphi izimpikiswano ezikhona ezisemkhankasweni zabo ezihilela ukuziphatha kwabo kochwepheshe.

Ukuqulwa Kwezindaba KweKomiti Yesigebengu

IKomiti yeSigele iqunga icala lomphakathi lapho abameleli befaka khona ubufakazi ngaphansi kwesifungo nemibuzo evela kumalungu ekomiti. Ku-Courting minees, lezi zimemezelo zithola ukwaziswa okukhulu kwezezindaba futhi zingathatha izinsuku eziningana. Amalungu amakomiti abuza ngefilosofi yokwahlulela ka-minee, incazelo yezandulela eziyinhloko, imibono ngezindaba zomthetho-mthetho, nemithetho yangaphambili noma imibhalo. U-Nomine kumelwe abhekise lezi zimemezelo ngokucophelela, anikeze ukwaziswa okwanele ukuze anelise amalungu ekomitini kuyilapho egwema izibo zomthetho ezithile ezingase zifike phambi kwawo uma ziqinisekiswa.

Ukuqiniswa Kwezigele ZeKomiti

Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, iKomiti yamaJadi ivota ukuthi kufanele yini ibike ukumiswa kahle komshalo - nyumlisa eSigele esigcwele. Ukuvota kwe-cott ekomiti kungavimbela ukumiswa kwemithetho enqunyweni, nakuba inqubo yokuzihlela ikhona ukuze ingasebenzi ekomitini ezimweni ezithile. ISigele esigcwele siphikisana ngokuthi i-consitation futhi ivote ngokuqinisekiswa. Enkantolo ephansi iyadingeka, ivoti enkulu iyadingeka. Kuleyo nkantolo ePhakakhulu nones, ukuvota kudinga futhi i-offinees, i-voti ye-ontial idinga i-onke, nakuba imithetho nesiko yeSigelente ephethe i-Patricbuster iguqukile iguqukile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Uma amajaji kahulumeni eseqinisiwe, ahlala ezikhundleni zawo phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle, ngokuphumelelayo ukuphila. Lokhu kuphila kuklanyelwe ukuvikela ukuzimela kokwahlulela ngokususa usongo lokususwa kwezinqumo ezingathandwa. Amajaji angokoMalumeni angasuswa kuphela ngenqubo yokungagunyazi, leyo iNdlu yabameleli eqalayo kanye nezigqizo zeSigele.

Izindlela Zokukhetha Inkantolo YaseHulumeni

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokukhetha, zibonakalisa amasiko angokomlando ahlukene nezinqumo. Ayikho indlela eyodwa ebusayo, futhi izifundazwe eziningi zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene emazingeni ahlukene ezimiso zazo zasenkantolo. Izindlela ezinkulu zihlanganisa ukhetho lwe-propatita, ukhetho olungena papatrisan, ukumisa izinqumo, ukumisa imithetho, nokukhetha okufanele ngokhetho olugcinwayo.

Ukukhethwa Kokwahlulela Okuhlukile

Ezimisweni zokukhetha ezi-created, abameleli bamajaji basebenzisa izinxulumani ezicacile zeqembu le-collet. Lendlela, esasetshenziswa ezifundeni eziningi okungenani kwezinye izinkantolo, yenza ukukhetha kokwahlulela kufane nezinhlanga zesikhundla somthetho noma sokuphatha izikhulu. Abathathi-nxaxheba bahlanganyela eqenjini lokhetho, ngokuvamile besebenzisa imali enkulu. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi amalebula amele anikeze ukwaziswa okuwusizo ngefilosofi yomvoti, kuyilapho abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi izinqumo zokwahlulela kufanele zenziwe ngaphandle kobuqotho beqembu futhi amajaji alulaza okungakhethi.

Indima yeminikelo yomkhankaso wokhetho lokwahlulela oluncishisiwe iye yabangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu. Njengoba izindleko zomkhankaso ziye zanyuka, amajaji angabhekana nokucindezela kokuba alawule kahle abanikeleyo noma acabangele ukuthi izinqumo ziyowuthinta kanjani umkhankaso wabo olandelayo wokhetho. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iye yakhuluma ngezinye zalezi zinkathazo ezingathi Caperton v. Massey, lapho iNkantolo ikholelwa ukuthi uma uma ijaji lifaka umkhankaso wokhetho lwezenzele ukucwaswa.

Ukukhethwa Kokwahlulela Okungekwesabathanga

Ukhetho olungenakho ukukhipha amalebula eqembu lokhetho ebhodini, ngokucatshangelwa ukuthi avumela abavoti ukuba bahlole abazobhapathizwa ngokusekelwe ezimfanelekweni ezisekelwe eqenjini kunokuba bahlanganyele eqenjini. Amakhansi avame ukuvela ku-collet ngaphandle kophawu lweqembu labo lezombangazwe. Nokho, olwengeziwe, abavoti ngokuvamile abazi lutho ngokwahlulela okhethweni olungelona isigaba, olungaholela ekutheni baqashelwe phansi futhi bavote ngokuqashelwa, isikhundla sokuvota, noma ezinye izici ezingavumelani.

Izimiso ezingekho hulumeni aziliqedi ithonya lamaqembu enzalo noma umkhankaso. Abathathi-mkhakha bangase bathole ukuvunyelwa emabuthweni ezombangazwe neminikelo evela kubameli, izinkampani zomthetho, nezithakazelo zezebhizinisi. Amanye amazwe aye asebenzisa izimali zomphakathi ukuze anciphise ithonya lemali yokwahlulela, kodwa ukuhlanganyela ezimisweni ezinjalo kuyahlukahluka.

Ukumiswa Kwecala Nokumiswa Kwemithetho

Idlanzana lezifundazwe linikeza umbusi amandla okumisa amajaji, ngokuvamile ngokuqiniswa indikimba yemithetho noma umkhandlu. Lokhu kufana nesibonelo sikahulumeni futhi kugcizelela umthwalo wemfanelo wokubusa wokukhetha kokwahlulela. Abahluleli abamisiwe kulamazwe basebenzela imibandela emisiwe kunokuphila, futhi kumelwe bafune ukuvuselelwa noma ukubhekana nokukhethwa okunganqamuki ekupheleni kwenkathi yabo. Ukumiswa kwe-Gagislative, lapho isishaya-mthetho somthetho sikhetha abahluleli, kusetshenziswa khona ngenani elincane lamazwe, eliphawuleka kakhulu i-South Carolina neVirginia.

Ukukhetha Okusekelwe KuyiMerit Necebo LeMissouri

Isimiso sokukhetha esisekelwe ekusekelweni kwe-asethi, esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-Missouri Plan, simelela ukuhlehla ngamabomu phakathi kokumiswa nokhetho. Lendlela ihloselwe ukuhlanganisa ukumiswa komsebenzi nokulandisa kokhetho. Siye sathathwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ngezindawo ezingaphezu kwamashumi amathathu, ngokuvamile ezinkantolo ezithatha imvume noma ezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwamacala ezindaweni zasemadolobheni.

Indlela IMissouri Esebenza Ngayo

Ngaphansi kweMissouri Plan, ikhomishane eqambayo eyakhiwa abameli, amajaji, kanye namalungu avamile abazonikezwa izikhundla zokwahlulela. Ikhomishane ihlola abazothatha izicelo ezisekelwe ezimfanelweni zabo, olwazini, idumela, bese inikeza uhlu lwabazothatha iziqu ezifanelekela umbusi. Umbusi kumelwe akhethe kuloluhlu, alinganisele ukuqondisa futhi anciphise indima yokusekela okumsulwa kwezombangazwe.

Le khomishana ihlanganisa amalungu amiswe umbusi, inhlangano yesitemu sombuso, futhi ngezinye izikhathi umahluleli omkhulu wenkantolo ephakeme. Le ngxenye iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imibala ehlukene kuyilapho ilondoloza izindinganiso ezingochwepheshe. Uhlelo oluqondile nenqubo yokumisa izikhomishane kuyahlukahluka ngokwezwe, kudala umehluko obalulekile endleleni isimiso esisebenza ngayo.

Ngemva kokufeza isigaba sokuqala, abahluleli abakhethwe ngeMissouri Plan babhekene nokhetho lokungasifaki isikhala. Kukhetho lokungasifaki, abavoti bayabuzwa ukuthi umahluleli kufanele ahlale esikhundleni, kodwa akukho mphikisi ophikisayo omelana nomahluleli. Uma amavoti amaningi eboshelwa, umahluleli ufeza elinye igama eliphelele. Uma amavota amaningi esusiwe, uma uma ijaji likhulu liyasuswa, futhi inqubo yokukhipha amakhosi iqala ukugcwalisa imvume.

Izinzuzo Nokugxeka Kokukhetha Okunenzuzo

Abasekeli bokukhetha okufanelekile baphikisa ngokuthi iveza amajaji afaneleke kangcono kunamajaji angcono kunokumiswa noma ukukhethwa okumsulwa. Inqubo yokuhlola iqinisekisa ukuthi ababoniswe ikhono nobuqotho kuphela bacatshangelwa, kuyilapho ukhetho olugcinwayo lunikeza isixwayiso ngokumelene nokungafaneleki okukhulu noma ukuziphatha okubi. Isimiso sinciphisa ithonya lezombangazwe ezilwayo neminikelo yomkhankaso ekukhetheni izahlulelo.

Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ukuzikhethela okufanelekile kungaba ukuzinqumela, ngokulawula amajaji ahleliyo kanye namalungu enhlangano yebhange. Okunye ukuhlola kusikisela ukuthi ukwehluka kwebhentshi kungase kuhlushwe ngaphansi kwezimiso ezifanele zokukhetha, njengoba izimemezelo ezinikeza izimemezelo ezingase zithande abazovela ezimbonini zomthetho ezimisiwe noma ezizinze ngokwesiko. Abanye bayangabaza ukuthi ukukhetha okugcinwayo kunikeza ukulandisa okunenjongo, ngoba abahluleli ababoshelwayo ababoshelwayo ezikhundleni futhi abavoti ngokuvamile abanalwazi oluphathelene nokusebenza kokwahlulela.

Izimfuneko Nezindinganiso Ezingavumelani Nazo

Kungakhathaliseki indlela yokukhetha, zonke izifunda zinezimfanelo ezilinganiselwe zenkonzo yokwahlulela. Lezi zihlanganisa izimfuneko eziphathelene nobudala, ubuzwe, indawo yokuhlala, amalungu ebhari, neminyaka yolwazi olungokomthetho. Amajaji angokoMasterl kumelwe amiswe, kuyilapho izimfuneko zikahulumeni zihluka kakhulu.

Imfundo Nezimfuneko Zokuhlangenwe Nakho

Ijaji ngalinye e-United States kumelwe ligunyazwe ukuba lisebenzise umthetho ezindaweni ezisebenza kuzo. Lokhu kudinga ukuthweswa iziqu esikoleni somthetho esisemthethweni futhi kudluliswe izivivinyo zebhari. Amajaji amaningi aneminyaka eyishumi kuya kweyishumi nanhlanu yokuhlangenwe nakho okungokomthetho ngaphambi kokuba anyukele ebhentshini, ngokuvamile azuzwa ngomsebenzi njengomshushisi, umlweli womphakathi, udokotela wezezomthetho, noma umabhalane wenkantolo ephakeme.

Ezinye izifunda-zwe zifuna ukuba abahluleli basebenzise umthetho isikhathi esithile esincane. Ngokwesibonelo, amajaji enkantolo yesifunda kahulumeni kumelwe ukuba asebenzise umthetho okungenani iminyaka emihlanu, nakuba kusetshenziswa okuningi kunolwazi oluphawulekayo. Izimfuneko zikahulumeni ziyahlukahluka, kanti ezinye izifundazwe zidinga iminyaka embalwa engokomthetho yezenzo ezithile ezingaphansi zenkantolo.

Ukuhlola Nokuhlola Ubuntu Besizinda

Ukugwetshwa okuphelele kwabahluleli kuhlanganisa ukuvunywa kwezimali, ukuphikisana kokuhlaziywa kwesithakazelo, nophenyo. I-FBI yezomthetho ihlola amarekhodi obugebengu, umlando wokuthenga ngesikweleti, umlando wemisebenzi, nezikhombo zomuntu siqu. Izinqubo zokukhetha uhulumeni zingahlanganisa ukuhlola okufanayo, nakuba ukujula kuxhomeke emithonjeni nasezingeni lenkantolo.

Izinhlangano zebar zivame ukwenza indima ekuhloleni abazohlolwa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlola izinga lokulinganisela njengabafanelekayo kakhulu, abafanelekayo, noma abangafaneleki ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwabameli abaye bavela phambi kommeli, ukubukeza umsebenzi obhaliwe, nezingxoxo. Nakuba lezi zilinganiso zingaboshiwe, zingayithonya ngokuphawulekayo inqubo yokukhetha ngokunikeza ukwaziswa kokumisa iziphathimandla noma ukuvota.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zezinguquko

Ukukhethwa kwamajaji kusalokhu kuxoxwa ngemizamo yokulungisa. Abagxeki bendlela ngayinye baye baveza izinkinga ezithile, futhi amagunya ayaqhubeka ezama ukulungisa izimiso zabo. Ukuqonda lezi mpikiswano kubalulekile ekuhloleni iziphakamiso zoshintsho.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezombangazwe Nokuqiniswa Kwe - Gridlock

Kuhulumeni, ukwanda kokuncishiswa kwezombangazwe kuye kwenza inqubo yokuqinisekisa ingxabano nethatha kancane kakhulu. I-canding esebhentshini likahulumeni ingahlala ivulekile isikhathi eside kuyilapho abamele ukuzwa noma ukuvota. Lokhu kudala izingcindezi ezicindezela abahluleli abakhona futhi kungabambezela ubulungisa kuma-ligitant. Ezinye iziphakamiso zenguquko ziye zafuna ukuqinisa inqubo yokuqinisekisa, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zagxila ekunciphiseni ithonya lamaqembu anesithakazelo ekukhetheni ikomiti yokwahlulela.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-finbuster kanye namanye amasu okulawula igele kuye kwashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukukhishwa kwe-monibuster enkantolo ephansi ngo-2013 naku-minees Court ePhakeme ngo-2017 kuye kwanciphisa ikhono leqembu elincane lokuvimbela abacuphi kodwa futhi kwandisa izingxabano ezihlukanisayo ezisekelwe ekufakazelwani.

Izimali Nendlu Yokwahlulela

Kusho ukuthi amajaji akhethiwe, izindleko ezikhuphukayo zemikhankaso yokwahlulela ziye zabangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu. Izimemezelo zezinkantolo eziphethe manje ziphakamisa izigidi zamaRandi, eziningi zazo kubameli, izinkampani zomthetho, nezithakazelo zebhizinisi ezingase zivele kamuva phambi kwalezinkantolo. Lokhu kudala okungenani ukuxabana kwesithakazelo futhi kuye kwaholela ezimpini ezibhekene nezivumelwano ezihilela abanikeli abakhulu.

INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iye yakhuluma ngezici ezithile zalendaba emacaleni anjengeRepublican Party of Minnesota v. White, eyaqeda imingcele yalokho abazokwahlulela abangase bakusho phakathi nemikhankaso. Lesi sinqumo savula umnyango ezinkulumo ezicacile zefilosofi yokwahlulela emikhankasweni, okungase kwandise ukuhlelwa kokhetho lokwahlulela. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zasabela ngokumukela izimiso zezimali zomphakathi emikhankasweni yokwahlulela noma ukuqinisa imithetho yecala.

Ukuhlukahluka Kwezindawo Ezinsundu

Izibalo zezezezimali ziye zaba ukucatshangelwa okuvelele kakhulu ekukhetheni ukwahlulela. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kwabahluleli ngokwezinhlanga, ubuzwe, ubulili, nesizinda sobuchwepheshe kungathinta ukwenza izinqumo zokwahlulela nokuthemba umphakathi ezinkantolo. Izindlela zokukhetha zingasiza noma zivimbele imizamo yokufinyelela ummeleli wejaji owengeziwe.

Ngezinye izikhathi izimiso zokumisa ziye zagxekwa ngokuveza amabhentshi angehlukene kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lapho iziphathimandla ezimisayo zivela echibini elincane labazohlolwa. Imishini yokukhetha i-Murit ingakuchaza lokhu ngokufuna ngentshiseko abazohlolwa abahlukahlukene futhi ihlanganise nokuhlukahlukahluka njengokuhlola ekuhloleni kwabo. Okhetho lokwahlulela luye lwaveza imiphumela ehlukene ekwahlukahlukahlukaneni, kanye nokunye ukuhlola okubonisa ukuthi abesifazane nabambalwa abazofuna ukubhapathizwa bangase babhekane nezinselele ezihlukene ezisezimweni ezimisiwe kunaseziminyangweni ezimisiwe.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngokukhethwa Kokwahlulela

Ukuqhathanisa izindlela zokwahlulela emazweni wonke kwembula izindlela zokuhlola ezingase zivele kanye nezindinganiso izimiso ezihlukene zomthetho eziza kuqala. Nakuba iUnited States ingavamile ekuthembeleni kwayo okhethweni lokwahlulela ezingeni lombuso, amanye amazwe aye asungula izindlela ezihlukile zokukhetha amajaji.

Izimiso Zomthetho Wangaphakathi

Emazweni amaningi omthetho wesizwe, njengeFrance, iJalimane, neJapane, abahluleli abayizisebenzi zezemisebenzi yomthetho abaqala umsebenzi wokwahlulela ekuqaleni ngezindlela zokuncintisana. Bathola ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile ezikoleni zokwahlulela futhi bathuthuke ngokuthuthukiswa okusekelwe ekuhloleni imisebenzi. Lesimiso sigcizelela ikhono lobuchwepheshe nenkululeko yokuzibusa, kodwa siye sagxekwa ngokuveza abahluleli abahlukanisiwe kakhulu emibonweni yezenhlalo futhi abamelana nokusungula izinto ezintsha.

Izimiso Zomthetho Ezivamile

Amanye amazwe avamile omthetho, njenge-United Kingdom, Canada, ne-Australia, asebenzisa izimiso zokumisa ezihlanganisa ukukhokhwa okuzimele. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United Kingdom yamisa i-Reaudiers Specion Commission ngo- 2006 ukuze ikhethe amajaji asekelwe ekufanelekeni, enomgomo wokwanda kokubonana nokuhlukahluka. Le khomishane isebenzisa izingxoxo ezisekelwe ngokuncintisanayo nenqubo yokuhlola kwezombangazwe esetshenziswa e-United States.

Ukuthambekela Okuvundlile

Kunezimo eziningana ekukhetheni ukwahlulela ezibonakala emhlabeni wonke. Amazwe amaningi aye aphendukela ekusebenziseni kakhulu izikhomishane ezizimele ukuze anciphise ithonya lezombangazwe ezimisweni zokwahlulela. Kuyanda ukunaka kokuhlukahluka njengendinganiso yokukhetha, amanye amazwe ebeka izisulu ezicacile. Ukubheka okusobala enqubweni yokukhetha nakho kuye kwaba okubaluleke kakhulu, okunemikhakha eminingi yokunyathelisa iziqondiso zokukhetha nokunikeza izizathu zokumiswa.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhathazeka ngokuzimela kokwahlulela nokulandisa kuyaqhubeka kubangela izimpikiswano emazweni amaningi. Amanye amazwe aye abhekana nezingxabano phakathi kwesikhulu esiphetheyo nesahlulelo ngezinqumo zokumisa, okuqokomisa isimo sezezombangazwe sokukhetha kokwahlulela ngisho nasezimisweni eziklanyelwe ukunciphisa ithonya labashokobezi.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Ukuzimela Nokulandisa

Ukukhethwa kwamajaji akuyona indaba engokobuchwepheshe kuphela kodwa ukukhetha okuyisisekelo komthetho-sisekelo okulawula ukwakheka komthetho-mthetho kanye nendima yawo esimisweni somthetho. Indlela ngayinye yokukhetha ihilela ukuthengiselana phakathi kwezindinganiso ezincintisanayo: uzibutheli, ukusabela kobukhokha-mkhakhakha. Ukusabela kobudemokhrasi, nokuzinza. Ukuhlukahlukahlukana. Ukufinyelela okukodwa okuphelele kulinganisa lezindinganiso, kanye nokulinganisela okufanelekile kungahluka kuye ngokwezinga lenkantolo namasiko angokomthetho ebukhosini.

Isimiso sokumisa sikahulumeni sinikeza isivikelo esinamandla sokuzimela kokwahlulela phakathi kokuphila konke kodwa siye sabekwa isosha eliqinile. Ukhetho lokwahlulela loMbuso lunikeza ukulandisa okuqondile kubavoti kodwa luphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngethonya leminikelo yomkhankaso nezombangazwe ezihlukene. Izimiso zokukhetha ezisekelwe ku-Murit zizama ukuthatha izinzuzo zazo zombili kodwa zibhekane nezinselele zazo ekufinyeleleni ukubonakala nokuhlukahlukahluka. Ukuqonda lezizinto zokuhweba kubalulekile empikiswaneni elwazini ngenguquko yokwahlulela nokugcina ithemba emphakathini ezinkantolo.

Njengoba umsebenzi ongokomthetho nomphakathi uqhubeka uphikisana ngezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokukhetha amajaji, umgomo oyisisekelo uyaqhubeka ufana: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amadoda nabesifazane abahleli ebhentshini bafanelekile, abangakhethi, futhi abazibusayo, abakwazi ukusebenzisa umthetho ngokwethembeka ngaphandle kokwesaba noma ukuvunyelwa. Izindlela zokufinyelela lomgomo ziyoqhubeka ziguquka njengoba izinselele ezintsha zivela futhi njengoba ukuqonda kwethu okwenza ijudiary ikhule.