Izindawo Eziphakeme Zokumiswa Kokuphila

INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ihlala phezu kwejaji likahulumeni, ichaza umthetho womthetho-mthetho nobumbayo waseMelika izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Ngenxa yokuthi amajaji ayo ayisishiyagalolunye asebenza ukuphila [ kulokhu kuphila []. Ukubekwa kuphela ekususweni ngokugunyaza ngokukhipha isigwebo. Inqubo yokukhetha nokuqinisekisa ubulungisa iklanyelwe ngamabomu ukulinganisela igunya lomongameli nesongameli. Ukuqonda amakhemisi, umlando, kanye nezisusa zezombangazwe zalenqubo kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani ukumiswa kweNkanto ephakeme kuvame ukuba kube yizimpi ezinkulu kakhulu kuhulumeni waseMelika.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Umehluko Uyavela

Isihlalo eNkantolo Ephakeme siba khona uma kufa ubulungisa, ukuthatha umhlalaphansi, ukuhoxa, noma kususwa ngenxa yokungagunyazi (kusukela ngo-2024, akukho bulungisa obuye basuswa). Ngenxa yokuthi ukuphila kuyinto evamile, izikhala zivamile, zivame ukuba khona futhi zingavamile. Ngokwesilinganiso, isilinganiso, isilinganiso siyenzeka kanye njalo eminyakeni emibili, kodwa ukuphindeka kuyahluka kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi kuka-19949 no-200, akukho zihlalo ezivulwe; ngokuphambene, izihlalo ezintathu zivuliwe phakathi nenkathi engu-202020202121 kuphela.

Ukubekwa kwesikhathi sokuthatha indawo kungayithinta kakhulu inqubo yokuqinisekisa. Uma kwenzeka ngonyaka wokhetho lukamongameli, impi yokufuna ukugcwalisa isihlalo ngaphambi kokuba ukhetho lube isici sezombangazwe. Ngo-2016, ukufa kukaMahluleli uAntonin Scalia kwaholela uManejar uMholi weSigele uMship McConnell ukuba enqabe ngisho nokucabangela uMongameli uBarack Obama’s nominee, uMerrick Garland-a owaguqula inkantolo futhi wafaka phambili izimpi zanamuhla zokuqinisekisa.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: UMongameli Ukhetha Ummeli

umongameli we-United States ukhetha umnyuziyamu, kodwa ukukhetha akusona isinqumo esifanayo. Isethi yomeluleki weNdlu yendlu (Iseluleko seWhite House), izazi ezingokomthetho, abaholi beqembu, kanye namaqembu enzalo. (8) amadendali ahlola izici eziningana:

  • Okuhlangenwe nakho kobuJudicial: Kumuva kakhulu kusanda kusebenza eNkantolo yezikhalo zase-U.S., ezibanika umlando wezinqumo nemibono ebhaliwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uJohn Roberts, Elena Kagan, noNeil Gorra bevela ebhentshini le-omgar. Abanye amongameli baye bafinyelela ngaphandle kwejadicary-* (ngokomfanekiso, William Howard Taft wayengumongameli, futhi u-Earl Warren wayengumbusi we-California.
  • Ifilosofi yama-Legal: ivame ukuhlanganisa abameli abafilosofi yabo yokwahlulela evumelana neyabo. Omongameli abaphethe bafuna abaqondisi bendalo noma abachaza imibhalo; abavumile abaphethe ababheka uMthetho-sisekelo njengencwadi ephilayo. Imibono yomphathi we-atmosfera ngezindaba ezishisayo zenkinobho ye-$abortion, amalungelo empatho yempatho, amandla empatho-mandla, ukuculiza.
  • Izimfanelo zomsebenzi womsebenzi: i-American Bar Association ibala ngalinye njenge-“awufaneleki kahle,”” noma“awufaneleki. Uma isilinganiso singabopheki, isilinganiso esingaqondile singabangela isiqinisekiso. Ngo-2018, i-ABA i-Brett Kavataugh “ifaneleke kahle,” kodwa inqubo yenhlangano yaqala ukuvutha kubagxeki ababeyibheka njengenobandlululo lwezombangazwe.
  • Izici zezenani labantu: abaholi bavame ukubheka ukumelelwa kwe-(geography, ubulili, ubuzwe, inkolo. Turfall Marshall yayiwubulungisa bokuqala bama-Afrika; uSandra Day O’Connor owesifazane wokuqala; uSonia Sotomayor isiLatini sokuqala. Lokhu kukhetha kubonisa izindinganiso zikamongameli kanye nokukhanga kwezihloko eziyinhloko ze-contitue.

Umongameli futhi uzama ukulindela ukwamukela iSigele. Umkhombandlela obhekwa njengobuthakazela kakhulu noma ophikiswayo angase abhekane nokuzwa okungezwani. Abathumeli bangase baqhube “amabhodi anezimpondo” /_izindlebe zokuhlola ukungenwa kwe-minee. Amaqembu anesithakazelo nhlangothi zombili ahlangana ngokushesha ukuze ahlasele noma avikele ukuvota. Umphumela uwumkhankaso ophakeme wokuthatha izintambo ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kumenyezelwe i-minee.

Isikhashana Sokukhetha Esingabonakala

I-Garland notion ngo-2016 yayingenakho ngaphambili: umahluleli ofanelekayo onedumela elilinganiselwe wavinjelwa ngisho nokuthola isigwebo. Lapho uMongameli uDonald Trump ethatha isikhundla, wabiza uNeil Gormoth ngokuthi uNeil Gorth esihlalweni esifanayo. Ngo-2020, ngokufa kukaMahluleli uRuth Bader Ginsburg emasontweni ambalwa nje ngaphambi kokhetho, amaRepublic ase-Stainment aphula inqubo yawo ka-2016 futhi aqinisekisa u-Amy Coney Barrett ngenqubo ephuthumayo. Lezi zenzakalo zibonisa ukuthi uma kufika eSikhungo seNkantolo esikhulu, izibalo zezombangazwe zivame ukuvala izimiso.

Isinyathelo 3: Ukubukeza KweKomiti Yesigele

Lapho umongameli esethumele ukumiswa kwegama eSigele, indaba iya e- Sate Judicary Committee. Ikomiti, manje eyakhiwe ngama-senator angu-22 (isuka eqenjini ngalinye ngaphansi kwesilinganiso esivamile), ithatha indawo ekuphenyeni i-enminee.

Ukucwaninga Ngesizinda Nezicelo Zesandla

Izisebenzi zekomiti zicela amaqoqo amaningi amaphepha athathwe ku-minee: imibhalo engokomthetho, izinkulumo, ama-imeyili, imisebenzi, namafayela ezenzakalo. I-FBI futhi ihlola isizinda, nakuba izinga layo lilinganiselwe eminyakeni yamuva (ihele eligcwele lihlanganyelwa amalungu ekomiti ngokuyimfihlo). I-Controverserss ngokuvamile ivela kule ngxenye yephepha. Isiqinisekiso sikaKavaugh, izikhombo zakhe zesikole eziphezulu kanye nezinkulumo zakhe zakudala zamandla esikoleni eziphezulu zaba yisihloko.

Ukuqinisekisa Izindlebe

Isigaba somphakathi singukuzwa [ okuqinisekisayo , umjaho wezinsuku eziningi wokuvula neziqu zemibuzo kumninindlu ngamunye. Ukuzwa kufeza izinjongo eziningana: kuvumela abalinganisi ukuba bahlole imibono ka-minee, kunikeza umphakathi ifasitela kwifilosofi engokomthetho, futhi kuvumela izinyunyana ukuba zifake izikhundla zezombangazwe ngaphandle. Nokho, abakhomi bafunde ukunikeza izimpendulo, abathathi-mcomscis.“ Ngingasho lutho ngendaba engathi ngqo.” Izikhulu zika-Senners zicindezela njalo ngemibono ethile edlulileyo, kodwa azigwebi naka lutho oluveza imiphumela.

Ezinye izikhalo ziye zaba ingqopha - mlando. izindlebe zikaRobert Bork ka-1992 zaziyimpi yezombangazwe empini yefilosofi yakhe yokuqala nemibono yamalungelo omphakathi; iSigele samenqaba 42-58. UClarence Thomas waqubuka lapho uAnita Hill emmangalela ngokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili, okwaholela esimisweni esivusa amadlingozi, esingokomzwelo. Izwi lika - 2018 laliveza uChristine Blasey Ford ubufakazi bokuhlasela okuthiwa kungcwatshwa ngokobulili, kwahlukanisa isizwe.

Amaqembu anesithakazelo nofakazi bangaphandle nabo bayafakaza. ikomiti imema abameleli beNhlangano yaseMelika, izinhlangano zamalungelo omphakathi, amaqembu ezamabhizinisi, nezazi zomthetho. Lokhu bufakazi kuvame ukuveza ukuhlukanisa izikhulu zomphakathi.

Isinyathelo 4: Ukuthunywa KweKomiti

Ngemva kokuphetha, amavoti eKomiti yoMbuso ukuthi ingathumela ukukhethwa eNdlu yeSigele esiphelele ngemvume, ngokungeyikho, noma ngokungeyikho ukutusa. Iningi lamalungu amakomiti linquma ngokomlando, ukutusa okuhle (ngokuvamile emigqeni yamaqembu emashumini eminyaka amuva) kwenza kube lula ngomholi weningi ukuba ahlele amavoti aphansi. Uma ikomiti ivotela ngokumelene noma izibopho, umholi weSigele angasakwazi ukuletha ukuthobisa phansi, kodwa uphethe amandla aphansi ahambisana nomthetho.

Kwezinye izimo, ikomiti iye yahlehlisa ukuvota ngokungenasiphelo, ngokumelene nokubulala ukukhishwa kwemijovo ngaphandle kokulahlwa okuqondile. Lokho kwenzeka kubamponsi abaningana ekhulwini le-19 leminyaka futhi muva nje, enqabeni yaseMerrick Garland. Ikomiti ingakhipha futhi ofakazi abangaphansi kweqembu noma amaphepha engeziwe, angandisa lenqubo.

Isinyathelo 5: Impikiswano Nesiyaluyalu Esigcwele SeSigele

Ukumiswa kwezinombolo kudlulela esitezi seSigele, lapho zonke izimpikiswano zamuva. Ngaphansi kwemithetho yamanje, ukuphikisana ngeNkantolo Ephakeme kulinganiselwe emahoreni angaba ngu - 30 ngemva kokuvota kweSishayamthetho ukuze kufakwe i - rate. Ushintsho oluyinhloko lwezintambo lwenzeka ngo - 2017.

“ Indlela Yenuzi” Nenani Elilula

Ngaphambi kuka-2017, iNkantolo Ephakeme ingathola amavoti angu-60 ukuze iqede impikiswano. Kodwa ngo-April 2017, iSigele saseRepublikans − isekela ukuphikiswa kweDemocratic kuNeil Gormoth . Yashintsha imithetho ye-Supreme Courts. Ngevoti elula (okuthiwa “ukhetho lwezinyukliya”), yasusa umnyango wama-60-votate, ivumela ukuba ikhuleke ngamavoti angu-51. Lokhu kwasho ukuthi isikhathi eside lapho iqembu likamongameli libamba okungenani ama-50 e-senametator (nomongameli ophula izibono), i-mfemu yodwa ingaqinisekiswa ngokungezwana okusekelwa kwe-bipartarian. Kusukela lapho, isiqinisekiso ngasinye seNkakhulu siye sathathwa kanye ne-Promentshine-K 76444,5444), no-Krnett, no-Krowneyn (544).

Icebo lenuzi layishintsha kakhulu inqubo yokuqinisekisa. Yasusa isikhuthazo sokuba omongameli bakhethe ngokulinganisela, yavumelana futhi yabanika amandla okukhetha abazothatha iziqu ezingcono ngokwemibono. Yaqeda futhi ithuba lokuthatha i-monibulister noma lokunqoba ukumiswa kwendlovu. Okungcono noma okubi nakakhulu, inqubo yokugunyazwa kweNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu manje iyindlela yokuzivivinya kwezikhulu.

Umsebenzi Ovamile

Ngemva kokuphela kwengxoxo, iSigele sivota ngokumiswa kwelungelo. Kudingeka iningi lalabo abakhona kanye nokuvota. Uma ivoti iboshelwe (50/50), uMongameli ongumKhosi angavota i-vhoti enqanda ukuqanda uthayi. Lokho kwenzeka ngo-2020 ukuze kuqinisekiswe uMahluleli uBarrett . UMongameli we-Vice uMama Prence’s, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi ukhona. Uma umkhokhi ehluleka ukuthola iningi, umongameli kumelwe aqale nge-coploop.

Ukulahlwa kwemifantu akuvamile emlandweni wanamuhla. Ukwenqaba kokugcina kweNkantolo Ephakeme kwakunguRobert Bork ngo-1970. Ngo-1970, iSigele senqaba uClement Haynsworth noG. Harrold Carssell (bombili bakhishwa nguMongameli Nixon). Muva nje, amongameli baye bahlukanisa abaholi abangasekelwanga ngokwanele − ngokwesibonelo, uMahluleli uDouglas Ginsburg (1987) noHarriter Miers (2005).

Isinyathelo 6: Ukumisa Ihhovisi Nendawo

Ngemva kokuqinisekiswa kweSigele, umongameli uphawula ukumisa ngokusemthethweni ubulungisa obusha. Ikhomishane ihlanganisa usuku lokumisa olungokomthetho futhi isayinwa nguMphathi-mikhosi we-Attorney. Umahluleli omusha uthatha izifungo ezimbili emkhosini ovame ukugcinwa eNkantolo Ephakeme:

  1. Umthetho-sisekelo (obizwa futhi ngokuthi isifungo se-Article VI): “Ngisekela futhi ngivikela uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States kuzo zonke izitha, bezizwe nasekhaya; ukuthi nginokholo lweqiniso nokwethembeka kuyefana; ukuthi ngithatha lesibopho ngokukhululekile, ngaphandle kwesethulo noma injongo yengqondo yokubalekela; nokuthi ngizophumelela futhi ngifeze imisebenzi yehhovisi engizongena kulo. Ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu.”
  2. I-Oath : “Ngifunga kakhulu (noma ngiqinisekisa) ukuthi ngizokwenza ubulungisa ngaphandle kokuhlonipha abantu, futhi ngingenza ilungelo elilingana nabampofu nabacebile, nokuthi ngiyodedela ngokwethembeka nangokungakhethi futhi ngenze yonke imisebenzi engiyikwenzile njengeSigqizo Senkantolo esiPhakeme eUnited States ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo nemithetho ye-United States. Ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu.”

UMahluleli oPhakeme uvame ukwenza izifungo, nakuba kwezinye izimo (njengeJaji elihambisana noMahluleli Kagan) ukwahlulela okuthathe umhlalaphansi kwengamele. Ngemva kwesifungo, ukwahlulela okusha kuhlala ebhentshini futhi kuqale amacala okuzwa. Azikho izifungo ezingokomthetho . Izenzo zokulunga ezifundwayo zenzayo, nakuba zithola ukusekela konobhala bawo nakumahhovisi eNkantolo.

Okwenza Le Nqola Ibaluleke

Inqubo yokumisa nokuqinisekisa ihlanganisa amashekethi kanye nokulinganisela okwakhiwa eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S. umongameli, ophethe igatsha eliphethe, ukhetha i-minee. ISigele, esimelela izifunda egatsheni lemithetho, sinikeza iseluleko nemvume. Lengxenye yamandla ivimbela noma iliphi igatsha elisuka kunoma elinye elithonya igebe lingalawuleki. Kodwa lenqubo iye yaba yi-galelo, futhi abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi iye yaqeda inkululeko ecatshangelwayo.

Isikhathi Sokuphila Sinciphisa Iziteshi

Ngenxa yokuthi amajaji asebenza ukuphila konke, ukumiswa ngakunye kungabumba umthetho waseMelika iminyaka engamashumi amathathu noma ngaphezulu. Ijaji elilodwa lingathinta ukubusa ngokukhishwa kwesisu, igunya eliphethe, umkhankaso wezezimali, amalungelo okuvota, uvuma, futhi ngaphezulu. Ukwakheka kwemibono yeNkantolo kushintsha kuphela uma amakhefu obulungisa, okwenza ukuba amakhosi athole ithuba elikhona ngenkathi ephakathi kwesizukulwane ukuze adlulise ifa lawo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukumiswa kukaMahluleli Clarence Thomas ngo-19959 kwadala abaningi abanolwazi oluqinile ezimpikiswaneni eziningi kuze kube yilapho umhlalaphansi kaMahluleli u-Anthony Kennedy ngo-20181818 wathatha ukulinganisela okuqhubekayo.

Umphumela Wesu Elithatha Isikhathi Nelezombangazwe

Isenzakalo saseGarland ngo-2016 sabonisa ukuthi le nqubo ingaguqulwa ngokulawula kwabashokobezi. Ukwenqaba kukaMcConnell ukuba necala noma ukuvota kukaMongameli Obama kwakungazange kube khona ngaphambili .Nkantolo Ephakeme yangaphambili phakathi nonyaka wokhetho yayishiywe ingagcwaliswanga cishe unyaka wonke. Lokhu kwehlisa insimbi ngenxa yalokho okwamukelekayo ukuphazamisa kwezombangazwe, futhi kwakhuthaza amasu afanayo emazingeni asenkantolo aphansi. Ngokungafani, ukujaha ukuqinisekisa uBarrett ngo 202020 kubonisa ukuthi uma izinguquko zezombangazwe, imithetho ingabhalwa futhi endiza. Ikhampathi lomphakathi njengenhlangano engeyona eyasekeli yezomthetho yezomthetho yezomthetho yeze.

Ukuqiniswa Kwezindaba Njengendawo Yokushumayeza Yomphakathi

Izindlebe eziqanjiwe zinikeza izakhamuzi iso lokuhlola okungavamile, okungathandeki ngendlela abacuphi bejaji abacabanga ngayo (noma abagwemayo) ngemibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo. Bembula futhi imikhakha yemibono eyiphutha emphakathini waseMelika(uhlobo, ubulili, ubulili, inkolo, amandla ebuso. Nakuba abanye abagxeki benqaba ukuqulwa njengenkundla yemidlalo yezezombangazwe, benza umsebenzi obalulekile. Abakhonzi abawafuni ukuba bavikele amarekhodi abo futhi bavumele umphakathi ukuba ungahluleli nje kuphela abantu abazimele kodwa nomongameli owakhethayo.

Imicabango Yokugcina

Ukumisa nokuqinisekisa amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme kungenye yezinqubo ezilandelayo kuhulumeni waseMelika. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abasekela umongameli nomthetho weSigele kuphela abakwazi ukuhlala enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu yesizwe. Kodwa lenqubo isuka kumthetho wesiko wesiko wesiko isuka ekubeni umbukiso ophezulu. Noma kunjalo, omongameli besikhathi esizayo bayobuyela ekuvumelaneni no-athone noma baqhubeke besunduza amashayelo ezombangazwe ashintshashintsha ngenkathi yokukhetha. Okuhlala njalo kunamandla amakhulu abantu abayisishiyagasishiya ababumba isimilo somthetho (*, futhi, ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwezizukulwane.)

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i-panete engokomthetho yokufinyeza inqubo yokuqinisekisa [ kanye nombiko wenkonzo yokucwaninga ye- we-Conrealialion yenkonzo ngomlando wokumiswa kweNkantolo ePhakeme [. Ukucwila kakhulu ekuhlolweni, funda [[FLT:]] iNew York Times ohlehlela emuva ezindlebeni zikaRobert Bork .