Isimo sezombangazwe saseJapane siye salolongwa ukuhlanganiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kokwethembeka kweqembu novoti. Ukuqonda lezizinto ezinamandla kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela idemokrasi yaseJapane esebenza ngayo futhi iguquke ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwala mandla amabili bushintsha njalo, buthonywe yimida yezomlando, izisekelo, izinguquko zezenhlalo, nokushintsha kwezomnotho, nokubuyisela isizukulwane. Lesi sihloko sihlola imbangela ejulile yokwethembeka kweqembu, izindlela eziguquguqukayo zokuthatha iqhaza, nendlela lezici ezimbili ezisebenza ngayo ekuthuthukiseni izombangazwe zaseJapane.

Umlando Wezombangazwe ZaseJapane

Kusukela ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II, iJapane iye yathola isimo sezombangazwe esizinzile esibuswa yi-Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). Saqalwa ngo- 1955 ngokuhlanganiswa kwamaqembu amabili abambelele ngokwezinga eliphansi, i-LDP yaba namandla cishe ngokuqhubekayo kusukela ngo- 1955 kuya ku-2009 (nenkathi yehora elingu-11 lenyanga ngo-1993-944), futhi yabuyela futhi kuhulumeni kusukela ngo-2012 kuqhubeke. Lokhu kulawula okuphawulekayo kuye kwakhuthaza ukwethembeka okuqinile phakathi kuka-vota, abaningi babo abasekela i-LDP phakathi nokhetho oluningi. Ikhono leqembu lokulungisa isimiso salo ngokomthetho lisebenzisa isikhathi salo kusuka ekukhuleni kweze kunyuko lokuthuthukisa ubuzwe kusuka ekulungiseni ushintsho lweze “inguquko yezentengo” futhi kamuva kusize ukuba kuhlale izinhlangano eziningi zabalimi, abalimi, abahlala emaphandleni, nezakhamuzi abadala.

Uhlelo lwezombangazwe lwangemva kwempi lwalolongwa futhi yindawo yaseMelika yokuphatha (1945-19952), eyamisa umthetho-sisekelo wokungathathi hlangothi futhi yasungula izinhlangano zezentando yeningi. Umongo wakuqala weMpi Yomshoshaphansi washukumisela i-United States ukuba isekele amabutho adla ngoludala eJapane, iqinisekisa ukuthi iziphakamiso ze-LDP ezingaguquki ngokuvamile zivumelana nezithakazelo ze-U. Lokhu kusekela kwangaphandle kwaqinisa ukufaneleka kwe-LDP futhi kwakha indlela ezimele lapho amaqembu aphikisayo (ikakhulu i-Democraticism Party yaseJapan futhi kamuva i-Democratic Party) alwa kanzima ukuze akhe iziphatho ezihlala.

Izici Ezithonya Ukwethembeka Kweqembu

Ukwethembeka kweqembu eJapane akuyona nje indaba yemibono; kugxile ngokujulile ezinhlanganweni zokuxhumana, ezinhlanganweni zendawo, nasezintweni ezibonakalayo ezishukumisayo.

Izibopho Ezingokomlando Nesimiso SeKōennai

Abavoti abaningi bahlakulela ukwethembeka okusekelwe ekuxhumaneni nezindawo ezisezigodini ezinde noma ezisezingeni eliphansi. Lokhu kuhlelwa nge- kōentai [izinhlangano zokusekela] ezizisebenzelayo ezihlakulelwayo izazi zezombangazwe ngabanye. I-kōenkai inikeza izinzuzo ezinjengezipho zomshado, inani labakhona emngcwabeni, izingeniso zomsebenzi, nesilinganiso esincane sezentengiselwano. Ngokubuyela, amalungu abhalisa lowo sosayensi (futhi amaqembu abo) kuzo zonke izikhundla. Lesimiso savela ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni nasemaphandleni. Iveza uhlobo oluqinile lokwethembeka okungasinda enkambisweni noma emaphathini, isikhathi eside njengoba abameleli besekela bendawo besekela.

Ukulungisa ngokusemthethweni

Abavoter bathambekele ekusekeleni amaqembu anezimiso ezibonisa izithakazelo zawo siqu noma zomphakathi. Abalimi baseJapane, abathonywe kakhulu yizimiso zezolimo, bavota ngokuqisayo. Ngokuphambene, izinyunyana zezisebenzi ezivumelana ngokomlando namaqembu anxele, nakuba amalungu ehle kakhulu. Ochwepheshe base-Ugandan kanye nabavoti abasha abambalwa bathambekele ekuthembekeni kakhulu nakokunganciphikiswa okukhulu, kodwa futhi nabo bavota ngokwezinga eliphansi kakhulu. I-LDP's isekelwe ezinguqulweni zezomnotho ngaphansi kweNgqozinkulu yasebukhosini uJunichirozimi (2001) yanqoba i-Rhovitus yasedolov, kuyilapho iDidemocratic Party yeJapan ithambekele ekunqobeni kwezentengo yowase-Old P, kodwa futhi ivotase ekujuleni kobuqotho.

Ukudunyiswa Nokusebenza Kweqembu

Ukwethembeka nokuphumelela okubonakala kweqembu kuthonya ukwethembeka. IJapane iye yabhekana namahlazo enkohlakalo aphindaphindiwe (njengecala lokufumbathisa elingu-Rockheed, ihlazo leRecruit, kanye nezindaba zamuva kakhulu zokubika ngesikhwama). Nokho i-LDP iye yazibonakalisa iqinile ngokuphawulekayo: abavoti bayazibekezelela iziphakamiso ezicatshangelwayo zokukwazi ukulawula kwezomnotho kanye nokulondeka kwesizwe. Idumela lokuphikiswa, okwaselinyazwe yinkinga ye-DPJ, ngo-2009-2012 shumiure, lapho ihluleka ukuletha izinguquko ezithenjisiwe futhi i-Fukushima isabela ngenhlekelele yenuzi ngo- 2011. Lokhu kuye kwenza abaningi abangafuni ukuguqula ukwethembeka kwezentengozo zeze kusuka ngisho nasezweni lokunganeliseki.

Imikhuba Yokuvuleka Kwezindiza EJapane

U Voter uguqukile eJapane phakathi namashumi eminyaka, ngokuvamile uthonywa izinga lokuthembisana komphakathi nokwaneliseka ngenqubo yezombangazwe. I-Turneut ivame ukuphakama phakathi nokhetho lwesizwe kodwa ingancipha phakathi nokhetho lwendawo noma ngezikhathi zokunganaki kwezombangazwe. Imikhuba yamuva yembula ukwehla kwesikhathi eside okukhathazayo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamaqembu amasha.

Ukukhethwa Kwesizwe

Ngo-1950 nango-1960, kwavela ukhetho lwe House of Messages lwadlula amaphesenti angu-70 njalo. Ngo-1990, lwase lwehle cishe ngamaphesenti angu-60, futhi ngo-2014 ukhetho oluvamile lwabhala unyulo lwangemva kwempi olungaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-32.666 (nakuba ukhetho luka-2017 lwaba nophawu oluncane oluya ku-5.68). Ukhetho lwamashumi amabini angama-221 lwabuyela emuva ku- 55.93, lusalula ngokwezindinganiso zomlando. Indlu yoMnyango (umphetho) ibona ngisho nokhetho oluphansi (ukwesibhidi) olungamaphesenti angu-50). Ngokuqhathanisa, ukhetho lwendawo yaseJapane lungaphindela ngezansi ngamaphesenti angu-40, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingahlolwangahloli hlangothini.

Iminyaka Nezigebengu Zezizukulwane

Enye yezindlela ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu ukuvumelana okukhulu phakathi kobudala nokubuya. Kukhetho oluvamile lwama-2021, abavoti kwabangama-20 baba noshintsho olungamaphesenti angaba ngu-35, kuyilapho labo abaneminyaka engu-60 benamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-70. Leligebe liye laqhubeka futhi liqhutshwa yizici ezinjengokwethembeka okungenamandla phakathi kwentsha, umuzwa wokuthi ezombangazwe azinandaba nezinkathazo zabo, futhi zihlobene kancane nezimiso ze-kōenkai. Ngokungafani, amadala amavota, cishe asungule imikhuba yokuvota, isikhathi esikhulu kakhulu, nezibophopho eziqinile njengeqembu le-Aucial Couparters (JA) noma iQueauniortives.

Ukuhlukanisa Umphakathi

Izindawo zasemaphandleni zithambekele ekuboniseni ukunethezeka okukhulu kunamadolobha amakhulu, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuhlangana okunamandla kwezenhlalo kanye nokuba khona kwe-kōennai. Izakhamuzi zasedolobheni zivame kakhulu ukuba nezinganaki, ukuhamba, noma ukuntuleka kwezimiso zezombangazwe zendawo. Nokho, isimiso sokhetho , ngokuqondene nokubekwa kwezihlalo ezikhuluphele kakhulu ezihlala emaphandleni asemaphandleni, futhi kusho ukuthi ivoti yasemaphandleni ithwele isilinganiso esiphezulu kakhulu ekunqumeni imiphumela, okuthi kamuva kuqinise ukuvuleka kwezindawo zasemaphandleni.

Izici Ezithinta Ukuhlanganyela Kwezinjini

Ngaphandle kwezici eziyisisekelo zokwakheka nokuzalana kwabantu, inqubo engokoqobo ithonya ukuthi umuntu ngamunye uvota yini.

Ukuthunjwa Kwezigebengu Nemizamo Yomkhankaso

Imizamo yomkhankaso nezinhlelo zokudlulisa izinhlangano zandisa ukuthatha ingxenye. Imithetho yokhetho yaseJapane ivimbela kakhulu: ukuvala iminyango ukuya kumnyango kunqatshelwe, futhi imikhankaso eminingi yenziwa ngezinkulumo zomphakathi, ngokusakaza amabala, nangezimemezelo. Imikhosi incike kakhulu emaqenjini ahleliwe (kōenkai, izinyunyana, izinhlangano zenkolo) ukunikeza amavoti. Iposi nocingo oluqondile kuya kuvunyelwa kodwa kulinganiselwe. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, amaqembu azama ukukhipha imithombo yezindaba yomphakathi, nakuba amadala avoti (hjové ngamazinga aphezulu [1] angenamfanelekelwe ngamathuluzi amanani aphezulu. [FLT.[FLT:]][FLT] [FLT]] [FLT]] ama-setton [ok 1] [irighttioset], i-osethiwervey), i-com, i-osethiwexceddiasethiox, i-offnethiwe, i-ogcut, i-o

Ukuncintisana Nokubona Amasheke

Izinhlanga ezisondelene zishukumisela abavoti abaningi ukuba bahlanganyele. Uma umphumela uvela unqunyiwe (njengasemakhothameni amaningi e-LDP), ukuvela komqansa. Ukungena kwezifunda ezizimele ezingxenyeni zokhetho oluko 1994 (kuyi House of Deaders) kwandisa ukuncintisana kwezinye izihlalo kodwa kwaveza izigodi eziningi ze-LDP eziphephile ezindaweni zasemaphandleni. Ukudweba kokulinganisa kunikeza i-valve yokuphepha kwamaqembu amancane, kodwa ngokwezinga lonke, izinhlanga ezincintisanayo zinqandwa ukupheka. Izifunda zesizwe ezisezifundeni eziphezulu [1][9] ikakhulukazi eziphethe amadolobheni.

Ukwethenjwa Nokwaneliseka Komphakathi Ngentando Yeningi

Ukuthembana ezinhlanganweni zezombangazwe kukhuthaza ukubophana kwevoti. Ukuhlola kwe-Institute of Social and Economic Research e-Osaka University kubonisa ukuthi ukuthembela kwamaJapane emabuthweni ezombangazwe nabaphathi abakhethiwe kwancipha kakhulu ngemva kuka-2009-2012 uhulumeni we-DPJ, futhi kuye kwavuselelwa ngokwengxenye ngaphansi kwe-temu ende ye-LDP. Ukukhothamela okune ngcono nokungasheki kwe-past, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwentsha. Nokho, ukungathemba kungavusa futhi ukuphikisa lapho intukuthelo iphezulu (2009) ezweni lase-DPJ2 noma ku-201 esekela i-DDémocratic Party Party) kwezinye izindawo.

Ukunciphisa Ukusakaza Imali

IJapane iye yandisa ukuvota nokungavota kwasekuqaleni futhi yaphuma emashumini eminyaka amuva. Kukhetho oluvamile lwama-2021, cishe amaphesenti angu-15 abavoti abasetshenziswa ekuqaleni, amanani ahlukene phakathi kwawo-1990. Iziteshi zokuvota ngokuvamile zihamba emadolobheni, kodwa izakhamuzi zasemaphandleni zingaba nomgama omude. Uhulumeni futhi uye wasungula iziteshi zokuhlola ezihambayo zeziqhingi ezikude. Nokho, usuku lokhetho luyiSonto, olusiza ukuba kungenelwe. Noma kunjalo, ukuntula kwevoti ngeposi yezakhamuzi eziningi kuhlale kuyisithiyo kulabo abangakwazi ukuthatha uhambo lokuhlola izindawo zokuhlola. [[FLT:] [FLT:] Ministarys of Foreign A Affits [FLT]] ubika ukuthi njalo kuhlala kubhekene nezinqubo zokubhalisa eziyinkimbinkimbi zaseJapanni.

Ukuhlangana Phakathi Kokwethembeka Noguquko

Ukwethembeka kweqembu novoti akuzona izikweletu; basebenzelana ngezindlela ezingakhulisa noma zinciphise ukuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi.

Ukwethembeka Njengamandla Aqinisayo

Ukwethembeka kweqembu kuvame ukuholela ezindleleni zokuvota ezingaguquki, ezingaqinisa imiphumela yokukhetha. Abasekeli be-LDP (noma beqembu elikhulu labaphikisi) babonisa ngokuqiniseka ukuvota ngisho nakukhetho oluphansi. Lokhu kwenza ukuba izibikezelo zokukhetha zibonwe ngokuqhathaniswa ngezihlalo eziphephile. Ukuzinzile kusho futhi ukuthi ukushintsha okukhulu kwenqubo kudinga ukushintsha okukhulu emizweni yomphakathi, hhayi nje ukuphenduphenduka okuncane. Isimiso sezombangazwe saseJapane siye saphawulwa ngoshintsho olungokwengxenye enkulu kunokuphazamisa inguquko eqinile.

Lapho Ukwethembeka Kucindezelwa

Nokho, ukwethembeka okukhulu kungacindezela ukuphendulwa uma abavoti benomuzwa wokuthi iqembu abalithandayo liyowina noma ngabe liyini, benciphisa umuzwa wokuphuthuma ukuvota. Ezindaweni ezinengxenye eyodwa, abasekeli bangahlala ekhaya, kuyilapho abaphikisi bedangala ngisho nokuzama. Ukulawula kwe-LDP ezindaweni zasemaphandleni ngezinye izikhathi kuveza amazinga aphansi kakhulu kwesilinganiso sombuso wezwe, phela ngenxa yokuthi umphumela uthathwa njengesiphetho esingokomthetho. Ngokufanayo, uma ukwethembeka kubuthakathaka, kujikijelwa phakathi kwabathandi be-LDP kodwa bengenakho okunye okusebenzayo. Ukwehluleka kwe-DPJ ukuguqula i-flovethi ehlala njalo i-2009 ethembekile kuyiqiniso: abasekeli abaningi abahlala ekhaya abalandelayo, abahoxisiwe bonke.

Ukwethembeka Okuphansi Nokuzimisela Okuqhubekayo Kokushintsha

Ngokuphambene, ukwethembeka okuphansi noma ukunganeliseki kunganyuka njengoba abavoti befuna ushintsho. Okhetho oluvamile lwaseJapane lwango 2009 lwenyuka lwaba amaphesenti angu-69.28.8 futhi abavoti abazimisele ukuxosha i-LDP ngemva komthetho wabo omde bangena eziteshini zokuhlola. Nokho, lokhu “kwakuyivoti” kunokuba kufune ukuthembeka okujulile e DPJ, futhi kwabonakala kungalawuleki. Ngemva kwe-DPJ’s provess acrout, yacwila kunyukela kumaphesenti angu- 59.32 ngo-2012. Lesibonelo sibonisa ukuthi nakuba igagasi eyenzeka, ukuphakama kokubuya kwesikhashana kudinga ukuthembana kabusha isikhungo kanye neqembu.

Izinto Ezinamandla Zesizukulwane

Imidlalo futhi iyahlukahluka nasemaqenjini. Abavoti abadala babonisa ukwethembeka okukhulu nokuzihambela kakhulu, benika ithonya eliphansi. Abavoti abasebasha banokwethembeka okuphansi nokungasheshi okuphansi, okusho ukuthi abakuthandayo kuyaboniswa. Imikhosi isabela ngokunengqondo ngokusekela amaqoqo amadala, athembekile, ngokwesibonelo, nemithetho yempesheni yempesheni nezokunakekela impilo, okuthi kamuva kukhulise igebe lokuhlanganyela. Ukuphula lo mjikelezo kungadinga izindlela ezintsha zokusungula, njengokunciphisa inkathi yokuvota (elungele ukufinyelela ku-18 ngo-2016) nokuletha izinhlelo zemfundo yezenhlalakahle ezikoleni.

Ukufunwa Kwentando Yeningi YaseJapane

Ukuqonda lezi zimiso ezinamandla kusiza abakhi bomthetho namaqembu ezombangazwe ukuba bangene ngokuphumelelayo ekuvoti. Ukukhuthaza ukuthembeka okukhulu nokugcina ukwethembeka okunempilo eqenjini kubalulekile embusweni wentando yeningi onamandla obonisa ngokunembile intando yabantu. Nokho, ukulinganisela kwamanje kuletha izinselele eziningana.

Ukumelela Nobufundisi

Kuphansi phakathi kwentsha nasemadolobheni kumelela imfuno yakudala, abavoti basemaphandleni. Lokhu kungaholela ezimisweni ezingasabeli ezidingweni zezizukulwane ezizayo, njengokugcizelela okukhulu ekusekeleni imali yokuxhasa ezolimo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwendlela yokuzimela kwezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo, kuyilapho ukufakwa ngaphansi kwezezisekelo zezesayensi yezesayensi noma ukujwayela isimo sezulu. i-National Diet Diet Library [[[ ekuthakazeleni kokhetho] kusikisela ukuthi uma iJapan ingenakukwazi ukuhlehlisa ukuncipha kwemali encishisiwe, ukufaneleka kwesimiso somthetho kungaphela, njengoba ohulumeni bezoveza iqheke kuphela ingcucucu encithayo ye-ovotor.

Ukuhlukana Kweqembu

Ukwethembeka okubuthakathaka − ngaphandle kwe-LDP", kuye kwaholela ekuphikiseni izwe. Amaqembu amancane amaningi (iQembu lobuKhomanisi laseJapane, iKomeito, iNippon Ishin no Kai, kanye namanye) ancintisana ukuze athole ingxenye elinganiselwe yevoti, kodwa ambalwa angakha izisekelo eziqinile zokusekela. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ngabavoti ukujezisa i-LDP ngokuphumelelayo, ngoba amavoti alwa ne-LDP avame ukulahlwa emaqenjini amancane angakwazi ukuwina. Inguquko yenguquko (njengokunciphisa umnyango wezihlalo zokumelela ngokwesilinganiso) ingakhula futhi ibuye ibuye ithathe i-LD imela, kodwa i-LD imelane izinguquko ezisongela ukubusa kwayo.

Indima Yomphakathi Wasebuthweni Nabezindaba

Umphakathi waseJapane nemithombo yezindaba engokwesiko (izincwadi ezintsha, iNHK) kuye kwadlala indima ngokomlando ekutsheleni abavoti nasekukhuthazeni ukuhlanganiswa kwezombangazwe. Nokho, ukuncipha kokufunda amaphephandaba nokukhula kwendawo ye-intanethi ye-intanethi kuye kwahlukanisa indawo yokwaziswa. Amaphutha nokunganaki kwezombangazwe kungaqinisa iziqondiso zokhetho. Amaqembu emfundo azimeleyo, njengaye Ukucwaninga kwezezezwe [[] ukuzimisela ukwandisa ukungenela kolwazi, kodwa asebenza ngesilinganiso esincane. Uhulumeni futhi uye wazama izikhumbuzo zokuvota ngokuthumela iposi ne-SCPURC, nakuba kulokhu kusezandle.

Umbono Wekusasa

Ithonya lokwethembeka kweqembu novoti eJapane cishe liyophenduka kancane kancane. Ukuguga komthetho womthetho kuqhubeke kuthuthukisa ubunzima obulinganiselwe be-voti abathembekile abadala, kugcine i-LDP isendaweni eqinile. Kodwa amaqembu angaphakathi kanye nokulwa kobuholi kungadala amathuba amasha okuvota amasha. Ukuvela kokuvota okusekelwe enqubweni ezihloko ezifana namandla enuzi, ukubukeza umthetho-sisekelo, nokulingana kwabesifazane kungaheha abasha, ikakhulukazi uma amaqembu efaka i-LDP ebophene. Okwamanje, ukuphakama kwesigaba sobudala kuhlangene nokuthembeka kwe-LDPP okuqinile, kodwa idemocracy ihlala ikwazi ukumangala ngezikhathi ezithile, njengoba kwaboniswa ngo-2009.

Ekuphetheni, ubuhlobo phakathi kokwethembeka kweqembu novoti eJapane abukho obuqinile futhi abufananga. Buwumphumela wendlela engokomlando yokuncika, ukuhlelwa kwenhlangano yezenhlalo, nokushintsha kwezizukulwane. Ukuqaphela lamandla kubalulekile kunoma yimuphi ukuhlolwa kokhetho lwaseJapane nanoma yimuphi umzamo wokuqinisa ukungenela kwentando yeningi emkhakheni wesithathu wezwe.