Ukuqonda Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo Kahulumeni WaseMelika

Uhulumeni wase-United States usebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso semibuso ehlukene, imishini ehlolwayo, uhlelo olumiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo ukuze kuvinjelwe noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ekutholeni igunya elingaphezu. Lesi sakhiwo sihlukanisa amandla kahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ahlukene: i-Legistative, i-Adminitive, i- Judicity. Nakuba igatsha ngalinye lisebenzisa amandla akhethekile omthetho, imithwalo yalo yemfanelo ehlangene idala isimiso esishukumisayo lapho ukubambisana nokuqondisana kubalulekile khona ekusebenziseni ubulungisa. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela la magatsha amathathu asebenza ngayo ngokuzimele kodwa asebenza ndawonye ukuze asekele ukubusa komthetho, avikele amalungelo, futhi alondoloze uhlelo lomthetho oluye lwaqondisa isizwe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka.

Ifilosofi esekela lokhu kwahlukana kwemibuso isuka kakhulu emibhalweni ye-Montesquieu nasemisebenzini esebenzayo yesizukulwane esisunguliwe, esasaba amandla agxilile ngemva kokuhlangenwe nakho kwayo nombuso waseBrithani. UJames Madison wacacisa lombono kuFederalist No. 51, ephikisa ngokuthi isiqu sokufuna ukuvelela kumelwe kwenziwe ukuze kulwiwe ukulwa nesifiso sokuvelela [[ ngesakhiwo esiklanywe ngokucophelela. Umphumela uwuhulumeni lapho igatsha ngalinye lingahlola khona abanye kuyilapho linegunya elifanele ukufeza imisebenzi yalo yomthetho-mthetho.

Izakhiwo Zamasheya Nokulinganisela

Ikhono lesimiso saseMelika alikho nje ekuhlukaniseni imibuso kodwa ekunikezeni amathuluzi egatsha ngalinye ukuze alinganise amanye. Igatsha lenza imithetho kodwa lidinga ukuvunyelwa okuphetheyo kokugcinwa kwemithetho nokubukezwa komthetho-mthetho ngenxa yokuvumelana komthetho-mthetho. Igatsha eliphethe liqondisa uhulumeni kodwa lixhomeke ekuxhaseni kwemithetho yezimali negunya lokuqinisekisa, kuyilapho igatsha leJaji lichaza imithetho kodwa lithembele kuMphathi-mthetho wokulawula nokuqondisa nokuhlelwa kwezimiso kanye nemali.

Ukuqonda indlela la magatsha asebenzelana ngayo ngenqubo yentando yeningi kwembula ukubusa kwentando yeningi yaseMelika nezinqubo ezivikela ubulungisa ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni esiwukweqisa noma esifinyelela ngaphezu kwalokho.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Igunya Lokwenza Imithetho

Igatsha loMthetho, elamiswa yiSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo, yinhlangano ye-badamaral eyakhiwa yindlu yabameleli neSigele. Indlu, enamalungu angu-435 okuvota abelwe umphakathi kazwelonke, imelela izithakazelo eziqondile zabantu ngeminyaka emibili egcina abameleli benecala eliseduze ezikhundleni zabo. ISigele, sinamalungu ayikhulu (avela esifundazweni ngasinye), sisebenza ngemibandela ethatha iminyaka eyisithupha futhi sinikeza ithonya eliqinisayo, limelela izithakazelo zombuso futhi linikeza umbono owengeziwe ngemithetho yesizwe.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

Isibopho esiyinhloko soMkhandlu siwukwenza izivumelwano, ukuphikisana, nokumisa umthetho osingatha izidingo nezinselele zesizwe. Le nqubo ihlanganisa izigaba eziningi lapho imiqondo iba yizikweletu, izikweletu ziba imithetho, futhi imithetho ilololonga ukuphila kwabantu baseMelika. Imisebenzi engundoqo ihlanganisa:

  • [[IKLT:0] ifaka izikweleti zemali eNdlu yabameleli, njengoba kufunwa yi-Constitution ’ i-digitary.
  • [ imisa futhi ilinganisa umthetho [ ngokuqulwa kwamakomiti, izimpikiswano zasesitezi, namakomiti engqungquthela ahlanganisa umehluko phakathi kwendlu nezindlela zezindleko zeSigele.
  • Ukuqinisekisa uhlelo lwemali lukahulumeni nokufaka izimali zemisebenzi kahulumeni, amandla anika iKhongolo amandla aqinile ngaphezu kokuqondisa.
  • [ Izivumelwano ezifaka usulu ngenani lesigele esinesithathu, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke zibonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu.
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli [ kuhlanganise nonobhala beKhabhinethi, amajaji kahulumeni, amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, namanxusa ngenqubo yokuqinisekisa iSigele.
  • Ukunikeza abaphathi bezindlebe nokuphenya ukuze kuqondiswe imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi lizakulandisa.

Izazi Zomthetho Zihlola Amanye Amagatsha

ISishaya-mthetho sinethonya elikhulu kwamanye amagatsha ngezinqubo eziningi zomthetho-sisekelo. ISigele ’ ineseluleko namandla okuvuma ekumiseni kokwahlulela ihlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni. ISishaya-mthetho sibuye silawule ukubusa kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni futhi, ngomthetho, sithonye indlela igatsha lokwahlulela elisebenza ngayo. Impoqo inikeza igunya leSishaya-Mnyango lokususa izikhulu zikahulumeni kuhlanganise noMongameli, uMongameli, nabahluleli bemithetho yecala eliphezulu kanye namaphutha [FLT: 0]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSishaya - mthetho singasusa umongameli wegatsha nenani elingu - 350 emagumbini omabili, sinikeze inqubo yokumisa imithetho emelene nomthetho.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukunikeza Nokukhonza UMthetho

Igatsha eliphethe, elamiswa yiSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo, liholwa uMongameli wase-United States, okhonza njengenhloko yombuso nenhloko kahulumeni. UMongameli usekelwa uMongameli onguMongameli, iKhabhinethi, kanye nesimiso esikhulu sikahulumeni esihlanganisa iminyango enjengeSizwe, i-Defense, i-Moontarance, iMakethe, nezinhlangano eziningi. Le mishini emikhulu yokuqondisa isebenza futhi iphoqelela imithetho edluliswa yi-Khongolo kuyilapho iqondisa imisebenzi yosuku lonke kahulumeni wombuso.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

Igatsha eliphethe lenza imisebenzi eminingi ngokungavamile ethinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Imisebenzi ebalulekile ihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukumisa imithetho kahulumeni ngoMnyango woMahlulelo, izinhlangano zomthetho, kanye neziqu eziqondisayo eziqinisekisa ukuvumelana nemithetho.
  • [ Iveza ubuhlobo bakwamanye amazwe futhi imelele i-United States ezindaweni ze-'international's process, izivumelwano zokuhlela, nokuphatha ubuhlobo bobudlelwano namanye amazwe.
  • Ukuyala amabutho ahlomile njengoMphathi kuMphathi omkhulu, ukuqondisa imisebenzi yezempi nokulungisa isimiso sokhuseleko lwezwe.
  • [ ikhipha iziyalo zesikhulu sokuphatha [ neziqondiso zesimiso eziqondisa indlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisebenzisa ngayo imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu.
  • Ukuthethelela nokukhipha kwamacala kahulumeni, amandla anikeza isheke egatsheni lokwahlulela futhi avumele isihe esimisweni sokwahlulela somthetho.
  • Ukumisa izikhulu zikahulumeni kuhlanganise namajaji, amanxusa, nabaphathi abakhulu, kungaphansi kokuqiniswa kweSigeqe.

Ukuqondisa Amanye Amagatsha

UMongameli unamathuluzi amakhulu okuhlola amagatsha e-Legislative and Judicial. Amandla avulela uMongameli ithuba lokwenqaba umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, aphoqelele abenzi bomthetho ukuba bamukele i-veto noma baqoqe izintambo ezinkulu zokuyilawula. UMongameli i-’ unamandla okumisa alawula inkathi yezizukulwane, njengoba ukumisa kokwahlulela kuthwala ukuphila kanye negunya elibalulekile lokuchaza. Umqondisi futhi ulawula ukugcinwa kwemithetho yenkantolo, okusho ukuthi igatsha le-Reagevition lixhomeke ekusebenzeni ngokubambisana kwemithetho yalo ngokuphumelelayo.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuhumusha Imithetho Nokuqondisa Ubulungisa

Igatsha lokwahlulela, elamiswa yiSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo, liqondiswa iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States futhi lihlanganisa izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni ezinjengeziNkantolo Zamacala Amacala Nezinkantolo Zesigodi. Amajaji ahlangene agcina amahhovisi awo phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle, afeza izimfuneko zokuphila ngokuphumelelayo, eziwavikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi eziwavumela ukuba anqume amacala asekelwe emthethweni nasemithethweni esekelwe emthethweni esikhundleni sombono othandwayo noma ukucabangela kobuphekula.

Umtapo wokwahlulela we-Core

Igatsha lokwahlulela lisebenza njengomtolili womthetho-mthetho nomsizi wezimpikiswano zomthetho ezingaphakathi kwesimiso sikahulumeni. Imisebenzi eyinhloko ihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukwandulela uMthetho-sisekelo nokunquma ukuthi imithetho edluliswa yisiKhongolo noma izenzo ezithathwa igatsha eliphethe zivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho.
  • Ukuxazulula izimpikiswano zomthetho phakathi kwamaqembu, kuhlanganise namacala ahlanganisa umthetho kahulumeni, ukubusa kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene, nezimpikiswano ezihilela uhulumeni wase-United States.
  • Ukuhlola izenzo zenhlangano yokuphatha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zisebenza phakathi kwegunya lemithetho futhi zihlonipha inqubo efanele yokulawula.
  • Ukuvikela amalungelo abantu kanye nenkululeko ngokuchaza iBhili yamaLungelo kanye nokulungisa komthetho-sisekelo olandelayo.
  • Ukunikeza isibonelo somthetho ngemfundiso yokugqolozela, enikeza ukuzinza nokubikezela emthethweni.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Amanye Amagatsha

Amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela, asungulwe ecaleni eliyingqophamlando Madison (1803), avumela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ukuba zimemezele izenzo zoMkhandlu noma zezenzo zegatsha eliphethe ngokungekhona uhulumeni. Leligunya lisebenza njengesehlo esibucayi sokulawula umthetho nokuphathwa kabi. Igatsha lomthetho lichaza futhi incazelo yemithetho kahulumeni, ngokuvamile linquma ukuthi imithetho isebenza kanjani ezicabeni ezithile futhi libeka imingcele yezimiso zokuphatha. Ngale mibuso, izinkantolo zigcina uhlelo lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi amanye amagatsha asebenza ezingeni lawo elimisiwe.

Indlela Amagatsha Ahlomela Ngayo Ubulungisa

Nakuba isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sidala ukungezwani okunemiphumela phakathi kwamagatsha, ukubusa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukubambisana okuqhubekayo nokuhloniphana. Lokhu kubambisana kubonakalisa ngezindlela eziningana ezibalulekile ezithinta ukuphatha ubulungisa ngokuqondile.

Ukuhlobana Okungokomthetho Ekwenzeni Imithetho

Inqubo yomthetho ihlanganisa ukuxhumana okukhulu phakathi kweSishaya-mthetho negatsha eliphethe. Omongameli bahlongoza izimo zemithetho, bathumele izikweleti zemvume, neSishaya-mthetho ukuze bamise izinto eziza kuqala. Izinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe zinikeza ubuchwepheshe neziwusizo ngendlela imithetho ehlongozwayo esebenzayo esebenzayo. Lokhu kusiza ukuba kukhiqizwe umthetho onengqondo nokwaziyo ukuphatha, onciphisa amathuba okusungula izinkinga noma ukungasebenzi kokwahlulela.

Ukubambisana Kweqembu Eliphethe Indikimba

Igatsha eliphethe lifeza indima ebalulekile ekufezeni izinqumo zenkantolo. Izinhlangano ze-Federal kumelwe zilungise izimiso nemikhuba yazo ukuze ziphendule izimemezelo zokwahlulela. UMnyango wobulungisa umelela uhulumeni enkantolo, uvikela imithetho kahulumeni nezenzo zokuphatha kuyilapho futhi uhambisana nemithetho yokwahlulela. Lobu buhlobo budinga ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo nokuhloniphana phakathi kwamagatsha, ngisho nalapho ukungezwani kuphakama ngokuphathelene nokuchazwa kwemithetho noma uMthetho-sisekelo.

Ukungenela kwemithetho

I-Congress ithonya igatsha lokwahlulela ngamandla alo ukuchaza ukubusa kwenkantolo kahulumeni, ukudala izikhulu zokwahlulela ezintsha, futhi inqume izinxephezelo zokwahlulela kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali. Izinkantolo zichaza incazelo yemithetho engokomthetho futhi zinqume ukusebenza kwazo okungokomthetho-mthetho. Lobu buhlobo bukhuthaza i-Congress ukuba ihlele imithetho ngokucophelela izimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho kanye nesibonelo somthetho esikhona, kuyilapho izinkantolo zizama ukuhlonipha inhloso yomthetho lapho zichaza imithetho engaqondakali.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zokubambisana Kwamalungu Nengxabano

Izenzakalo eziningana eziphawulekayo emlandweni waseMelika zibonisa indlela amagatsha amathathu asebenzelana ngayo ekusebenzeni nasekuboniseni isimiso i - ’ ikhono lokusingatha izinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi zobulungisa.

Brown v. iBoard of Education and Civil Rights Imithetho

ISinqumo esiPhakeme iNkantolo ’ isinqumo sango 1954 [ku- Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yamemezela ukuhlukaniswa kohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi ngaphandle kwesivumelwano, igumbuqela imfundiso ehlukile kodwa elinganayo eyayikhona amashumi eminyaka. Nakuba iNkantolo yamisa isimiso somthetho-sisekelo, ukumiswa kwadinga ukuthathwa kwamanye amagatsha. Umthetho weSishaya-Rcomsmrre wagunyaza umthetho ka-1964 kanye ne-Voting Rights Act ka-65, ihumushe izikhalo zokwahlulela zibe umthetho ongokomthetho owemithetho engokomthetho. Igatsha eliphethe i-Eishowerbeer, u-Kennedy, no-Johnson, laphoqesha lemithetho ngokumelene nohulumeni abamelana nohulumeni, esebenzisa igunya lombuso wombuso owesizwe ekunqobeni kwe-Orcentium.

Inhlekelele Yamanzi Nokulandisa Okuphethe

Ihlazo lama-Watergate o-1970 labonisa indlela amagatsha amathathu angasebenza ngayo ndawonye ukuze asekele umthetho ngokumelene nokuphambana. Igatsha leSigebe liphenye ngokuqulwa kwecala likamongameli elambula ukuziphatha okubi komongameli. Igatsha leJaji, ngeziqondiso ezivela ezinkantolo zikahulumeni kuhlanganise neNkantolo Ephakeme United States v. Nixon (1974] [FLT] [FLT], laphoqelela uMongameli ukuba avule amakhasethi eWhite House afaka isisekelo esiqinile ekuphenyeni. I-Reagement, i-paintmentmentmentationsmentation ethile eKhosasethi ye-Congresssion nasemmoon, uMongameli uNixon. Lesi senzakalo sabonisa ukuthi akukho sikhulu, ngisho noMongameli, kunomthetho ongaphezulu lapho amagatsha esebenzisa imithwalo yawo yemithetho engokomthetho esemthethweni.

Umthetho Wokunakekela Ongadalekanga Nokwenqabela Umthetho - sisekelo

Ukudlula kwe-Affordal Care Act ngo-2010 kwabangela ukuvivinywa okukhulu kwemingcele yamandla kahulumeni kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kwamagatsha. INkantolo Ephakeme i’ izinqumo kuyi- National Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius (2012) yasekela ukugunyazwa komuntu ngamunye ngaphansi kwe-Congress Congress Ù intela kuyilapho ilinganisela uhulumeni we-̱ ikhono lokuxhasa izimali ze-Médist akhawunti yezwe ekuvumeni umthetho. INkantolo yashaya ukulinganisa ukulinganisela phakathi kokuvumela umthetho wesizwe ukuba ulwe nesimiso sombuso ngaphansi komthetho. Igatsha eliphethe labekele umthetho phakathi kwemithetho emiswe yiNkaNkantolo, ukuhlela nokusingatha kwezimiso zemithetho yenkantolo.

Indima Yomculi Ekuvikeleni Amalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenza njengenkundla ebalulekile kubantu abafuna isivikelo kuhulumeni ophathwe kabi noma ophulwa amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo. Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zingachitha imithetho nezenzo zokubusa eziphula inkululeko eyisisekelo. Icala elihilela inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuvivinya inkolo, inqubo efanele, isivikelo esilinganayo, nenqubo yobugebengu iza njalo phambi kwamajaji ohulumeni, abasebenzisa izimiso zomthetho ezimweni ezithile ezingokoqobo.

Igatsha lokwahlulela livikela futhi amalungelo ngokuchaza kwalo imithetho kahulumeni. Uma iSishayamthetho simisa imithetho ekhuluma ngamalungelo omphakathi, ukuvikela indawo ezungezile, ukuphepha kwabathengi, noma ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi, izinkantolo zinquma izinga nokusetshenziswa kwalezo sivikelo. Lokhu kuchaza kudinga ukuba izinkantolo zilinganisele izithakazelo eziphikisanayo futhi zicabangele izinhloso zokushaya umthetho kuyilapho zihlala zithembekile ekuvinjelweni okungokomthetho.

Imishini Ewusizo Yokunakekela

Ngaphandle kwezimiso ezingokomthetho zomthetho-sisekelo, amalungiselelo amaningana asebenzayo asiza ukubambisana nokuqondisa phakathi kwamagatsha. Amakomiti e-Congregational ahlala eququzelela amacala nezikhulu zegatsha eziphethe, edinga ubufakazi ngemisebenzi yezinhlangano nezinqumo zezimiso. I-Hulumeni inikeza iSishaya-Mahlulelo ngokuzihlaziya kwemisebenzi yezikhulu. Amajaji e-Federal asebenzisana ne-Congress eNgqungquthela yezeJaji, edlulisela i-judicatary ̱ idinga nokukhathazeka ngokuphathelene nomthetho othinta izinkantolo.

I - Office of Legal Counser phakathi koMnyango Wezobulungisa inikeza izeluleko ezingokomthetho ezinhlanganweni eziphethe amagatsha, ngokuvamile ichaza imibuzo engokomthetho ngaphambi kokuba kuthathwe isinyathelo.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kohulumeni Olinganiselayo

Nakuba ukungezwani nokungezwani phakathi kwamagatsha kungenakugwenywa futhi kufiseleka esimisweni esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela amandla alinganiselwe, impumelelo yomthetho - sisekelo ixhomeke egatsheni ngalinye ngokuqondene nendima yalo engokomthetho - sisekelo lapho usebenzisa amandla alo ngokunakekela.

Ukubambisana phakathi kwegatsha loMthetho, iSiphakamiso, iSiphakamiso, neSiphakamiso kuqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa abuyona nje inkolelo engabonakali kodwa buyinto engokoqobo efezeka ngokuyenza umthetho, ukugcinwa, nokufushaniswa kwemithetho. Uma isimiso sisebenza ngendlela ehlongozwayo, akukho gatsha elilodwa elilawulayo, amalungelo avikelwa, futhi umthetho ulawula ngaphezu kwamandla azimele. Izakhamuzi eziqonda indlela uhulumeni wazo osebenza ngayo zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukwenza abameleli bazo baphendulele futhi zihlanganyele eprojected ofcucracyism eqhubekayo yaseMelika.

Ukuqonda lokhu kubambisana kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhlanganyela ngokunenzuzo nenqubo yezombangazwe noma ukwazisa izisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo zenkululeko yaseMelika. Abaklami baklama isimiso esizodinga ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo nokuyekethisa, belindele ukuthi isifiso segatsha ngalinye siyohlola ukulangazelela kwabanye. Lo mklamo uyaqhubeka ukhonza isizwe, uqondise umsebenzi kahulumeni nomzamo wobulungisa kubo bonke abantu baseMelika.