Amalungelo okuqamba amelela esinye sezinsika eziyisisekelo kakhulu zokubusa kwentando yeningi, okwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekulolongeni uhulumeni wazo nomphakathi. Izimiso zomthetho emhlabeni wonke ziye zasungula izimiso ezibanzi zokuvikela lamalungelo, ziqinisekisa ukuthi isakhamuzi ngasinye esifanelekayo singasebenzisa izwi laso ngaphandle kokucwaswa, ukwesabisa, noma imingcele engalungile. Ukuqonda indlela lesivikelo esingokomthetho esidingeka ngayo ukuze siqaphele izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi ezivikela idemokratial futhi sithuthukise ukuhlanganyela ngokulinganayo enqubweni yokukhetha.

Isisekelo Sokusekela Amalungelo Omthetho Wezizwe Zonke

Ilungelo lokuvota livikelwe umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke njengeSiphakamiso 21 seSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu namalungiselelo esivumelwano alandelayo, ikakhulukazi iSiphakamiso 25 seSivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo omphakathi nawezombangazwe. Le zincwadi zesisekelo zimisa ukuvota njengelungelo lomuntu lomhlaba wonke elidlula imingcele yezwe nemingcele yamasiko.

Izivumelwano eziphawulekayo zezizwe zonke, kuhlanganise neSivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo omphakathi nawamazwe ezombangazwe nezivumelwano zezifunda ezinjenge-American Convention on Human Rights, ezisholo ukuthi izakhamuzi zimelene nendawo yonke futhi zihlobana. Lokhu kuvumelana kwamazwe ngamazwe kubonisa ukuqaphela kwembulunga yonke ukuthi ukuthatha isinyathelo ngentando yeningi kubalulekile ekuhlonishweni kwabantu nasekuzinqumeni.

Phakathi neminyaka, iZizwe Ezihlangene ziye zasungula izindinganiso nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke eziphathelene nokhetho nokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe, ezinezimiso ezizimele nezingochwepheshe njengezindikimba zesivumelwano nezinqubo ezikhethekile zoMkhandlu Wamalungelo Abantu zifeza indima eyinhloko ekuchazeni lezindinganiso nezindinganiso. Lezizindikimba ezichazayo zisiza ekucaciseni indlela amalungelo okuvota okufanele avikelwe ngayo ezimweni ezihlukahlukene nasezimweni ezihlukahlukene.

Izimiso Zamalungelo Abantu Zesifunda

Ngaphandle kwezimiso zembulunga yonke, izimiso zezifunda zinikeza isivikelo esengeziwe. Izimiso zamalungelo abantu zesifunda, kuhlanganise ne-Afrika, i-Inter-American, kanye ne-Europe, ziye zaliqaphela leli lungelo njenge-EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. La mathuluzi ezifundayo anikeza isivikelo esiqondile esivumelana nezinselele eziyingqayizivele nemibandela yezindawo ezihlukahlukene.

Indima efezwa yizinqumo ngezikhathi ezithile, zesihle ekuqinisekiseni ukuhlonishwa kwamalungelo ezombangazwe ihlanganiswe kuyi-International Common and Political Rights, i-European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights, iCharter of the Organization of America, i-Afrikan Charter (Banjul) on Human and People’s’s projectsss. Lokhu kuqaphela okukhulu kubonisa ukuzinikela kwembulunga yonke ezimisweni zentando yeningi.

Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nesemithetho Samalungelo Abantu

Lezi zivumelwano zomthetho - sisekelo ziyisivikelo esiphakeme kakhulu sokuvikelwa okungokomthetho, zimisa ukuvota njengelungelo eliyisisekelo elingenakuvinjelwa kalula noma liqedwe umthetho ovamile.

Imithetho-sisekelo yesizwe ichaza izici eziningana eziyinhloko zamalungelo okuvota, kuhlanganise nokuthi ubani ofanelekela ukuvota, izimo lapho amalungelo okuvota engase asetshenziswe khona, kanye nokulinganiselwa okungase kubekwe kulamalungelo. La malungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo akha isisekelo esingokomthetho lapho yonke eminye imithetho nemithetho ehlobene nokuvota kwakhiwa khona.

Ukulinganiselwa Okungagudlukile Ekukhipheni Amalungelo

Ukuthatha iqhaza kungamane kuvumelane nokulinganiselwa okumiswe umthetho, okungaveli ekuthatheni umthetho futhi okusekelwe ezindinganisweni eziqondile nezinengqondo, nelungelo lokuvota ngaphansi kwemingcele enengqondo kuphela, njengokubeka isilinganiso esilinganiselwe seminyaka. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi noma imiphi imingcele exhomeke kumalungelo okuvota kumelwe ihlangabezane nezindinganiso eziqinile zokulunga nokulinganisa.

Ukulinganiselwa kobandlululo kuhlanganisa kodwa akugcini kuphela ezidingweni ezingokomnotho, njengalezo ezisekelwe ekubeni nempahla; izimfuneko zokuhlala ezeqile; imingcele elungeloni lokuvota izakhamuzi ezingokwemvelo (ngokuphambene nezakhamuzi ezizalwe zizelwe); izimfuneko zokufunda nokubhala noma imfundo; kanye nemingcele ephakeme enqabela amalungelo okuvota iziboshwa eziboshiwe. Lemithetho enqatshelwe ibonisa izindlela ezingokomlando zokulahla izimiso zomthetho manje eziqaphela ukuthi ziyangqubuzana nezimiso zentando yeningi.

Amalungelo okuhlanganyela akumelwe alinganiselwe ngokungafanele ngesisekelo sohlanga, ibala, ubulili, ulimi, inkolo, umbono wezombangazwe noma omunye, umsuka wezwe noma wezenhlalo, impahla, ukuzalwa, ukukhubazeka noma esinye isimo. Lesimiso esibanzi sokungamelani nobandlululo siqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo okuvota avikelwe kuzo zonke izingxenye zomphakathi, ikakhulukazi amaqembu ancikene nemibono engokomlando.

Izimiso Zokubhalisa Ezikhethekile Nezimfuneko Zokuthola Imvume

Ukubhalisa ngevote kusebenza njengesango lokuthatha iqhaza ekukhetheni izinhlelo zentando yeningi. Lezi zinqubo zokubhalisa kumelwe zilinganisele izithakazelo ezimbili ezincintisanayo: ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kokhetho ngokuqinisekisa ukufaneleka komvoti, futhi ukwenza ukubhaliswa kutholakale ngokwanele ukuba izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo zingadikibali noma zivinjelwe ukuba zihlanganyele.

Amapulani alawula ukubhaliswa kwevoti akha izinqubo ezicacile zokuthi izakhamuzi zingabhalisa kanjani, ukuthi iziphi izivumelwano ezidingekayo, nokuthi amarekhodi okubhalisa agcinwa kanjani futhi avuselelwe kanjani. Lezi zimiso zihluka kakhulu kwezinye izindawo, amanye amazwe asebenzisa ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo kanti amanye afuna ukuba izakhamuzi zithathe izinyathelo ezisebenzayo ukuze zibhalise.

Izindlela Zokubhalisa Nokutholakala

Izimiso zanamuhla zokuvota zinikeza izakhamuzi izindlela eziningi zokubhalisa. Izifundazwe eziningi zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibhalisa ukuvota nokubuyisela ukuvota kuyi-inthanethi, okunezindawo ezidingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amawebhusayithi okhetho alula ukusebenzisa kubantu bawo wonke amakhono. Lokhu kutholakala kwamanani kumelela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okubalulekile ekwenzeni ukubhalisa kube lula futhi kuphelele.

I-National Voter Relibster Act ka-1993 (NVRA) inezimfuneko zenqubo yokuvota, i-ovential afuna ukuqinisekisa amahhovisi anikeza usizo lomphakathi noma izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezilungiselelwe ngokuyinhloko ezisiza abantu abakhubazekileyo zinikeza ukubhaliswa kovoti. Le ndlela "umvoti" iletha izinkonzo zokubhalisa ezakhamuzini lapho kakade sebesebenzelana khona nezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Izinsuku zokubhalisa ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ezimisweni ezilawulayo. Akukho mkhawulo wezwe wokuvota, ezinye izifundazwe ezidinga ukubhaliswa izinsuku ezingu-30 ngaphambi koSuku Lokhetho kanti ezinye izifundazwe zivumela ukubhaliswa ngoSuku Lokhetho. Lokhu kuveza izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulinganisela ukuphumelela kokulawula nokungena kovoti.

Ukuvimbela Ukukhohlisa Lapho Uzama Ukukuthola

Izimiso zokubhalisa kumelwe zisebenzise izintambo zokuvikela ukukhwabanisa ngaphandle kokwenza izithiyo ezingadingekile kubavoti abasemthethweni. Lokhu kulinganisela kudinga ukuklanywa kokucophelela kwezinqubo eziyiqiniso, ukulungiswa kwemishwana enembile yabavoti, nezinqubo zokuxazulula izimpikiswano zokubhalisa noma amaphutha.

Amapulani angokomthetho amisa izinqubo zokususa abavoti abangakholeki eziqephini zokubhalisa, njengalabo abaye bathutha, bafa, noma abalahlekelwa amandla. Nokho, lezi zinqubo zokuhlanza kumelwe zihlanganise izivikelo zokuvimbela abavoti abafanelekayo ukuba basuswe ngokungafanele, kuhlanganise nezimfuneko namathuba okubekela inselele ukususwa.

Izimfuneko Zomsebenzi Ofinyelelekayo Okhubazeke

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezikhubazekile zingahlanganyela ngokugcwele enqubweni yokuvota kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu ekuvikelweni kwamalungelo okuvota. Izimiso zomthetho ziye zasungula izimfuneko zokuthola ukwaziswa ezibanzi ezisingatha zonke izigaba zenqubo yokuvota, ekubhaliseni ngokufaka nokubala amafomu.

Imithetho Yemvume Yamazwe Azimele E - United States

Ilungelo labantu abakhubazekile lokuvota ngasese nangokuzimele ngokuvunyelwa okulinganayo kokubhaliswa kwevoti kanye nenqubo yokuvota liboshelwe ngeHelp America Vote Act ka 2002 (HARVA), iSihloko II samaMelika esinoMthetho wokukhubazeka (ADA), iNational Voter Religionation Act (NVRA), kanye neVoting According for the Eldern and Havicad Act, ekha uchungechunge lwamalungelo asebenza ukuqinisekisa uvota ngokukhubazeka angafinyelela zonke izingxenye zenqubo yokhetho ngendlela efinyeleleka kubo.

HAVA unikeza ilungelo lokuba abavoti abakhubazekile bakwazi ukuphawula, ukuphosa, nokuqinisekisa ivoti labo lokuvota ngasese nangokuzibopha, kuyilapho i-Signote II ye-ADA ifuna uhulumeni ne-ADA ukuba i-Ofurensio nohulumeni bendawo baqinisekise ukuthi abantu abakhubazekile bayakwazi ukufinyelela izinkonzo zikahulumeni kanye nokwaziswa okulinganayo, kuhlanganise nenqubo yokuvota. Lezi zici zomthetho ezivumelanayo zidala isivikelo esiqinile kubavoti abakhubazekile.

I - ADA idinga uhulumeni nezikhulu zendawo nezikhulu zabo zokhetho ukuze ziqiniseke ukuthi abantu abakhubazekile banethuba eligcwele nelilinganayo lokuvota kuzo zonke izigaba zokuvota, kuhlanganise nohulumeni, nokhetho lwendawo, kuhlanganisa zonke izingxenye zokuvota, njengokubhalisa, ukukhetha indawo yokuvota, nokuvota, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngosuku lokhetho noma ngaphambi kwesikhathi noma lapho bengekho lapho bevota.

Izindawo Zokuhlala Eziwusizo Ezitholakalayo

Izimfuneko ezingokomthetho ziguqukela ezindaweni ezithile zokuvota nasezindaweni zokuvota. Zonke izindawo zokuvota kudingekile ukuba zitholakale kubavoti abakhubazekile futhi bayoba nemishini yokuvota efinyelelekayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izici zokutholakala okunjengomazansi, ukupaka ipakisha okufinyelelekayo, kanye nezimpawu ezifanelekile.

Kuyo yonke inqubo yokuvota, izikhulu zokhetho kumelwe ziqiniseke ukuthi ukuxhumana nabantu abakhubazekile kuphumelela njengokuxhumana nabanye, okungase kudinge izikhulu zokhetho ukuba zinikeze usizo noma izinkonzo ezisizayo njengabahumushi bolimi lwezandla, umuntu okhubazekile okhetha ukuvota ngeposi ongase adinge izikhulu zokhetho ukuba zinikeze ezinye izinsiza - kunoma iyiphi indlela, njengokuxhumana ngeposi kwamanye amafomethi kuhlanganise nomshini omkhulu onyathelisa, i - brodle, noma enye indlela etholakalayo.

Amakhambi obuchwepheshe afeza indima ebalulekile kakhulu ekungeniseni. Ukusebenzisa i-mead ne-cp, abavoti ababoni ababoni-impumputhe nabavoti abanombono ophansi bayakwazi ukuvota ngokulalela abakhethi be-collet nangokusebenzisa i-pap, nabavoti futhi bakwazi ukukhetha ukusebenzisa umehluko ophezulu nemisebenzi emikhulu yokuvota. Le misebenzi yobuchwepheshe esizayo yenza abantu bakwazi ukuzivota ngokwabo abangase badinge usizo.

Ukuqeqesha Nokuqondisa

Izikhulu zezokukhetha, izisebenzi zokuvota, nezisebenzi zokhetho kumelwe zithole ukuqeqeshwa kokuthuthukisa ukungenela nokuhlanganyela kwabantu abakhubazekile ehhovisi likahulumeni, kanye nalokhu kuqeqeshwa okudingekayo zihlanganisa ukwaziswa okuphathelene namalungelo abavoti ngokuphathelene nokubhaliswa kanye nokufakwa kweposi. Ukuqeqeshwa okufanele kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimfuneko zokuthola imvume zisetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo ezingeni eliphansi.

Ukutholakala Kolimi Nokuncane Kusakaza Amalungelo

Imingcele yolimi ingazidida ngokuphumelelayo izakhamuzi ezingakwazi kahle ulimi oluvamile ezilusebenzisayo.

I-National Mail Voter Brigister Form ikhona ngezilimi ezingu-21 futhi ingasetshenziswa ezizweni eziningi ukubhalisa nokuvuselela ukwaziswa kokuvota. Lendlela yokukhuluma ngezilimi iqaphela ukuhlukahluka kolimi lwedemokrasi yanamuhla futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi ulimi alusona isithiyo sokubhalisa.

Umthetho kahulumeni uvumela noma ubani ongakwazi ukufunda noma ukubhala ukuba azise othile kulezozinqumo ukuze asize.

E-United States, iSivumelwano sama - Coing Rights sihlanganisa nezinhlelo eziqondile ezidinga amagunya athile okunikeza izinto zokukhetha nosizo ngezilimi ezingezona isiNgisi lapho kunezakhamuzi ezikhuluma ulimi oluncane.

Ukuqondisa Nomshini Ophoqelelwayo

Izinkantolo zisebenza njengabavikeli ababalulekile bamalungelo okuvota, zinikeza amanxusa lapho izakhamuzi zingabekela khona imingcele noma imikhuba ephula amalungelo azo okukhetha.

Indima Yezinkantolo Ekuvikeleni Amalungelo Abantu

Izinkantolo ezisemazingeni ahlukahlukene zizwa amacala ahilela ukuphikisana ngamalungelo okuvota, kusukela ezinselele eziye kubhaliswa umuntu ngamunye ezinkingeni zomthetho-mthetho ezimelene nazo zonke izimiso zokhetho. Lezi zinqumo zokwahlulela zingaphumela ekuyalweni okudinga ohulumeni ukuba bashintshe imikhuba yabo, imiyalo evimbela ukumiswa kwemithetho yokuvota ecatshangelwayo, noma izimemezelo zokuthi imingcele ethile yokuvota ayivumelani nemithetho engokomthetho.

Izinkantolo ezisezindaweni ezintathu ezihlanganisa iNkantolo Yomthetho - sisekelo yaseNingizimu Afrika, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseCanada, neNkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu ziye zachaza ilungelo lokuvota. Lezi zibonelo zomhlaba wonke zibonisa indlela izinkantolo emhlabeni wonke ezimelana ngayo nemibuzo efanayo ngemibandela ephathelene nemingcele yesivikelo sokuvota.

Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele izinselele ezintsha nezishintshayo, njengokuvimbela ukukhwabanisa kuyilapho kuqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu uyakwazi ukungenela noma ukulondoloza ukuhlelwa okuhlelekile kokukhetha kuyilapho zivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Izindlela Zokukhipha Imali Ephulwa Amalungelo

Umthetho wezwe lonke udinga ikhambi eliphumelelayo − ikhambi noma "ukwelapha""" ngenxa yokuphulwa kwamalungelo omuntu, kuhlanganise nokuphulwa kwamalungelo okuvota, nabavoti ababika ukuthi amalungelo abo aphulwe noma aphulwe ilungelo lokusheshisa, ukuzwa nokunxusa, nelungelo lokuthola ikhambi elisheshayo neliphumelelayo. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo okuvota anencazelo esebenzayo ngemithi egunyazwayo.

Ukubuyiselwa kokuphulwa kwamalungelo okuvota kungaba nezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise neziqondiso zokubala amavoti angokomthetho, izimfuneko zokwandisa amahora okuvota, imiyalo emelene nemikhuba yokungagunyazi, noma ngisho nemithetho yokuvota kabusha ezimweni ezingezona ezingathi sína. Ukutholakala kwamakhambi aphumelelayo kubalulekile ekwenzeni amalungelo okuvota abe nenjongo kunokuba ahloselwe nje.

Izimiso zomthetho ngokuvamile zinikeza izindlela eziningi zokuphoqelela amalungelo okuvota, kuhlanganise nezikhalo zokuphatha izikhulu zokhetho, ukumangalelwa kwecala komphakathi okufuna usizo noma umonakalo, futhi kwezinye izimo ukuquliswa kwezigebengu ngenxa yokwephula umthetho okungathi sína njengokusabisa abavoti noma ukukhwabanisa.

Ukuqondisa Nokuphatha

Izinhlangano ezizimele neziphethe ukhetho zifeza indima ebalulekile ekusebenziseni amalungelo okuvota nasekuqinisekiseni izinqubo zokukhetha ezilungile. Lezi zindikimba zisebenza emazingeni ahlukahlukene kahulumeni futhi zithwele imithwalo yemfanelo emikhulu yokuhumushela izimfuneko ezingokomthetho ekuqondiseni kokhetho olusebenzayo.

Amaqumrhu abaphathi be-voti aphatha ukubhaliswa, agcine amavoti ehlelwa, amise futhi ahlole izindawo zokuvota, athole futhi ahlole imishini yokuvota, abale amavota, imiphumela yokuqinisekisa, futhi axazulule izingxabano ezihlobene nokhetho. Ukuzimela nokusebenza kwale mikhakha kuthinta kakhulu ukuthi amalungelo okuvota avikelwe yini.

Izindinganiso Zokuqondisa Ukukhetha

Izisekelo zomthetho zimisa izindinganiso izinhlangano eziqondisa ukhetho okumelwe zilandele, kuhlanganise nezimfuneko zokuba sobala, ukungakhethi, nokufinyelela. Lezi zindinganiso zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukuqondisa kokhetho kufeza umgomo wokwenza zonke izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo zivote kunokuba zibangele izithiyo ezingadingekile.

Ukukhetha kufanele kwenzeke phakathi kwesimiso esingokomthetho esimisiwe esisiza ekukhetheni ngokukhululekile nangokungakhethi. Lesi simiso sidinga ukuba imithetho yokhetho icace, itholakale obala futhi isetshenziswe njalo, ikwazi ukuvota nabazothatha ukuqonda amalungelo nezibopho zabo.

Amaqumrhu abaphathi be-option kumelwe futhi asebenzise izinyathelo zokuvikela ukugcinwa kwenqubo yokuvota kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa ukuthi lezi zinyathelo zokuphepha azithwesi abavoti umthwalo ongafanele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuvikela izinhlelo zokuvota, ukuvikela imishini yokuvota ekushintsheni, nokumisa izinqubo ze-ketanga ezihamba ngentambo.

Ukusakaza Imali Kusenesikhathi Nemishini Yokuyithutha

Izinqubo zomthetho zanamuhla ziyaqaphela ukuthi ukunikeza izindlela eziningi nezindlela zokuvota kuthuthukisa ukutholakala nokuhlanganyela. Ukuvota nokuvota kwangaphambi koSuku Lokhetho kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zifake amavoti ngaphambi koSuku Lokhetho, ukuhlela izimiso zomsebenzi, ukuhamba, ukugula, ukukhubazeka, noma ezinye izimo ezingase zivimbele ukuvota kumuntu ngosuku olulodwa.

Izifunda eziningi zivumela abantu abakhubazekile ukuba baphume ngeposi.

Isivikelo esingokomthetho sokungaphumi nokuvota iposi kumelwe sibhekane nezinkathazo eziningana, kuhlanganise nokuqinisekisa ukuthi uvoti ungubani, ukuvimbela ukuphoqelelwa noma ukuthenga, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imvume yokuvota iyimfihlo, nokugcina iketanga elilondekile lokuwinwa kwabaphathi abaposi. Izifunda ezihlukahlukene ziye zasungula izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulungisa lezizinto ngomgomo wokwenza ukuvota kutholakale.

Ukukhishwa Kwemali Ngezaba

Amanye ama-gamente aye adlulela "engekho-exes" ekuvoteni, evumela noma imuphi umvoti obhalisiwe ukuba acele ivoti engekho ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu esiqondile. Lendlela indisa ukusebenziseka kovoti nokutholakala, nakuba idinga izimiso eziqinile zokulungisa nokuqinisekisa amabhola athunyelwe ngeposi.

Ezinye izikhulu zilinganisela ukungayi vhoti abathatha izimfuneko ezithile, njengokungabikho eMhlabeni Wokhetho, ukukhubazeka, noma ukuba ngaphezu kweminyaka ethile. Lezi zinqubo eziqine ngokwengeziwe zibonisa izahlulelo ezihlukene ngokulinganisela ukutholakala kokhetho nokwethembeka.

Izimfuneko Zokwazi Ukuhlukanisa

Imithetho yokuhlukanisa imelela enye yezindawo eziphikisana kakhulu zesimiso sokuvota samalungelo, abasekeli bephikisana bavimbela ukukhwabanisa nabaphikisi abalwayo abathwesa umthwalo ngokungenakulinganiswa amaqembu athile abavoti. Izimiso ezingokomthetho kumelwe zilawule lezizinkathazo ezincintisanayo kuyilapho ziqinisekisa kokubili ukuthembeka kokhetho nokungena kovoti.

Isifunda ngasinye nesifunda simisa imithetho yaso siqu ye-ID yomvoti, nezindawo eziningi ezifuna abavoti ukuba balethe ukuvota komuntu futhi banikeze ukwaziswa kwe-ID lapho bevota ngeposi. Lokhu kuhluka kuveza izahlulelo ezihlukene zezinga lombuso mayelana nokulinganisela okufanelekile phakathi kokuvimbela ukukhwabanisa nokuqinisekisa ukungena.

Izinhlobo zokuthola izimpawu ezamukelwayo ziyahlukahluka futhi ngokuphawulekayo, kwezinye izifunda ezithatha izinhlu zezincwadi eziningi kuyilapho ezinye zidinga izinhlobo ezithile zemithetho kahulumeni efakelwe izithombe. Izinselele ezingokomthetho zemithetho ye-ID ngokuvamile zigxila ekutheni izimfuneko ziphoqelela imithwalo engadingekile yini emaqenjini athile abavoti, njengezakhamuzi ezigugile, abantu abaphansi, noma idlanzana lobuhlanga.

Abavoti bangathola i-ID yekhadi ehhovisi labo lemoto, ngisho noma bengashayeli, nakuba kungadingeka bakhokhe ukuze bathole ikhadi le-ID, nakuba kunezinhlangano ezingase zikwazi ukusiza ngezindleko ezihlobene ne-ID. Izindleko nezinselele ezingokoqobo zokuthola ukwaziswa okudingekayo zingadala isithiyo sokuvota, ikakhulukazi ezakhamuzini ezinezinto ezilinganiselwe noma ezihambayo.

Isivikelo Ekubeni Nesibindi Nokucindezelwa

Lezi zigwebo zimisa izigwebo zobugebengu nezomphakathi zezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokwesabisa abavoti, ukucindezela noma ukuphazamisa.

Ukuziphatha okuxegayo kuhlanganisa ukuvota okusongelayo, ukunikeza ukwaziswa okungamanga ngezinqubo zokuvota noma ukuvunywa kwemvume, ukunikeza ukufumbathisa noma ezinye izisusa zokuvota ngendlela ethile, nokuphazamisa ikhono labavoti lokungena ezindaweni zokuvota noma ukuphonsa. Izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho nezikhulu zokhetho zihlanganyela icala lokuvimbela nokusabela ekuphucweni okunjalo.

Ukuhlolwa Nokuphoqelelwa

Ithonya elibalulekile ekulweni nokudideka ukukhula kwezinhlangano ezigade ukugadwa kokhetho. Lezi zinhlangano ezihlolayo, kokubili ezomkhaya nezezizwe zonke, zigcina izinqubo zokukhetha futhi zibike ngokuvumelana nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke.

Izingqapheli zezokukhetha zifeza imisebenzi eminingi, kuhlanganise nokuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi ngenxa yokuba khona kwazo, ukuveza izinkinga ezenzekayo, nokunikeza izinqumo ezizimele zokuthi okhetho luhlangabezana yini nezindinganiso zentando yeningi. Izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezisezindaweni eziningi zinikeza ngokuqondile ukuqashelwa kokhetho ngezinhlangano ezigunyaziwe nabantu ngabanye.

Izindlela eziphoqelelwe zokwesabisa abavoti nokucindezela zihlanganisa ukuquliswa kwecala, ukumangalelwa kwecala komphakathi okufuna usizo noma ukulimala, kanye nezenzo zokuphatha zezikhulu zokhetho. Ukuphumelela kwalezi zimiso zokuphoqelela kuxhomeke emithonjeni eyanele, ekuthandeni kwezombangazwe, nasezindinganisweni ezicacile ezingokomthetho ezichaza ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe.

Ukuvuselela Izindawo Nesivikelo Se - Gerrymander

Ukudwetshwa kwemingcele yesifunda esivotayo kuthinta kakhulu inani lamavoti ngamanye kanye nokulunga kwemiphumela evoti. Isivikelo esingokomthetho ekuvikelweni kwe-gerrymanindering(ukusetshenziswa kwemingcele yesifunda ngezinjongo zokukhetha noma zokukhipha isigwebo) kuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo okuvota aguqulelwa ekubeni amelelwe ngendlela enengqondo.

Izindinganiso zomthetho zokulungisa izifunda zifuna ukuba izigodi zibe nezinhlalo ezilinganayo, zivumelane nemithetho elwa nokucwasana, futhi kwezinye izifunda zihlangabezane nezimfuneko ezengeziwe ezinjengokubambisana, ukuhlonipha imiphakathi yesithakazelo, noma ubulungisa bezombangazwe. Izinkantolo zihlola amasu aqinile ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana nalezi zimfuneko ezingokomthetho.

Izinselele zokulungisa amaqhinga zingase zibangele ukuphulwa kwemithetho okuhlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nobandlululo lobuhlanga, ukucwasana kwezinhlanga, noma ukwehluleka ukunikeza ukumelela okufanayo. Izindinganiso ezingokomthetho zokuhlaziya lezinselele ziyaqhubeka ziguqula njengoba izinkantolo zibhekana nemibuzo ngendima efanele yokucabangela okufanelekile ekuhlolweni kweqembu ekuhlukaniseni kanye nezindinganiso zokukhomba okungavumelani nemithetho ehlukene.

Imali Nenzuzo Yomsebenzi

Nakuba ingekho ngokuqondile ngesenzo sokuvota ngokwaso, imithetho yezezimali yomkhankaso ithinta ukungakhethi nobuqotho bezinqubo zokukhetha.

Lemithetho kumelwe ilinganisele izifiso ezincintisanayo, kuhlanganise namalungelo okukhuluma, ukuvimbela ukonakala noma ukubonakala kokonakala, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ingcebo ayinqumi imiphumela yokukhetha. imibuso ehlukahlukene iye yasebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ekubekeni imingcele eqinile eminikelweni nasezindlekweni kuya ezimisweni eziningi ezigcizelela ukudalulwa kunokuba imingcele.

Ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho yezimali yomkhankaso ngokuvamile kuhilela izimfuneko zokudalulwa, imingcele yomnikelo, imingcele yezinhlobo ezithile zemali, nezijeziso zokwephulwa kwemithetho. Izindikimba ezizimele zivame ukuqondisa ukuthonywa kwezimali futhi zihlole lokho okuthiwa ukwephulwa.

Ukuqaphela Izindinganiso Zokukhetha Emhlabeni Wonke

Ukuhlola ukhetho lomhlaba wonke kuye kwaba indlela ebalulekile yokuthuthukisa ukhetho lwentando yeningi nokuvikela amalungelo okuvota emhlabeni wonke.

IHhovisi Lomkhandlu Wamalungelo Abantu WeZizwe Ezihlangene lifeza indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni nasekuvikeleni ilungelo lokuvota, lilwela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi okhetho luhlangabezana nezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke nokuthi lisendaweni lapho wonke umuntu engasebenzisa khona amalungelo akhe ayisisekelo, ehlanganyela emsebenzini ogcwele wonke amalungelo abantu phakathi nazo zonke izigaba ezihlukahlukene zomjikelezo wokukhetha.

Imishini yokuhlola yomhlaba wonke ihlola izici ezihlukahlukene zezinqubo zevoti, kuhlanganise nomthetho, ukuvota, umkhankaso wokuvota, izinqubo zokuvota, ukubala ibhola, nesinqumo sokuphikisana. Imibiko yabo inikeza izinqumo ezizimele zokuthi okhetho luhlangabezana yini nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke futhi ivame ukuhlanganisa ukutusa ukuthuthukiswa.

Izindinganiso Zomhlaba Wonke Zokukhetha Intando Yeningi

Kuqashelwa ukuthi ayikho indlela eyodwa yokukhetha efanela zonke izizwe nabantu; izimiso zokhetho ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zidinga ukuhlolisiswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe inkululeko nokulunga. Lokhu kuqaphela izinhlobonhlobo zezimiso ezihlukene zentando yeningi kuyavuma ukuthi izimiso ezihlukahlukene zingavumelana nezimiso zentando yeningi kuyilapho zibonisa izimo ezihlukile zomlando, amasiko, nezombangazwe.

Naphezu kwalokhu kuhlukahluka, izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke ziveza izimiso eziyisisekelo okufanele ziphawule okhethweni lwentando yeningi, kuhlanganise nokukhipha isikhala esilinganayo, ukubonakaliswa kwentando yokuvota, yokuvota kwasese, yokukhetha ngezikhathi ezithile, neyokulungisa okuphumelelayo. Lezizimiso zinikeza uhlelo lokuhlola ukuthi izinqubo zokuvota zihlolwa yini.

Izinselele Zokuvikela Amalungelo

Nakuba ilungelo lokuvota liqashelwa kabanzi njengelungelo lomuntu eliyisisekelo, lelilungelo aligunyazwa ngokugcwele ezigidini zabantu emhlabeni wonke, ngokungaguquki ezinkolweni ezihlukene kuhlanganise namaqembu angewona amakholwa, intsha, amancane, labo abenza ubugebengu, abangenamakhaya, abantu abakhubazekile, nabanye abaningi abangakwazi ukuvota ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa ubumpofu, ukungafundi, ukweyisa, noma izinqubo zokukhetha ezingalungile.

Ukusingatha lezi zinselele kudinga imizamo eqhubekayo yokubona nokususa imingcele yokuvota, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithombo eyanele yokuqondisa okhethweni, ukulwa nobandlululo nokwesabisa, nokukhuthaza imfundo yomphakathi mayelana namalungelo okuvota.

Izinselele Ezihambisana Nezimo

Ubuchwepheshe obusha nezimo ezishintshayo zezenhlalo kudala izinselele zokuvikela amalungelo okuvota. Ukusongela isisekelo sokhetho, imikhankaso yokukhipha ulwazi eklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuvota noma ukuqeda ukuthemba okhethweni, nokuphikisana ngokuvota nge - Internet zonke izindaba ezintsha okukhona manje okumelwe zixazululwe izinqubo ezingokomthetho.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nezinhlekelele ezingokwemvelo kungaphazamisa okhetho futhi kubangele izinselele zokuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abavoti abafanelekayo bangafaka amavoti. Izinqubo zomthetho kumelwe zinikeze ukuvumelana ukuze kuxazululwe lokhu kuphazamisa kuyilapho kugcinwa ubuqotho kokhetho futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinyathelo eziphuthumayo aziwavimbeli ngokungafanele amalungelo okuvota.

Ikusasa Lokuvikela Amalungelo Abantu

Njengoba imiphakathi ishintsha futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha, izisekelo ezingokomthetho kumelwe zishintshe ukuze zibhekane nalezi zinguquko kuyilapho kulondolozwe isivikelo esiyisisekelo ukuze umuntu ahlanganyele ngentando yeningi.

Ubuchwepheshe obusunguliwe bunikeza amathuba nezinselele zokuvota. Ukubhalisa i-opera, izincwadi zokuvota, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola ngomshini obuthuthukisiwe bungenza ukuvota kube lula futhi kuhlanganiswe. Nokho, lobu buchwepheshe bubangela ukukhathazeka ngokulondeka, ukufihla imfihlo, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zingathola ithuba elilinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyakwazi ukufunda noma imithombo yezobuchwepheshe.

Izinguquko zezenhlalo, kuhlanganise nokwanda kwenani labantu asebegugile, ukuhlukahluka, nokushintshashintsha kwezindlela zokuhamba, kudinga izinqubo ezingokomthetho ukuze kuvumelaniswe nokuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zingawasebenzisa amalungelo azo okuvota. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise nokwandisa izindawo zokuhlala ezitholakalayo, ukunikeza izinto zokwakha izilimi ezihlukahlukene nokwakha izimiso zokubhalisa ezisekela imiphakathi ehamba ngezimoto.

Ukuqinisa Isivikelo Esingokomthetho

Ukuqinisa isivikelo samalungelo okuvota kudinga izindlela eziningi, kuhlanganise nezinqubo eziqinile zomthetho, imithombo eyanele yokuqondisa okhetho, inqubo yokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho, imfundo yomphakathi, nokuhlola nokuhlola inqubo yokuvota. Ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke nokuhlanganyela kwemikhuba emihle kungasiza ekufundeni kokuhlangenwe nakho komunye nomunye futhi kuthuthukise izimiso zawo siqu.

Izinhlangano zomphakathi zifeza indima ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni amalungelo okuvota, ukufundisa abavoti ngamalungelo abo, ukuhlola okhetho, nokuphula imithetho nezombangazwe ngezindlela ezingokomthetho eziwukwephula inselele.

Isiphetho

Ukuvikela amalungelo kumelela isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sezimiso zomhlaba wonke, amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo, izimfuneko zomthetho, izimiso zokuphatha, nezincazelo zokwahlulela. Lezizinqubo zomthetho zihloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo zingahlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekubusweni kwentando yeningi, zingenakho ukucwaswa, ukwesatshiswa, noma ukungemthetho.

Ukuvikelwa okuphumelelayo kwamalungelo okuvota kudinga okungaphezu nje kwemithetho ephepheni − edinga ukusetshenziswa okunamandla, imithombo eyanele, ukuqapha nokuzivumelanisa okuqhubekayo nezinselele ezintsha. Izinkantolo, abaqondisi bokhetho, izinhlangano zomphakathi, kanye nezakhamuzi ezihlanganyela zonke zifeza izindima ezibalulekile ekuhumusheni isivikelo esingokomthetho esingokoqobo.

Njengoba imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi ibhekana nezinselele, kusukela ekuphazamisekeni kwezobuchwepheshe kuya ekushintsheni kwenani labantu kuya ekusongweni okubangelwa ukuphazanyiswa kwemininingwane nokuphazanyiswa kwamanye amazwe, ukubaluleka kokuvikelwa kwamalungelo okuvota okunamandla kukhula kuphela.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngamalungelo okuvota nokuqondisa kokhetho, U.S. i-Foast Application Commission inikeza imithombo eminingi yemisebenzi yokuthola nokwenza okuhle. [ iHofisi ye-UN yeKhomishane yaMagunya aPhakemeezelo eHlulwele [[[[FLT]]] inikeza ukwaziswa ngezindinganiso zokhetho namalungelo abantu. Izinhlangano ezifana [[FLT:]] inikeza ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngezimiso zokuthola ulwazi [[[FLT:][FLT][FLT] [FLT] [F:5] ukucwaninga kanye nokungagunyazeli ngokomthetho ngokhetho nokwenza ukulungiswa kwezindawo.[Foct.], futhi ufaka umbiko wezindawo ezisebenzayo.[Foct.]

Ukuqonda indlela izimiso zomthetho ezivikela ngayo amalungelo okuvota kunika izakhamuzi amandla okusebenzisa amalungelo azo ngokuphumelelayo, kuqaphele lapho lawomalungelo esongelwa, futhi kumelelwa isivikelo esiqine ngokwengeziwe.