Umlando wezimiso zokuvota emiphakathini yentando yeningi ukulandisa okucebile kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezombangazwe, umzabalazo wezenhlalo, nokusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe. Kusukela ekubonisweni kwezandla e-Athene lasendulo kuya ekuhlolweni kwemishini yezibalo yekhulu lama-21, isenzo sokuvota siye sashintsha ukuze sibonise izindinganiso ezishintshayo zokungalawuleki, imfihlo, nempumelelo. Ukuqonda lendlela yokuzivumelanisa kubalulekile ekuqondeni kokubili amalungelo esiwasebenzisayo nezinselele esibhekene nazo okhethweni lwanamuhla. Lohambo alubonisi nje kuphela ukukhula kwezimiso zedemokhrasi kodwa luqokomisa ukuqina okuqhubekayo phakathi kokufinyelela nokuphepha, isiko nentuthuko. Inkathi ngayinye iveze indlela izakhamuzi eziveza ngayo intando yazo, futhi lezimiso ziyaqhubeka zizama ukujwayela izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe.

Imvelaphi Yasendulo: Intando Yeningi Eqondile EGreece

Izindlela zokuvota zakudala zavela e-Ancient Greece, ikakhulukazi e-Athene cishe ngekhulu lesihlanu BCE. Ukubusa kwentando yeningi kwe-Athene kwakuwuhlobo oluqondile lokubusa lapho izakhamuzi zazihlangene khona eklexia (ingqungquthela eyinhloko) yokuxoxa nokuvota imithetho, izivumelwano, nezindaba zezempi. Izindlela zokuvota zazilula futhi zazinomphakathi: izakhamuzi zaziphakamise izandla zazo ([[[[FLT:]]] chetonia [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]]) izinqumo eziningi, noma ukusebenzisa amacricker, [[[5] [iiphawuli] ukusongela kwesizwe] [[FLT] [5]] [isizathu esingusongelo]

Nakuba ukuvota kwakunemingcele enzima, ukuvota kwase-Athene kwakunendawo eqinile. Izakhamuzi zabesilisa kuphela cishe 10-20% zomphakathi − ezavunyelwa ukuhlanganyela, ngaphandle kwabesifazane, izigqila, nabezizwe (abangabodwa). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuntuleka kobuso bomuntu siqu ekuvoteni kwenza izakhamuzi zachayeka ekucindezeleni kontanga, ukufumbathisa, nokwesabisa. Naphezu kwalokhu konakala, isibonelo se-Athene esakhe izimiso zentando yeningi: ukuhlanganyela kwesizwe, ukulingana kwenkulumo ([[FLT: 0]] i-ariaria , kanye nomthetho. Kwasebenza njengesisekelo sokubhekisa kombono yamuva yentando yeningi, kuthonya ifilosofi njengo-Aristolist owemithetho ehlukene kanye nezindlela zokuvota emsebenzini wakhe [FLT]][FF]]

Izimo ZamaRoma: Kusukela Emihlanganweni Kuya Eballot

IRome Republic (c. 509-27 BCE) ithuthukisiwe ngokuvota ngokusungula izinqubo ezihlelwe kahle neziyimfihlo. AmaRoma avota emihlanganweni eminingana: i-Comitalia Conturiata [[ ehlelwe ngebutho lezempi, [[FLT:] i-[FLT] i-CUMITIA TH [[2]] TH [[FLT]] ngezizwe, nemithetho ebhalwe [[FLT] i-Plebit [[5:] ye-Plat:5]. i-Votbeanyny ekuqaleni yayishiwo ngeqembu, kodwa cishe ngekhulu BCE, [FLT] [5] i-FT] i-FT] futhi i-fulglose:[10] i-fut [ivoced , noma i-fucedftive.] iqoqo lenani elingaphezulu le-ft:[fet][f]

Ukuvota kwamaRoma kwamisa futhi umqondo wokumelelwa ngesimiso esisekelwe eqenjini, lapho ikhulu leminyaka ngalinye noma isizwe ngasinye savota khona isithiyo esisodwa (sokuqala samakholiji okuvota.) Nokho, njenge-Athens, ukuhlanganyela kwakulinganiselwe ezakhamuzini zabesilisa, futhi lesimiso sasiqiniswa kakhulu kubantu abacebile (umz., amakilasi okuqala ababalwayo ayenamakhulu amaningi eminyaka). IRiphabliki yamaRoma ekugcineni yawa, kodwa imikhuba yayo yokuvota, ikakhulukazi ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso ezibhaliwe ze-colobolot nezimiso zemihlangano, kwathonya amapalamende aphakathi kanye nomqondo wamuva weRepublican. Umthetho wamaRoma wabuye wagunyaza amalungelo akhona ezindawo zokhetho nezakhamuzi, wakha isisekelo esingokomthetho esaqhubeka eMbusweni wase-Byzantine naseYurophu.

Inkathi Yenkathi Ephakathi NeyangeNkathi Yempucuko: Izidumbu Nezingabameleli Zalinganiselwa

Phakathi nenkathi yenkathi ephakathi (cishe ngekhulu lesihlanu nelekhulu le-15), ukuvota kwamiswa kakhulu kodwa kwancishiswa kakhulu ngezindinganiso zesimanje. Isimiso sobufandanda sagxila emankosini nasezikhulu, ngokuvota okulinganiselwe emikhandlwini ephakeme. Nokho, izenzakalo eziyinhloko zagcina umqondo wokumelelwa uphila. ENgilandi, iMagna Carta (1215) yasungula ukuthi inkosi ayinakukwazi ukukhokha intela ngaphandle kwemvume yezwe, kuholele ekubizweni kwePhalamende lokuqala ngekhulu le-13. Ngekhulu le-14, iPhalamende laseNgilandi lalihlanganisa nabameleli abakhethiwe bevela emazifundeni nasezindaweni zomphakathi (Indlu Evamile), nakuba abantu kuphela bezwe bebengavota.

Ngaphesheya kweYurophu, kwavela izindikimba ezifanayo: iSiphakamiso-Mbuye se-French (Frish System), i-Lituanian Commonwealth's, ne-Iceland Althing (enye ye-Althing endala, emisiwe ka-930). Lemihlangano yayivame ukuhlolwa kunemithetho, nezindlela zokuvota zahlukahlukahluka kusukela ekubhaleni ngomlomo ezingqungqungqutheleni. Inguquko (14/17) yavuselela isithakazelo kuyifilosofi yasendulo yezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi isiGreki neRoma ngezakhamuzi nemibuso. Abacuphinikazi bahlola amaRiphabliki kanye nendima yokuhlanganyela komsebenzi ovamile. Ukunyathelisa kwalokhu kusakaza lemibono, kubeka isigaba sokucwelwa kwezwe. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ukuvota kwahlala ilungelo le-Propont, i-ethobo, i-astnabon, nombono wezentethi, nowabangw.[9] Kodwa abacebile bazuza iqoqo.

Ukukhanyiselwa: Izisekelo Zezimiso Zentando Yeningi Zanamuhla

Ikhulu le-17 nele-18 lokukhanyiselwa kwalungisa ifilosofi yokuvota. Izingqondo eziyinhloko zanikeza izisekelo ezicatshangelwayo zobukhosi obuthandwayo kanye nokuvumelana kwababuswayo. uJohn Locke waphikisa ukuthi ohulumeni bathola amandla emvumeni yabantu nokuthi izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokuvukela ubushiqela [@ii-asceas [[FLT:] Ezimbili] kuhulumeni [[FLT:] [16] [16]] [16]) izakhamuzi zishosho ukuthi i-roult Rouss Rous [[FLT][FF:5] [5] [ivolate] imibuso ehlukene ye-[Foct:] [FF] [11].[10]

Lemibono yakhuthaza ngokuqondile iziNguquko zaseMelika (1776) naseFrance (1789). ISimemezelo se-Independent sagomela ukuthi ohulumeni bathola "amandla abo alungile ngokuvunyelwa ababuswayo. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. (1787) wasungula idemokrase elimelelwayo enekholiji elinokhetho lokuvota i-Pregrance kanye nokuvota kwesifunda, nakuba ekuqaleni amadoda kuphela amhlophe abanikazi bempahla abebebebebebebebebebengavota. Inguquko yaseFrance yasungula i-ssuffragerage yandawo yonke isikhathi, kanye nomqondo we "sizwe" njengomthombo wemvume. Umthetho-mthetho-mgaqongo waseFrance wasebenzisa isimiso sobumongameli ababili. Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi inguquko yayenza indlela yokuvota yaba ngokomthetho emhlabeni wonke, ukucwenga kwesimiso sokuzinza esibanzi sesimiso sokusebenza isikhathi eside.[Fredplanest producence]

Izinguquko Zekhulu Le - 19: Ukwanda Kwesithuthi Ne - Imfihlo

Ikhulu le-19 labona ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwamalungelo okuvota nezinguquko zezentando yeningi ezizweni zentando yeningi. E-United States, izimfuneko zempahla zaqedwa kancane kancane phakathi nenkathi kaJackson (120-1850s), zanweba ukuhlanganisa bonke abamhlophe. E-United Kingdom, iReformation Acts ka-1832, 1867, futhi ngo-1884 zandisa ukukhethwa kwabaphathi bempahla abacebile ukuze kuhlanganiswe amadoda aphakathi nesigaba sawo kanye nabanini-makhaya. Izinguquko ezifanayo zenzeka eCanada, e-Australia, nase-Europe.

Enye yezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu kwakungukwamukela i-collet yangasese. Phambi kwalokho, ukuvota kwakuqhutshwa obala (i-viva ivoce noma ngokunikeza abanikazi be-collet abanyathelisiwe obala), okwavumela abanikazi, abaqashi, nabaqondisi bezombangazwe ukuba bacindezele abavoti. I-Australia yaqala ukuthatha "i-Australian bolot" ngo-18566,a yunifomu, uhulumeni oshicilelwe i-colot, ephawulwe ngasese, futhi yafakwa ebhokisini elivaliwe. Lesimiso sanwe ngokushesha: iUnited Kingdom yayamukela ngo-1872, i-United States ngemithetho ehlukahlukene ye-1880,1890, kanye nezizwe eziningi zaseYurophu. Ukuvota okusemthethweni okusemthethweni, ukuncipha okukhulu nokufumbathisa nokufumba.

Ngekhulu le-1993 kwazalwa futhi izinhlangano zabesifazane ezihleliwe. I-Seneca Falls Convention ngo-1848 e-U.S. yacela amalungelo okuvota abesifazane. INew Zealand yaba izwe lokuqala elizivotayo ukuze linikeze abesifazane ivoti, lilandelwe yi-Australia (1993, elinganiselwe). Nokho, izindawo eziningi zamelana ngokuphelele kuze kube yikhulu lama-20 leminyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumelelwa ngokwesilinganiso (PR) kwahlongozwa futhi kwamiswa phakathi nale nkathi, lapho iDenmark yamukela isimiso sePR seZwe nge-1859, neBelgium sokuthatha uhlu lokuphayona ngo-PR. PR yahlosa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izihlalo zokubusa zemithetho zibonakala ngokunembile kunezindawo ezinqobayo zonke, ngaphansi kokuqondisa izinhlelo ezikhona.

Ukushintsha Kwekhulu Lama - 20: Ubuchwepheshe, Amalungelo Omphakathi, Nezimiso Zokulungisa

Ikhulu lama-20 leminyaka laletha izinguquko eziguqulayo ngobuchwepheshe nangezinhlangano ezinkulu zezenhlalo. Ukunikeza amalungelo anwe kakhulu ngemva kwe-WWI: i-UK yanikeza abesifazane abangaphezu kuka-30 ukuvota ngo-1918 (unyaka owalingana no-1928), i-U.S. yagunyaza iSichibiyelo sekhulu le-1919 ngo-1920, futhi amazwe amaningi aseYurophu asungula ukuvukela komhlaba wonke ngemva kwenguquko noma izimpi zomhlaba. I-Civil Rights Movement in U.S. phakathi nonyaka wama-1950-1960 yalwa ukuqeda imithetho yokuvota yase-Afrika eyavimbela ukuvota ngokuhlolwa kokufunda i-ibhiyo, intela yokukhothoza, nobudlova. ISivumelo sesizwe sango-1965 se-A Amacala obandlululo lwezinhlanganozwe futhi sagunyaza ukuphatha ngomlando wobandlululo.

Ngezobuchwepheshe, ikhulu lama-1990 kwasungulwa imishini yokuvota (esetshenziswa eU.S. kusukela ngawo-1890 kuya kuma-1980), eyashesha ukubala kodwa engenawo umkhondo wephepha. Ngo-1960 kwabonwa imishini yokuqala ye-electronic (DREs), futhi ngo-1990, izimiso zokuvota zemishini ye-opalstiki zaqala ukusetshenziswa kakhulu. Imishini yokuvota yasetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjenge-Oregon (eyayamukela konke ukuvota ngo-ma ngo-1998) futhi yashiya ingekho. Ikhulu lama-20 labona nokwanda kwezindlela zokuvota ezihlukile: amazwe amaningi aseYurophu amukelwayo ukumelelwa kwemigaba (i.g.), kanti ezinye zasebenzisa izimiso ze-ultralie France, zasetshenziswa ukuvota kwezimiso zembulunga zonke; izinhlangano zembulunga yonke i-octivemotemp:[0] futhi ziqinisekisa ukusekela kwezinhlangano ze-DF. [ectic:]

Ingxenye yokugcina yekhulu leminyaka yalwa nezinselele ezinjengokuvota ngemingcele yesifunda ukuze kuzuze abashokobezi) kanye novoti abaphansi ezindaweni eziningi zentando yeningi. Izimpikiswano ngemithetho ye-ID yabavoti zakhula kakhulu ngawo- 2000, zaphakamisa imibuzo ngokuvimbela ukutholakala nokukhwabanisa. Naphezu kwalezi mpikiswano, ikhulu lama-20 lasungula ukuvota njengendawo eseduze neyomhlaba wonke emiphakathini yentando yeningi, kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezindlela nezimiso.

Izimiso Zokuhlalisa: Izinhlobonhlobo, Izinselele, Nemikhuba Engcono Kakhulu

Namuhla, imiphakathi yentando yeningi isebenzisa izimiso zokuvota ezihlukahlukene, ngayinye enemiphumela ehlukile yefilosofi nesebenzayo. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kuyisihluthulelo ekuhloleni ukungakhethi nokumelelwa. Imikhaya emibili emikhulu iyizimiso eziyinhloko kanye nokumelelwa (PR).

Izimiso Ezinkulu

Okuvame kakhulu yi- umbango wokuqala-kamuva [[FFLT:1] [FTP], osetshenziswa eUnited Kingdom, United States, Canada, naseNdiya. Isifunda ngasinye esikhethweyo sinye; umnqobi ungowonotho oluningi, ngisho noma bengawufezi umningi. Abaxhasi baphikisana ngokuthi iveza ohulumeni abaqinile nesibopho sokuziphendulela, kuyilapho abagxeki bengayiphawulanga ukususa imiphumela ye-proportationation, (umz., iqembu lokuwina i-40% yamavoti kodwa ithatha izihlalo ezingamashumi amane%) nokuvota. Ezinye izimiso ezinkulu zihlanganisa isimiso esihlanganisa isimiso esibanzi (France), lapho i-aphuma khona, uma ingekho i-prese%, futhi isebenzisa ibhola (eg.octives)

Izimiso Zokumelela

Izimiso ze-PR zizimisele ukuhumusha amavoti ngokuqondene nesabelo sesihlalo. Okusakazeke kakhulu yi-PR, esetshenziswa e-Israel, e-South Africa, nasemazweni amaningi ase-Latin America, lapho abavoti bekhetha khona izikhundla, futhi izihlalo zabelwa ngokwesilinganiso. Isigaba sesigaba se-[FLT] [i-i-GRANT] [izwe] (i-Genezingxenye zesigaba esisodwa nezihlalo eziphezulu ukuqinisekisa ukulingana. PR ivame ukuveza izinqubo eziningi ezihlukeneyo kanye nezikancane. Abaphikisi bangaholela ekuntengisweni nokunganisa. Izimiso ezicinene zezimiso zezimiso eziphezulu, [FLD:][5]

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo

Izinqubo zokuvota zamuva zibhekene nezimpikiswano ezingapheli. Imithetho ye-Revolution iyaqhubeka ibangela izimpi ezingokomthetho; ukuthunywa kokuvota okuzimele kuye kwavela njengenguquko. [[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] Imithetho ye-VT ibambene, kanye nezindawo ezithiya kakhulu, kanye nezinye ezingekho ukuvota. [[FLT:] i-evolutionstions [[FLT:]] ibambekile kakhulu [[FLT:] [5] ixhala] ngemva kokuphazamisa i-ecomperation e2016 nakuhlela ngo-2020; izifunda eziningi manje zisebenzisa ibhola lephepha njengengxenye esekelayo. [Foctive] [5] [Fote] [5] ukuvota okungamele kakhulu, ukuvomula okungoko kulokhu kungoko engokomhlaba wonke, uma kuqhathaniswa nesilinganiso esingu-umphakathi esingu-20.

Izinkanyezi Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ukunyakazisa Imishini, Ukunyakazisa Imishini, Nokusebenzisa I - Incluse

Uma kubheka phambili, ezobuchwepheshe zithembisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo ezimisweni zokuvota. Kusukela ngo 2005] kuye kwalingwa ukuvota e-Estonia, lapho izakhamuzi zingavota khona ngobuchwepheshe be-id ye-electal kunoma yisiphi isisetshenziswa solwembu jikelele. Nakuba kungcono, ukuvota kuphakamisa izinkathazo ezingathi sína: ukunqandwa kwe-service ukuhlasela, i-salbhusayithi zemishini yabavoti, nokungakwazi ukuchaza ngokomzimba. ubuchwepheshe be-injini yomshini we-i-inthanethi ye-interlinet buye bahlolwa njengekhambiso lokwenza utalato oluvize kakhulu, ngemisebenzi yomshayeli e-Utavrain naseNtshona Koloni (ukuhlasela kwempi). Nokho, ukuxwayiswa kwemigqa engazi i-onqandayo ekwazi ukuqinisekisa noma ukuvikela imibandela kwayo.

Eminye imiqondo evelayo ihlanganisa ukuvota okushintshwe-kwe- okunganciphisiwe , okuthathiwe emadolobheni anjengeSan Francisco futhi kuchazwe njenge-Maine ne-Alaska. RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba bafake izikhundla; uma kungekho muntu ofika ku-50%, umuntu ozogcina indawo uqediwe futhi avotelwe ngokuncishiwe, lokhu kunganciphisa ukusekela okuphambene nokuqinisekisa iningi. Universal-posi-jov uzuze umhlaba, ikakhulukazi phakathi nobhadayo lwe-CHOVAD, okuye kusheshisa ukuvota kwayo enkathini yokuvota (g.g., ukuvota, 16 kwamanye amadolobha nakwamanye ama-encftience) ukuze abonise (ngendlela) ngeminye enzile i-endo.

Ikusasa cishe lihilela indlela exubile: ukukhetha okulondekile kokuvota kwabanye, kuhlangene namathuluzi aqinile amanani abanye. Nokho, noma iluphi ushintsho kumele lube luqinile (ukuqinisekisa ukulondeka, ukufinyelela, nokuthemba umphakathi kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kwezinselele zokuvota ngemitapo, ] Ukuqinisekisa i-Volting Foundation [] inikeza ukuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe. Ukuziphendukela kwezimiso zokuvota kuzakuqhubeka kulolongeka ngokushukuma kwemizwa phakathi kwenguquko nemfuneko yentando yeningi eyisisekelo yokubalawulweni ukuba ivoti ibale ngokunembile nangokugcina iyimfihlo.

Isiphetho: Uhambo Olungasheshi Lwentando Yeningi

Umlando wezimiso zokuvota emiphakathini yentando yeningi awuwona umsuka olandelanayo kodwa ukuhlanganisa izinhloso, ukulwa kwamandla, namathuba obuchwepheshe. Kusukela emihlanganweni evulekile yase-Athene kuya ku-odokisi abayimfihlo bekhulu le-19, kusukela ezindaweni zomthetho-mthethweni zokukhanyisela kuya ekukhathazweni kwe-inthanethi ye-inthanethi, isinyathelo ngasinye siye sandisa incazelo yokuthi ubani ofuna ukunquma uhulumeni wakhe. Ilungelo lokuvota labambalwa (ukube nelungelo lomuntu) liye laba elomuntu emhlabeni wonke, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwalo kusekuncintisana nemithetho encintisanayo. Umthetho wokhetho, ukunciphisa ukuvota, nokungagunyaza ukuthembeka kokhetho emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuqonda lokhu mlando wezakhamuzi ezihlomile kanye nabakhi bezimiso abanolwazi lokuvikela nokuthuthukisa izinhlangano zentando yeningi. Njengoba sicabangela izinguquko − ukuthi ukumelelwa kwezindawo ezizimele, ukuvota okulinganiselwe, noma ama-minubers jptations : kumelwe kuhlale kusekelwe ezimisweni eziyinhloko: ukuthi okhetho kufanele lukhululeke, luhambele kahle, lufinyeleleke, futhi luthembeke kubantu. Indaba yokuvota ayikapheli, futhi isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sibhale isiqephu saso ngokusekela nangokuthuthukisa izindinganiso zedemokramende ezalwelwa izizukulwane ezidlule. Umgomo wokugcina ukhona: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izwi ngalinye libalwa futhi ukuthi intando yabantu iyabusa ngempela.