Indlela Izinkantolo Eziwumbuso Nezinkantolo Ezingavumelani Ngayo Ezindabeni ZokuHlulela

Izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ngokuphathelene namalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yezinhlangano ngokuvamile zihlanganisa imibuzo mayelana nendlela imithetho echazwa ngayo emazingeni ahlukene kahulumeni. Izinkantolo zombuso nezikahulumeni ngezinye izikhathi zifinyelela iziphetho ezihlukene ezindabeni ezihlobene nokuhlanganiswa, ukuveza ukungaqiniseki okungokomthetho nokuqhubekayo phakathi kwezeluleko zenkampani, abanikazi bebhizinisi, nabasunguli bemithetho. Lokhu ukungavumelani kuvela esimisweni esiyisisekelo sobuzwe baseMelika, lapho amazwe aphethe igunya eliyinhloko phezu komthetho wezezinkampani, kodwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni zivame ukungenela ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ezihilela imibuzo yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho, imithetho kahulumeni, noma izentelezi zinhlangano zezentengiselwano. Umphumela uyishiyo ehlukene yemithetho elawulwa ngemithetho yezentengiselwano ehlukene kuye ngokuthi icala elikhona kumazwe asenkantolo yombuso noma enkantolo yombuso.

Ukuqonda lokhu kucindezeleka kubalulekile kudokotela abasemthethweni abaluleka abathengisi ngezimiso zezebhizinisi, ukuvikela, nokulalela. Kubalulekile futhi kumphakathi wezebhizinisi elibanzi, ngoba izincazelo eziphikisanayo zingathinta yonke into kusukela ekuphoqelelweni kwezivumelwano kuya ekusebenzisekeni kwamalungelo amahhala ezinkampanini. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindawo eziyinhloko lapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni nohulumeni zihlehlisa khona izindaba, zihlola izizathu ezingokomthetho-mthetho nangokwezimo zalezo zintengantengantengiselwano, futhi zicabangela imiphumela ewusizo yamalungelo amabhizinisi asebenza ezinhlangothini eziningi.

Ifulegi Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ukumiswa kwemithetho esemthethweni eUnited States kuyisidalwa esiwumthetho wezwe. Isifundazwe ngasinye sinesenzo saso siqu sebhizinisi esilawula izimfuneko zokwakha inhlangano, amalungelo ababambi besabelo, imisebenzi yabaqondisi, nemingcele yemithwalo elinganiselwe. UMthetho-sisekelo awunikezi uhulumeni ophethe igunya likahulumeni lokushaya izinhlangano zezebhizinisi ezivamile, nakuba uMkhandlu ungenza izinkampani zikahulumeni (njenge Fannie Mae) ngezinjongo ezithile zesizwe. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme isiye yaqaphela isikhathi eside, izindaba zangaphakathi zenhlangano ebusayo, imicimbi yemisebenzi enjengezemisebenzi yezezimali, nezesabelo sezindawo ezisemthethweni, nakuba i-coralporalmental coms profective produal elawulwa umthetho wezwe elihlangene. Lesimiso sazinziwayo, njengoba isaziwe umthetho wezezwe lenhlangano yezezwe laseMelika.

Izinkantolo ze-freant ziba hileleke ngokuyinhloko ekuphambaneni kwezingxabano ngezindlela ezintathu: (1) lapho imingcele ehlukene, lapho amaqembu eyizakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene nesilinganiso sempikiswano singaphezu kuka-R35 000; (2) ukubusa kwezempikiswano, lapho icala lihilela ukuqubuka kwecala ngaphansi kwe-U.S., umthetho kahulumeni, noma umthetho kahulumeni; (3) nokususwa, lapho ummangalelwa esunduza icala enkantolo yezwe enkantolo kazwe ezweni. Uma inkantolo yezwe inegunya, kumelwe isebenzise umthetho wesifundazwe ngaphansi kwemfundiso ye-[FLT:], kodwa imithetho ye-produalgn, ilandela izindinganiso zikahulumeni. Le nqubo ephakathi kwemithetho yezwe ephansi ne-omthetho kazwe idala ukuvundayo.

[[Umthetho:0] Imfundiso [[[QLT:1] kanye nomphumela wayo

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka 1938 [[FLT: 0], i-Erie Railroup Co v. iTompkins yaguqula indlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezisingatha ngayo iziphakamiso zikahulumeni. Ngaphambi ] Icala [[FLT:] [FLT]], izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngezinye izikhathi zisebenzisa umthetho kahulumeni ovamile ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, oholela emiphumeleni ehlukene ehlukene, ekhokhweni engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho. “ikhokhwa umthetho owe yiyona elula ukusho ukuthi [[[FLT]] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [iv:5], izinkantolo ezihlala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene kumelwe zisebenzise umthetho wezwe ezihlala kuwo, kuhlanganise nemithetho kahulumeni engokomthetho. Inkantolo ingaphikisa futhi imvume yokukhipha umthetho. Isinqumo somthetho. Isinqumo somthetho singathi, uma sikhona, futhi siphikisa umthetho.

Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela inkantolo kahulumeni eDelaware echaza ilungiselelo lenhlangano yezezinkampani iDelaware elingabhekiswanga ngokuqondile yiNkantolo ePhakeme yaseDelaware. Incazelo yenkantolo kahulumeni iba isibopho kuphela phakathi kwalesosifundazwe sikahulumeni, kodwa ayibopheli izinkantolo zikahulumeni zikaDelaware. Uma iNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu kamuva ichaza incazelo ephikisanayo, ukuziphatha okufanayo kwenkampani kungaba ngokomthetho ngaphansi kokufunda nokungekho emthethweni ngaphansi kwenye inkantolo, kuye ngokuthi icala lisenkampane noma lisenkantolo kahulumeni. Izenzakalo ezinjalo ziqeda ukukhomba okuqinisekile okusho ukuthi umthetho wenkampani uhloselwe ukunikeza.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zokungavumelani Phakathi Kwezinkantolo Zesizwe NezaseHulumeni

Ingxenye elandelayo iqokomisa izindawo ezimbalwa ezingaphansi lapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso ziye zaphikisana khona ngokuhlanganisa izindaba ezihlobene. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa imiphumela yobunkimbinkimbi neyoqobo yokwahlukanisa kwezwe kukahulumeni.

Ukulinganisela Ikhono Lokusebenza Nokulimaza I - Corporate Veil

Icala elilinganiselwe isici esiyinhloko sokuhlanganisa: ababambi becala abanacala ngokomuntu siqu ngezikweletu nezibopho zenhlangano. Nokho, izinkantolo zingathi “zihlabe intengo yenkampani” futhi zifake ababambi-mfakela ukuba bafake isibopho uma inhlangano isetshenziselwa ukuphamba, ukuqamba, noma ukuqhubekisela phambili i-sham. Izindinganiso zokugqoka ingubo ziyizindaba zomthetho wezwe, futhi amazwe aseye asungula uvivinyo oluhlukahlukene. Amanye amazwe angafuna ukuboniswa kobunye besithakazelo nomphumela ofanele; amanye agxile ekukhwabaniseni noma ekusebenziseni kabi isimo senkampani.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni, lapho zisebenzisa umthetho kahulumeni ezicaleni ezihlukahlukene, ngezikhathi ezithile ziye zathatha izindinganiso zokubhoboza eziqinile noma eziqine kakhulu kunalezo izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngokwazo. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zavumela ukubhoboza isigubuzelo ngaphansi kwesithiyo esibanzi “inkolelo yezentengiselwano” kunezindawo ezihlangeneyo. Ngokuphambene, ezinye izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zenqaba ukubhoboza ngisho nalapho isakhiwo sikahulumeni singase sivumele, ukubhekisela ngokuqinile ekuvumeni kwecala elilinganiselwe. I-Illinonia ayizange yamukela ngokucacile inguquko ethile yokuhlola okuqinile. Illinony yayivela e [inde-Rom Servity Services, Inc. v. Patter Sourcell[FLD:1], lapho isifundazwelo sezwe ukuba ikhiphe isigungu sikahulumeni ngaphansi komthetho we-Illinomeya ngenxa ye-Illinounion ngoba izinkantolo zazingamukele kahle ngisho nobufakazi bokusetshenziswa kwezenyunyana.

Ukungavumelani okunjalo kudala ukungaqiniseki kwabakweletwayo nabameli abakweletwayo. Umkhokhisi wenkampani enkantolo kahulumeni angase abhekane nendinganiso ehlukile yokufihla isambatho kunalapho icala lihlala enkantolo yombuso, ngisho noma wona lo mthetho kahulumeni ulawula ngokusho ukuthi ukhona. Lokhu kungabikezela ukuthi kungathinta imikhuba yokuboleka imali, ukuhlola izingozi, kanye nezindleko zokukhokha isikweletu emabhizinisini amancane.

2. Amalungelo Omthetho Ngaphansi KweSichibiyelo Sokuqala

Enye yezici eziphikisana kakhulu ihlanganisa amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala sezinhlangano. Izinkantolo ze-Federal − kanye neNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ngokukhethekile (ngokuthi) iye yandisa izivikele zenkampani ezikhululekile emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Isikhonzi seUnited. FEC [2010]] [2010] [iNkantolo Ephakeme] [2010]] [iNkantolo Inkantolo ephethe ukuthi izinkampani zinelungelo lokusebenzisa imali ezikhankambisweni zezombangazwe ezizimele, isinqumo esilulaza imithetho yeze yezentengo yemali kahulumeni yeze. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT.FLT:2] Burwell v. [i-Lobby Vers], Inc.[FLT] [F:3], iNkadenti (206], iNkathi yezenkolo eyayibheke i-Humo senkululeko, ngokuphumelela, i-Articmentmentmentmentation, ngokuphumelela kwezimiso ezithile.

Nokho, izinkantolo zoMbuso azizange zilandele ngendlela efanayo incazelo enkulu. Izinkantolo eziningi eziphakeme ziye zachaza umthetho-mthetho wazo siqu ukuze zivumele ukulawulwa okukhulu kwemali yezezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yaseMontana ekuqaleni yasekela ukuvinjelwa kwesinqumo senkampani ngisho nangemva kokuba ] kwecala elingokomthetho libekwe enkantolo yezwe ngaphansi komthetho, impikiswano yokuthi umbuso wawunesithakazelo esiphoqelele ukuvimbela ukonakala. Le ngqungqungquthela iNkane nempikiswano ephakathi kwabantu. INkanto ephakeme i - U. S. iNkantolo ephakeme iqalayo yasibekela inselele leso sinqumo esilawulayo, kodwa isithi inselele inselele yomthetho enkantolo yesifundazwe ngaphansi komthetho, umphumela ungahluka kulokho okungenzeka enkantolo yombuso ngaphansi komthetho womthetho.

3. Imithetho yezentengiselwano ehlangene nemithetho kaHulumeni

Imithetho yezentengiselwano, njengoMthetho ka-Securestial Exchange ka-1934, kanye noMthetho ka-Secturality Exchange ka-1934, ibeka izibopho nezimfuneko zokungavumelani nezokuhweba obala. Lemithetho iphoqelelwa yizinkantolo zikahulumeni ne-Secturaties ne-Exchange Commission. Nokho, ukubusa kwenkampani ngokwayo, okuhlanganisa ukukhethwa kwabaqondisi, ukuhlanganisa amalungelo okuvota, kanye nemisebenzi yokuzifunela ukuvota, ngokuyinhloko iyindaba yomthetho kazwe. Impikiswano iphakama lapho imilandulo esemthethweni kahulumeni (umz., ukuphaza i-pasa umthetho we-mganomo yenkonzo) futhi ifaka imithetho yemithetho yemithetho engokomthetho.

Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zikaFederal zisebenzisa “umthetho ovamile” wezinhlangano lapho umthetho kahulumeni uthululwa noma lapho izindinganiso zikahulumeni ezifaniswayo zibhekwa zibalulekile khona. Ngokwesibonelo, endaweni yamasudi afakwayo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zamisa izimfuneko zokuncenga ezihluke kakhulu ezindinganisweni zenkantolo. I-Toquality Securitiation Litigaties Reformation Act ka-1995 ekwakheni imithetho ekhethekile yezemisebenzi yesigaba sezentengiselwano, kodwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezisingatha iziphakamiso ezihambelanayo ngaphansi komthetho wezwe zingasebenzisa izindinganiso zokuyekelela ngokwengeziwe. Njengomphumela, amapesenti angakhetha ukuguqula i-ligitate kwenye yezinye i-Litigatiations esekelwe ekuphumeni kwendlela yokuhamba kwenkampane. Lokhu kuthengwa kwentengo kungaholela ekuxazulu ngenxa yokunga ngenxa yezenzo ezifanayo zezentengo yezentengo.

Ukulahlwa Nokhetho Lomthetho Oluhlukahlukene

Ngenxa yokuthi izinhlangano zibhekwa njengezakhamuzi zezwe lazo kokubili ezihlangeneyo neziyinhloko zazo zebhizinisi ngezinjongo ezihlukahlukene, izingxabano eziningi zezinhlangano ziphelela enkantolo kahulumeni. Uma sezilapho, inkantolo kahulumeni isebenzisa imithetho ekhethiwe yomthetho kazwe ehlala kuyo. Leyo mithetho ingaqondisa inkantolo ukuba isebenzise umthetho wezwe wokungenela ezindabeni zangaphakathi noma umthetho wesinye isifundazwe esisezinkantolo ezithatha i-tort noma izimvume. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni, zenkambiso, zisebenzisa imithetho yazo siqu ekhethayo, engase iholele emthethweni obusayo ohlukile.

Cabangela inhlangano eyafakwa eDelaware kodwa ekhungweni eliphambili eCalifornia. Isuti ye-patrayer elethwa enkantolo yesifundazwe saseCalifornia ingasebenzisa umthetho wenhlangano yaseCalifornia uma inkantolo ithola ukuthi iCalifornia inesithakazelo esiqinile kulempikiswano. Isudi elifanayo elethwa enkantolo ye-costarnia, ngaphansi kobushiqela obuhlukahlukeneyo, lingasebenzisa imithetho yeCalifornia, engase iholele kumthetho we-Delaware. Imiphumela ``umbambi we-pardeverter' ingaletha isenzo esinezelwe, ukuthi isilinganiso esikhona sisebenzani, nokuthi izivikelo zikhona (i-asting shricker). Loluhlobo lwengxabano aluyona nje i-protoography; luphawulwe ezimweni ezifana ne- i-Kammer, v.[FFFON], lapho inkantolo yomthetho elawula imfuno engokomthetho ikhohlakele.[Fom]

Izinkinga Zokukhululwa Nezokukhokha

Omunye umthombo wengxabano usuka emfundisweni kahulumeni yokufa. ISishaya-mthetho singawukhulula ngokuqondile umthetho kahulumeni noma ngokusikisela ngemithetho kahulumeni. Uma icebo lokulawula lezwe lithinta izindaba zezinhlangano, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingafunda ihlawulo elibanzi, kuyilapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingawufunda ngokucubungulayo ukuze zilondoloze igunya elingokwesiko lombuso. Isibonelo esivelele yiNational Bank Act, ebusa amabhange ezwe. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zathi i-Act idedela imithetho ethile yombuso othile, ivumela amabhange ezwe ukuba akhiphe inzuzo ekhona ekhaya lazo. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngezinye izikhathi ziye zamelana nale ngokomthetho kahulumeni, ziphikisa ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuthi ziphethe amandla okukhokha izivumelwano ezisemingceleni.

Uma kucatshangelwa ukulahlekelwa kwenkampani, i-Musmuee Income Security Act (ERISA) iqeda imithetho eminingi yombuso “ezuzisa i” izinhlelo zezisebenzi. Izinkantolo ze-Federal ziye zanikeza u-ERISA ukudalulwa kwencazelo ebanzi, ukulahla umthetho kahulumeni wokuphula umthetho wezentengo noma ukuphika izinzuzo. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni, ngokuphambene, ziye zathola imithetho kahulumeni yokusinda ekudelelweni, ikakhulukazi lapho umthetho kahulumeni ungangqubuzani ngokuqondile ne-ERICA. Lokhu kudala izivumelwano zezehlulelo: ukuzisholo kwezisebenzi zenkampani ngezinzuzo zenkantolo kungase kuphumelele enkantolo kodwa kuhluleke enkantolo yombuso, noma ububi, kuye ngokwezimo zenkantolo ezishaya indiva.

Ithonya Ebhizinisini Nasemaqhingani Angokomthetho

Kuzo izinkampani kanye neziphathi-mthetho zazo, ukungezwani phakathi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso kudala ukuqulwa okusemqoka kusukela ngesikhathi kuphakama impikiswano. Ukunquma ukuthi kufanele kuthathwe enkantolo yombuso noma enkantolo kahulumeni kungathinta umthetho we-procedism osetshenziswayo, imithetho ye-procedda, ijubane lamacala, kanye nokuhlola. Amabhizinisi avame ukubheka ukususwa kwegunya njengesenzo sobungcweti, kodwa ukususwa kungatholakali noma akusizi. Ukukhetha i-orum kungabaluleke njengokufanele icala ngokwalo.

Ngaphezu kwenqubo yokufuna ukudluliswa, lokhu kuphikisana kokwahlulela kuthonya izinqumo zezinhlangano zezinhlangano. Amakhampani asebenza ezifundazweni eziningi kumelwe achaze ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba inkantolo kahulumeni ezweni elilodwa nenkantolo kahulumeni ichaze ilungiselelo elifanayo lomthetho wenkampani ngokwehlukile. Lokhu kungaholela emikhubeni yokulawula eqinile, njengokuvumelana ngokuqinile nemisebenzi yezezinkampani nokugcinwa komlando, ukumelana nendinganiso engcono kakhulu yokubukezwa.

Abenzi bemithetho nemithetho ngezikhathi ezithile baye bazama ukuvumelanisa umthetho kahulumeni ne-compant communment, kodwa inguquko ebanzi iye yabonakala inzima. I-American Law’s Principles of Corporative and the Model Business (MBCA) inikeza izindinganiso zokulangazelela, kodwa ababophi. Amazwe amukela i-MBCA ngamazinga ahlukene, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyaqhubeka ukuyichaza ngokuguquguqukayo. Ngenxa yalokho, isimiso samanje siyaqhubeka nokungezwani kwayo okwakhelwe.

Umbono Wesikhathi Esizayo Nesidingo Sokukhanya

Uma ubheka phambili, izimo eziningi zingabhebhethekisa noma zinciphise ukungavumelani phakathi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso ngokuphathelene nezindaba ezihlangene. Imithetho ekhuphulwayo kahulumeni yokuziphatha kwenkampani .Ngokwesibonelo, ngemithetho emelene nokonakala, imithetho yokuzimela, nemithetho yokusebenza ngezokwaziswa, kuzakubangela ukuphikisana okusha. Ukuzimisela kweNkantolo Ephakeme ukuzwa izindaba zezezinkampani nokuthatha imithetho ecacile kunganciphisa izingxabano ezithile kodwa kungaphakamisa nemibuzo emisha ngemingcele yegunya likahulumeni.

Enye indlela ethembisayo yokucacisa ukusungulwa kwe-custom contrement yemibuzo kahulumeni phezu kwezindaba ezithile eziyinhloko zokubusa. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izazi ziye zasikisela ukuba kuvunyelwe izinkampani ezihweba obala ukuba zimise izimpikiswano ezithile zezinhlangano zezemisebenzi (njengokuba umvoti nomqondisi wokhetho) kuphela enkantolo kahulumeni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-compantism ifana. Nokho, iziphakamiso ezinjalo zibhekene nokuphikiswa okuqinile kwezindawo ezithi igugu indima yazo njengezindawo zokuhlola umthetho wezezinhlangano. Ukuphumelela kwanoma iziphi inguquko ezinjalo kuxhomeke eseqenjini lenhlangano, okungaqinisekwangaqinisekwa.

Okwamanje, amabhizinisi nabezomthetho kumelwe baqaphele isimo esijikelezayo. Izinqumo zokuhlola izinqumo eziphethe (kakhulukazi Delaware, lapho i-Cancery Court imisa khona umthetho wezwe wezezinkampani eziningi) nasemazweni ezwe kuyadingeka. Imithombo enjenge [ ICornell Legionation Institute’s buildition [[[FLT:]1] inikeza ukucubungula okugcwele ulwazi, kuyilapho izisekelo zemininingwane ezisemqophelweni ezisekwe ngaphambili, [[FLT:][FLT]]OLT]] [FLT:FT]OLT]] Oyez's othi [1] Izinqulumo zeNkathi ye-United [[FLT][4] [FLT] izinqulgn zeze izinquisime]'icelo zokwenza izinqulumo ze-oto eziyinkimbinkimbi zemithetho.[Fogne.Prome.]

Isiphetho

Ukungavumelani phakathi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso ezihlanganisa izindaba zombuso waseMelika kubonisa ukuyinkimbinkimbi okukhulu kombuso waseMelika. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza indima eyinhloko ekuqondiseni izinhlangano zezinhlangano nezindaba zangaphakathi, kodwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngokungenakugwenywa ziba abaqondisi lapho umthetho kahulumeni, amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, noma ukwahlukahluka kwezindawo zesizwe ziqala ukusebenza. I-Erie [ imfundiso] izama ukuvumelanisa imiphumela engaphansi kwe-testate, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kuye kwaveza ukungaphelele, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zomthetho ezididalekayo noma ezihlukene ngokushesha. Icala elilinganiselwe, inkulumo yezenhlangano, iziqinisekiso, nokugweba, ukugweba okumbalwa nje kwempi lapho izincazelo zokwahlulela zingqubuzana.

Kubantu abangochwepheshe bezezezimali kanye nabanikazi bamabhizinisi ngokufanayo, ukuqaphela lezingxabano akuyona nje indlela yokufunda. Kuhlela ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, ukuthotshelwa kwenkampani, futhi ekugcineni ukubikezelwa kwendawo engokomthetho amabhizinisi asebenza kuyo. Njengoba umnotho ukhula futhi imisebenzi yezezimali ihlanganisa izifunda-zifunda eziningi nemibuso elawulayo kahulumeni, isidingo sokucaca okwengeziwe − ngokusemthethweni, ukuqondisa kweNkantolo Ephakeme, noma ukuguqula umthetho wezwe kuqhubekeka kakhulu. Kuze kube manje, ukuxoxisana phakathi kwezinkantolo zombuso nombuso kuqhubeke ukuchaza imingcele eminingi yemithetho ehlanganisayo eUnited States.