Isisekelo Sobuhle: Indlela Inqubo Efanele Ebumba Ngayo Ubulungisa Besigebengu SaseMelika

Zimbalwa izimiso ezifakwe kakhulu esithombeni semithetho yaseMelika njengesiqinisekiso senqubo efanele. Lamalungelo, abekwe eMthethweni, asebenza njengetshe lesimiso somthetho esiklanyelwe ukuphatha wonke umuntu ngokungakhethi nangesizotha, kusukela esikhathini sokuboshwa ngokuqulwa nokugwetshwa. Ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele, isimiso sokwahlulela somthetho singabeka engozini yokuba yithuluzi lamandla azenzekelayo kunokuba libe inqubo yobulungisa obungakhethi. Ukuqonda ukuthi lamalungelo asebenza kanjani, kudingani kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda isimo sobulungisa obuqotho e-United States.

Ukuqonda Inqubo Efanele: Umsebenzi Ongokomlando Nomthetho

Inqubo elindelekile ayiyona inqubo yanamuhla. Izimpande zayo zibuyela emuva eMagna Carta ka-1215, eyamemezela ukuthi akekho umuntu okhululekile ongabanjwa noma agqunywe ejele "ngaphandle kwesahlulelo esingokomthetho sontanga yakhe noma umthetho wezwe. Isithembiso sasendulo saqala emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, sifinyelela emvuthwaneni yeSigqizo somthetho wesihlanu ne-14. Emqondweni waso, ifuna ukuba uhulumeni ahloniphe wonke amalungelo angokomthetho afanele umuntu ngaphambi kokuba abancishe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Siyisihlaseli esimelene nesenzo sombuso esiwumthetho oweqikelelayo, siqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthethwa kwamacala angokomthetho kulungile, kusobala, futhi kusekelwe emthethweni omisiwe.

Inqubo efanele idinga ukuba abantu bathole isaziso esanele samacala, ithuba elibalulekile lokuqulwa, nesinqumo esikhishwa yinkantolo engakhethi. INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. iye yagcizelela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi "imfuneko eyisisekelo yenqubo efanele ithuba lokuzwakala ngesikhathi esinengqondo nangendlela enenjongo." Lesi simiso sisebenza kuzo zonke izigaba zobugebengu, kusukela ekumesweni komthetho ngesicelo nangendlela yokufaka isikhalazo.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sisho ngokucacile ukuthi akekho umuntu ozothi "ophunyukile ekuphileni, enkululekweni, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho." Ekuqaleni, lemingcele yasebenza kuphela kuhulumeni kahulumeni. Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSine seSiphendu sanwetshwa ngokufanayo nezenzo zohulumeni bamazwe. Ngemfundiso ye i-Intractporation[[FLD] [FLD:1] [1], iNkathi ePhakathi yeNkathi ePhakathiwe isebenzise amalungiselelo amaningi eSivumelwaneni samaLungelo (kuhlanganise nalawo avikela abamangalelwayo) (izimo ezithiwayo) (i-Creacle).[FLT] idinga ukuvikelwa komthetho wanamuhla.[FLD]

Inqubo Eyinqubo Eyizinhlobo Ezimbili: Inqubo Engokwesiko Neyimbi

Inqubo elindelekile ivame ukuhlukaniswa ibe izigaba ezimbili ezihlukene kodwa ezihlobene: inqubo edingekayo nenqubo efanelekile. Ngasinye sifeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni amalungelo abantu esimisweni sokwahlulela sobugebengu.

Inqubo ejwayelekile

Inqubo efanelekile ye-procedia igxila emisebeni kanye [FT:2] ne-procedies uhulumeni okumelwe ayilandele uma ufuna ukuncisha umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Kumongo womthetho, lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa banikwe inqubo elungile nehlelekile engokomthetho. Isihluthulelo se-procteidology sihlanganisa:

  • Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokunomphakathi livela kubahluleli abangakhethi (ISichibiyelo Sesithupha)
  • Ilungelo lokwazi ukuthi ikuphi nokuthi kungani kubekwa icala
  • Ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi be-examine
  • Ilungelo lenqubo ephoqelelwe lokuthola ofakazi abahle
  • Ilungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho − i-a eyaziwa kahle ngabamangalelwa bamazwe Gideon v. Wainwright[ (1963)
  • Ilungelo lokuqulwa icala phambi kokuxoshwa kwesigwebo noma ukukhishwa kwesigwebo

Lezi zici ziqinisekisa ukuthi akekho olahlwa ngecala ngaphandle kwethuba eligcwele nelifanele lokuzivikela. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphikelela ikholelwa ukuthi inqubo efanelekile idinga ukuba uhulumeni angalandeli imithetho yakhe kuphela kodwa futhi anikeze izinqubo ezibonisa ukufaneleka. Ngokwesibonelo, Brady v. Maryland (1963), iNkantolo inqume ukuthi abashushisi kumelwe badlulisele ubufakazi bokuvikela izaba (itshe lemfanelo).

Inqubo Engeyona Inkinga

Nakuba inqubo efanele ikhathalela indlela umthetho osetshenziswa ngayo, inqubo efanelekile evimbelayo ivikela amalungelo athile enqubeni ekuphazamisekeni kukahulumeni, ngisho noma izinqubo ezifanele zilandelwa. Lemfundiso ivimbela uhulumeni ekumiseni imithetho eqinile noma ecindezelayo ephazamisa kakhulu inkululeko. Ekwahluleleni komthetho, inqubo efanelekile yokuziphatha engathi ibekwe ngobugebengu ibekelwe imingcele futhi iqinisekise ukuthi imithetho ayingqubuzani imiqondo eyisisekelo yokulunga. Izibonelo zamalungelo avikelwe ngaphansi kwenqubo efanelekile ephakathi kwezindawo ezifanele zihlanganisa:

  • Ilungelo lokuzibusa ngokomzimba kanye nelungelo lokuzibusa yimfihlo (isib., Griswold v.Connecticut, 1965])
  • Ilungelo lokushada nokukhulisa izingane ngendlela umuntu ayibona ifanelekile
  • Ilungelo lokwenqaba ukwelashwa
  • Isivikelo emithethweni "ekhomba kunembeza" wenkantolo

Inqubo efanelekile eyisisekelo ivame ukuphikisana ngoba idinga abahluleli ukuchaza ulimi olubanzi loMthetho-sisekelo. Noma kunjalo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yayisebenzisa ukushaya imithetho ephula umthetho wokuziphatha kwangasese (umz., Lawrence v. Texas[FLT], 2003]) noma ekhipha isijeziso esingaphezulu noma esingalingani.

Ithonya Lobulungisa Besigebengu: Isivikelo Esinezici Ezihlukahlukene

Imiphumela engokoqobo yamalungelo afanelekile enqubo ikhulu futhi ithinta cishe zonke izici zesimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu.

Isivikelo Ekukholelweni Okungalungile

Enye yeminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu yenqubo efanelekile yindima yayo ekuvimbeleni abantu abangenacala ukuba bakhishwe icala. Imfuneko yobufakazi obungangangatshazwa. Indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi emthetho waseMelika ibeka umthwalo ngokunembile enkantolo. Abalweli banelungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi bokuqulwa kwecala, ukubekela inselele ukuthembeka kofakazi, futhi bagomela ukuba icala labo limiswe phambi kontanga yabo. [[FLT: 0] Iproject , inhlangano yesizwe enikezelwe ukuveza ukulahlwa kwamacala ngokungafanele, iye yafaka ubufakazi obubonisa ukuthi i-DNARD i-emone eUnited States kusukela ngo 1989. Ezimweni ezinjalo, izinkolelo zokuqala zazingcoliswe [[FLT][FLD][FFF] [FFFF]] [FFFFF]]

Isivikelo esengeziwe sihlanganisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo, elivimbela ukuvalelwa kwaphakade phambi kokufushaniswa, nelungelo lokusiza ngokuphumelela kweseluleko. Ngaphansi kwendinganiso ebekwe ku Strickland v. Washington (19984), abamangalelwa bangase baphikise izinkolelo uma abameli babo benikeza izimpawu ezingaqinisekile zokuthi umphumela wokuqulwa kwecala wawungathembekile. Lemithetho igcizelela isimiso sokuthi isimiso somthetho kumelwe sihlele ngokunemba okukhulu.

Imikhuba Yokugweba Okufanele

Inqubo elindelekile ihlanganisa nesigaba sokugweba. ISichibiyelo seNkathi Yesichitho sesishiyagalombili esinqabela izijeziso ezinonya nezingavamile, esisetshenziswa ezizweni nge-CID procession Claus, iqinisekisa ukuthi imisho ilingana nobugebengu. INkantolo Ephakeme ikhiphe izigwebo ezibophekile zokuphila ngaphandle kokukhipha isigwebo sentsha (]Miller v. Alabama, 2012) futhi isekela leyo misho kumele ukuba icabangele izimo ngazinye zomenzisi. Isihluthulelo se-procedturaltures zihlanganisa:

  • Ilungelo lokuba khona lapho ugwetshwa futhi uzikhulumele (ukugwetshwa)
  • Ilungelo lokubukeza nokubekela inselele iziqondiso zokugweba ezisetshenziswa abahluleli
  • Ilungelo lokudlulisa isigwebo esingaphezu kwesilinganiso somthetho noma lisekelwe ekwazisweni okunganembile
  • Isivikelo ekugwebeni ngokuphindisela ngemva kokunxusa okuphumelelayo

Izinguquko zamuva njenge I-Fost Step Act (208) ibonisa umzamo oqhubekayo wokwenza ukugweba kungabi nacala, ukunciphisa izilinganiso eziyimfuneko zomthetho othile futhi uvumele ukusebenza okusebenzayo kwe-Fair Sevending Act. Inqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi lezinguquko zingenziwa ngokungakhethi nokuthi abamangalelwa banikezwa ithuba lokuzuza ezinguqulweni ezisemthethweni.

Ithonya Emikhubeni Yokuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Kudingeka ukuba amalungelo enqubo anqande ngokuqondile indlela izikhulu eziphoqelela umthetho eziqhuba ngayo ukuhlola, ukuboshwa, nokuphenywa. Isichibiyelo sesine, esifakwe ngokumelene nezifundazwe ngeSichibiyelo se-Claus se-Adry Procession ye 14th Claus, sifune ukuba ukuphenya nokuqumba kube okunengqondo futhi kuxhaswe yimvume ekhishwa ngesizathu esingalindelekile. Umthetho wokuzihlukanisa, omiswe [Umthetho] wamaqaphulo njj. Ohio [1961], unqabela ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi obutholakelelwe ukwephulwa kwala lamalungelo amaphoyisa. Lo mthetho usebenza njengokuvimbela okukhulu ekugwenyweni kwezenzo ezigwegwegwegwegweni, uqinisekisa ukuthi ukuviswa komthetho womthetho awukhokhi enkantolo.

Phakathi nokuphenywa kwelungelo lokunakekela iziboshwa, icala eliphawulekayo imanda v. Arizona (1966]) lifuna izikhulu ukuba zitshele abasolwayo ngamalungelo azo ukuba zingathuli futhi zibe nommeli okhona. Ukuhluleka ukunikeza lezi zixwayiso kunganikeza noma yiziphi izinkulumo ezilandelayo ezingaqondakali. Lezizivikelayo zivikela ekuhlolweni okungaveza ukuvuma okungamangaza (isizathu esiphambili sokukhohliswa ngecala.)

Izenzakalo zamuva nje ziye zahlola imingcele edingekayo enqubweni yobuchwepheshe bokugcinwa komthetho obuvelayo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma ukuthi ukunamathisela i GPS kumoto kukha uphendlo ngaphansi kweSijikelezo sesine ( United States v. Jones, 2012) kanye nokuthola ukwaziswa okusendaweni ye-cell kusuka ku-injini esodwayo ngokuvamile kudinga isiqinisekiso ([[ Carpater v. United States[FLT], 2018],. Lezi zinqumo zibonisa umzamo oqhubekayo wokusebenzisa inqubo engokwesiko yokuvikela inqubo yokulinganisa inqubo yobuchwepheshe.

Izinselele Ezingapheli Kumalungelo Enqubo

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo okuyisisekelo, inqubo efanele ibhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu ezikhona. Ukungalingani kwezimiso, ukuvinjelwa kwemithombo yemali, nezinguquko zobuchwepheshe konke kusongela ukululaza isithembiso sokuphathwa kahle komuntu ngamunye.

Ukulingana Kwesimiso

Inhloso yobulungisa obungakhethi ivame ukuncishiswa ngokwehlukana okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ubuhlanga, kanye nesimo sezezomnotho. Ukuhlola njalo kubonisa ukuthi abantu abamnyama nababhishobhi basengozini yokumiswa, bahlolwe, baboshwe, futhi bagwetshwe amagama amade kunabanye abamhlophe ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo. IMpi Yezidakamizwa, ikakhulukazi, iveze amazinga angenakulinganiswa abangelwa ukuncintisana abagxeki abathi bamelene nokuvikelwa okulinganayo kwenqubo efanele. Inhlangano enjenge-FOL: abamangalelwa abangakwazi ukuchitha izinyanga eziningi bevalelwe, okungabacindezela ukuba bavume ukunxusa ngisho noma bengenacala. Isimiso somphakathi sihlala phansi, sishiya abamangalelwa abaningi ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwenqubo efanelekile. [FOT] [100] [FFFF] [1] [FFF:[2] futhi i-FOT] ihluleka ukumelana nalegijikiselwa yilegijelo] Lemithetho esemthethweni iyaqhubeka kule mithetho isithi: [FF] isithi: [F]

Intuthuko Engokobuchwepheshe

Ukushesha kokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe kuphakamisa izinselele ezikhethekile zenqubo efanele. Izinhlangano zomthetho eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho zincike kakhulu ezinkingeni zokubikezela imigaqo-mithetho, ukuqashelwa kobuso, nakumathuluzi okuhlola inqwaba. Lezo zindlela zobuchwepheshe zingasebenza ngaphandle kokubona kahle futhi zingaveza imiphumela ephambene noma enganembile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqaphela ubuso ngokungafanele kungaholela ekuboshweni okungaqiniseki okungadingekile. Ukuqoqwa komthetho nokuthengwa komuntu siqu kwemininingwane yemininingwane yemininingwane yemithetho yezeluleko lomthetho, ukuphakamisa imibuzo engathi sína ngesivikelo se-Dindeam. Ukubekwa kwemithetho kanye nezinkantolo kulwa kanzima phakathi kokuvimbela ubugebengu okuphumelelayo nokugcina isisekelo senqubo efanelekile. Ukusetshenziswa kobukhali kokumangalela isigwebo nokuhlola ngengozi kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngobulungisa obusemthethweni, njengoba abamangalelwa bengeke bakwazi ukuqonda noma ukucubunga inselele inkululeko yabo.

Izimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo: Inqubo Efaneleyo Eziphepheni Zemigqa

Amalungelo enqubo ngokuvamile aphikiswa kakhulu ekhanda, ephoqelela ukuba abanikazi bempahla babonise ukuthi izinto zabo azihlangene nomsebenzi ongekho emthethweni. Izehlulelo zomthetho zivumela ukugcinwa kwezindawo ezisolwa ngokuhlangene nobugebengu, ngokuvamile ngaphambi kokubekwa isigwebo (noma ukubekwa icala) ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi iziphi izikhalazo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lomkhuba unciphisa ukulinganiselwa kokungabi nacala ekhanda layo, uphoqelela ukuba abanikazi bempahla yabo bafakazele ukuthi abenzisibo abahlangene nomthetho ongekho emthethweni. Ngokufana, ukuphatha kwabantu ngezindlela zomthetho, kuyilapho imvelo ikhona, kungaphumela ekuboshweni nasekudingisweni okunzima, futhi kubangele ukuncishwa kwenkululeko. INkakhulu iqaphela ukuthi abantu abangathembekile banelungelo lokuvikela inqubo ethile, kodwa izinga lalawomalungelo ahlala ekhanyiswe kakhulu.

Isiphetho: Ukuvikela Idwala Lobulungisa

Ilungelo elifanele lokuqondisa liseyisisekelo sobulungisa baseMelika bobugebengu. Baqinisekisa ukuthi abantu ababoshelwayo ngokungenangqondo, ukuqulwa ngokungafanele, noma ukujeziswa okungalingani. Kusukela emaphasejini eNkantolo Ephakeme kuya emikhubeni yansuku zonke yamaphoyisa nabashushisi, lamalungelo ahlela zonke ukuhlangana phakathi kwezwe namacala. Kodwa isithembiso senqubo efanelekile asikona ukuzibulala. Kudingeka umzamo oqhubekayo (ukusukela kumajaji, abakhi bomthetho, abasekeli, abasekeli bemithetho, kanye nezakhamuzi abafundile) ukuqapha ukukhuculwa ngezimiso zezekwe, ukukhohlakazeka, nokukhohlakazwa kwezombangazwe. Njengoba umphakathi uphendukile, inseleleka iwukuba inqubo entsha yokuzivikela kuyilapho umuntu engenakulahlekelwa isilinganiso esiyisisekelo sokulunga ukuze azizwele ngaphambi kokuba ahliswe, noma athole inzuzo, noma ahlulelwe ngokuqina kwale, noma amacala amacala amacala aphakeme kakhulu.