Table of Contents
Izwi liyindawo ebaluleke kakhulu emphakathini wentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Limelela izwi labantu futhi lisebenza njengetshe likahulumeni ongummeleli. Nokho, lelilungelo elibalulekile aliyona nje indaba yokuveza indawo yokuvota ngosuku lokhetho. Isenzo sokuvota silawulwa imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi, imithetho, nesivikelo somthetho esiye sashintsha emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Ukuqonda amalungelo okuvota kubaluleke kakhulu kuzakhamuzi zonke ezifuna ukuhlanganyela ngokugcwele enqubweni yentando yeningi futhi ziqinisekise izwi lazo.
Izici ezingokomthetho zokuvota zithinta zonke izingxenye zenqubo yokuvota, kusukela ekunqumeni ukuthi ubani ofanelekela ukuvota ukuthi obalwa kanjani futhi ufakazelwa kanjani. Lemithetho ikhona ukuze ivikele ubuqotho bokhetho, ivimbele ukukhwabanisa, iqinisekise ukufinyelela ngokulinganayo ebhokisini lokuvota, futhi ixazulule izimpikiswano lapho ziphakama. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumvoti wesikhathi sokuqala noma ubehlanganyela kukhetho amashumi eminyaka, uqonda kahle amalungelo akho okuvota nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho okumelwe uhlangabezane nazo kudingekile ekuhlanganyeleni nempumelelo embusweni kwezakhamuzi.
Lo mqondisi obanzi uhlola imingcele engokomthetho ehlukahlukene yokuvota eUnited States, ehlola yonke into kusukela ezidingweni ezifanele kanye nezinqubo zokubhalisa kuya ekuvikelweni kwamalungelo okuvota kanye nesinqumo sezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. Ngokuqonda lezizici ezingokomthetho, ungaqondisa kangcono inqubo yokuvota, uvikele amalungelo akho, futhi unikele empilweni yesimiso sethu sentando yeningi.
Ukuqonda Izimfuneko Zokungakhululeki
Ilungelo lokuvota alinikezwanga zonke izakhamuzi ze-athom. Kunalokho, izindinganiso ezithile zokuzivumelanisa nezindawo kumelwe zihlangatshezwane ngaphambi kokuba umuntu ahlanganyele okhethweni. Lezi zimfuneko zimiswa umthetho kahulumeni, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni, nezimiso zikahulumeni, kwakhiwe uhlelo olunquma ukuthi ubani ongase asebenzise i-francche.
Izimfuneko Zobudala
ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanye se-Sixwesi-sixte kumthetho-sisekelo we-United States, esagunyazwa ngo-1971, saqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezineminyaka engu-18 noma ngaphezulu azinakuncishwa ilungelo lokuvota ngenxa yobudala. Le mfuneko kahulumeni isebenza kukho konke ukukhetha, kuhlanganise nohulumeni, isifundazwe, nemincintiswano yendawo. Ngaphambi kwalokhu kulungiswa, inkathi yokuvota emazweni amaningi yayingamashumi amabili nambili, nakuba amazwe ambalwa ayeye ancishiswa phakathi nenkathi yeMpi yaseVietnam.
Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela abantu abazovota ngeshumi elinesishiyagalombili ngokhetho oluvamile ukuba bavote okhethweni oluyinhloko, ngisho noma besaneminyaka engu-17 ngesikhathi esiyinhloko. Lokhu kuqaphela ukuthi ukukhetha okuyinhloko kuyingxenye yenqubo yokukhetha eholela kukhetho oluvamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminye imibuso iye yazama ukunciphisa inkathi yokuvota yokhetho lwendawo, namadolobha ambalwa avumela abayishumi nesithupha nayishumi nanye abaneminyaka eyishumi nanye ukuba bavote emincintini kamasipala, nakuba lokhu kuhlala kuyivelakancane.
Isimo Sokuba Izakhamuzi
Ukuba yizakhamuzi zase-United States kuyimfuneko eyisisekelo yokuvota okhethweni lukahulumeni, kanye nasehulumeni nokhetho lwezwe cishe kuzo zonke izifundazwe. Lemfuneko isekelwe eMthethweni-sisekelo futhi iye yasekelwa njalo yizinkantolo. Ukuze ifanelekele ukuvota, umuntu kumelwe abe isakhamuzi esingokwemvelo noma isakhamuzi esidalwe ngokwemvelo esiqede inqubo yezakhamuzi.
Izakhamuzi ezingokomthetho ezihlala njalo, ngokuvamile eziyaziwa ngokuthi abaphethe amakhadi aluhlaza, azifaneleki ukuvota okhethweni lukahulumeni noma lukahulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zihlala isikhathi eside kangakanani e-United States. Ukubhaliswa njenge-onki engakho, kungaba nemiphumela engathi sína engokomthetho, kuhlanganise nokudingiswa nokugcinwa kwemigoqo ehlala njalo emvelweni. Nokho, idlanzana lemithetho yendawo liye lavumela abangezona izifunda zendawo ukuba bavote okhethweni oluthile, njengezinhlanga zesikole, nakuba lomkhuba ulokhu uphikisana futhi ungavamile.
Lapho kubhaliswa evoti, abantu ngabanye kumelwe bafakazele ukuthi bangabazakhamuzi ngaphansi kwesijeziso sokuqamba amanga.
Izimfuneko Zokuhlala Ukhululekile
Izimfuneko zokuvota ziqinisekisa ukuthi abavoti bahlobene ngempela nezwe abakulo. Ukuvota esifundeni esithile, esifundazweni esithile, noma esifundeni sikamasipala, umuntu kumelwe abe isakhamuzi salelo zwe. Incazelo eqondile yendawo yokuhlala ingahluka ngokwezwe, kodwa ngokuvamile ifuna ukuba umuntu amise ikhaya lakhe kuleyondawo ngenjongo yokuhlala lapho.
Izifundazwe eziningi zifuna ukuba abavoti babe izakhamuzi enkathini ethile ngaphambi kokhetho, nakuba lezi zimfuneko zokuhlala isikhathi eside ziye zalinganiselwa kakhulu ngezinqumo zikahulumeni nezenkantolo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi akudingeki ukuba kuhlale izinsuku ezingaphezu kwamashumi amathathu ngaphambi kokhetho, njengoba izimfuneko ezithathe isikhathi eside zingaba umthwalo ongafaneleki wokuvota nelungelo lokuhamba.
Amalungiselelo akhethekile akhona amaqembu athile angase angabi naso isiko lokuhlala. Izisebenzi zempi nezakhamuzi zaphesheya zingavota okhethweni ngokhetho lukahulumeni ngokuphuma kwe-oveseas College Citizens Abfacee Voing Act. Abafundi basekholiji bangakhetha ukubhalisa noma ekhelini lesikoleni labo noma ekhaya labo, kuye ngokuthi bacabanga ukuthi bahlala kuphi. Abantu abangenamakhaya banelungelo lokuvota futhi bangabhalisa ngokusebenzisa ikheli lendawo yokuhlala, ipaki, noma enye indawo abahlala kuyo njalo.
Ukucabanga Ngokufanele
Ngokomlando, izifundazwe eziningi zazinemithetho yokuthi abantu abakhubazekile engqondweni noma abangaphansi kokunakekelwa kwengqondo bahlukene kakhulu. Nokho, lemithetho iye yabekelwa inselele futhi yashintshwa eminyakeni yamuva. Ukuthambekela kokubili ekwakheni umthetho nasezinqumweni zenkantolo kuye kwaba ukubheka okuzimele kakhulu kwekhono lokuvota kunokuba kusekelwe ekukhubazekeni noma ekulondeni.
Izifunda eziningi ziye zasusa noma zavala ukukhubazeka kwazo kwengqondo, ziqaphela ukuthi ukukhubazeka noma ukunakekelwa akusho ukuthi umuntu akanawo amandla okuvota. Ezinye izifundazwe manje zidinga inkantolo ukuba ithole ukuthi umuntu akanawo amandla okuvota ngaphambi kokuba lelolungelo lisuswe. Lokhu kuvumelana namaMelika anemithetho ekhubazekayo kanye neminye imithetho yamalungelo akhubazekayo egcizelela ukulinganiselwa kwesikhundla nelungelo lokuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi.
Inqubo Yokubhalisa Ngezindwangu
Ukubhalisa ngevoter kusebenza njengendlela yokuhlanganyela okhethweni. Lenqubo yokuqondisa yenza irekhodi elingokomthetho labavoti abafanelekayo futhi isiza izikhulu zokhetho ukuba zilawule inqubo yokuvota, zivimbele ukukhwabanisa, futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi umuntu ngamunye uvota kanye kuphela. Ukuqonda izimfuneko zokubhaliswa kanye. inqubo yakho kubalulekile ekusebenziseni ilungelo lakho lokuvota.
Izindlela Zokubhalisa Nezinhlelo
INational Voter Brigister Act ka 1993, eyayaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi i- Motor Voter Act, yamisa izindlela eziningi zokubhalisa kuvoti. Lomthetho ophawula imfuneko yokunikeza amathuba okuvota eminyangweni yezimoto, izinhlangano zosizo lomphakathi, nangezindlela zokubhalisa iposi. Umthetho waklanyelwa ukwenza ukubhalisa kube lula futhi kwandise ukuvota.
Namuhla, abavoti bangabhalisa ngezindlela eziningi. Ukubhalisa okusemthethweni kutholakala emahhovisi kahulumeni amisiwe, kuhlanganise neminyango yezimoto, amahhovisi okuvota esifundazwe, namahhovisi ezindawo ezihlukahlukene. Izifundazwe eziningi zivuma ukubhaliswa ezindaweni zokubhalisa eziqhutshwa yizinhlangano zomphakathi, amaqembu ezombangazwe, namaqembu omphakathi. Ukubhalisa iposi nge-posi kusetshenziswa ifomu kahulumeni noma isimo sombuso esifuzekile kuseyindlela engcono ezikhundleni eziningi.
Ukubhalisa i-opera kuvame kakhulu, njengoba amazwe amaningi manje enikeza lendlela engcono. Ukubhalisa nge-intanethi kudinga ukuba abafaki bephepha-mvume noma ikhadi lokwaziswa likahulumeni, njengoba isimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi umniniyo futhi sisayine ngamarekhodi emoto. Lendlela iye yabonakala ithandwa kakhulu ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo futhi iye yaboniswa ukunciphisa amaphutha nezindleko ezihlobene nezicelo zokulungisa iphepha.
Uma bebhalisa, abantu ngabanye kumelwe banikeze ukwaziswa okuthile, kuhlanganise negama labo eliphelele elingokomthetho, ikheli lokuhlala, usuku lokuzalwa, nasemazweni amaningi, izinombolo ezine zokugcina zenombolo yabo ye-Social Security noma inombolo yelayisensi yomshayeli. Ezinye izifunda-zifunda-zwe zidinga ukwaziswa okwengeziwe noma imvume yokubhala. Abaphathi-zincwadi futhi kumelwe bafakazele ukuhlangabezana nezimfuneko ezidinga ukushelela, kuhlanganise nobudala, nobudala, nokuhlala.
Izindawo Ezifile Ezibhaliswayo
Izifundazwe eziningi zibeka isikhathi esimisiwe sokubhaliswa kovoti phambi kokhetho, ngokuvamile kusukela ezinsukwini eziyishumi kuya kwezintathu ngaphambi kokhetho. Lezinsuku zokhetho zinikeza izikhulu isikhathi sokulungisa izicelo, ukuhlaziya imiqulu yamavoti, nokulungisa izinto zokuvota. Ukungaqiniseki isikhathi sokubhalisa ngokuvamile kusho ukuthi umuntu akanakuvota kulowo khetho oluthile, nakuba zingabhalisa okhethweni lwesikhathi esizayo.
Nokho, inani elandayo lezifundazwe liye lamukela ukubhaliswa kosuku olufanayo, futhi elaziwa nangokubhalisa usuku lokhetho, okuvumela izakhamuzi ezifanele ukuba zibhalise futhi zivote ngosuku olufanayo. Lenkambiso iye yaboniswa ukuba yandise abavoti, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwentsha nalezo ezisanda kuthutha. Izwe elibhaliswe ngosuku olufanayo lifuna ukuba abavoti banikeze ubufakazi bokuhlala nokuzichaza endaweni yokuvota noma endaweni yokuvota kwasekuqaleni.
Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zasebenzisa ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo kwabavoti, lapho izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo zibhaliswa khona ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuba zivote lapho zisebenzelana nezinhlangano ezithile zikahulumeni, njengomnyango wezimoto, ngaphandle kokuba zikhethe.
Ukulondoloza Nokuvuselela Ubhaliso
Ukubhalisa akusona isenzakalo esisodwa. Abavoti ababhaliswe banomthwalo wemfanelo wokugcina ulwazi lwabo lokubhalisa lukhona, ikakhulukazi uma bethuthela ekhelini elisha, beshintsha igama labo, noma befisa ukushintsha iqembu labo. Ukwehluleka ukuvuselela ukwaziswa kokubhalisa kungabangela izinkinga ngosuku lokhetho, njengokuqondiswe endaweni yokuvota engalungile noma ukungaveli ephepheni elivoti.
Uma behamba esifundeni esifanayo, abavoti kufanele bahlaziye ukubhalisa kwabo ngekheli labo elisha. Izifunda eziningi zivumela lokhu ukuba kwenziwe nge-inthanethi, ngeposi, noma ngomuntu ngamunye. Uma bethuthela esifundazweni esisha, abavoti kumelwe babhalise esimweni esisha, njengoba ukubhalisa umvoti kungadluli emigqeni yombuso. Ukubhalisa esifundazweni sangaphambili ekugcineni kuzoncishwa ngezimiso zemininingwane yezwe noma izinqubo zokulungisa.
Izikhulu zenkonganiso zikhathi ezithile zihlela ukulungiswa kohlelo ukuze zigcine amavoti ehlelwe ngokunembile futhi kuze kube manje. Lenqubo ingahlanganisa ukususa abavoti abaye bafa, abaphunyukile, noma babekwe icala lobugebengu obungakufanelekeli. Nokho, kuye kwaphikiswana ngezindlela zokulungisa, ngenxa yokukhathazeka kokuxoshwa okukhulu kakhulu kungasusa ngokungafanele abavoti abafanelekayo ezirolweni. Umthetho we-Federal, kuhlanganise ne-National Voter Religister Act, ukumiswa kwezinqubo kanye nokulinganiselwa kokungasuswa kwezinhlu zokubhalisa.
Izimfuneko Zokwazi Ukuhlukanisa
Nakuba kungezona izimpawu zenqubo yokubhalisa, izimfuneko zokuvota kulolu cwaningo zihlobene eduze nokubhaliswa futhi ziye zaba yindaba ephawulekayo engokomthetho nengokwezombangazwe. Amazwe ayahlukahluka kakhulu ezimfunweni zawo zokuhlukanisa, ezinye zifuna ukuboniswa kwezithombe, ezinye zamukela izincwadi ezingasebenzisi iphophoto, kanti ezinye azinazo neze imfuneko ebhaliwe yokuzichaza.
Izindawo zezithombe zidinga abavoti ukuba banikeze uphawu lwezithombe zikahulumeni, njengelayisense yomshayeli, ikhadi le-ID likahulumeni, ipasi lokungena, noma i-ID yezempi. Uma umvoti engakwazi ukunikeza i-ID edingekayo, bangavunyelwa ukuba bafake i-operati, ezokubalwa kuphela uma umvoti kamuva enikeza ukukhomba okwamukelekayo noma izikhulu zokukhetha zingaqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwazo ngezinye izindlela.
I-ID engekho ngokwesifunda icela kodwa ivumela abavoti abangenayo i-ID ukuba bafake ivoti evamile ngemva kokusayina i-affidavit noma ukunikeza okunye ukwaziswa. Ezinye izifundazwe zamukela uhlu olubanzi lwezincwadi, kuhlanganise nezindleko zenzuzo, izitatimende zebhange, noma izihlolo zikahulumeni ezibonisa igama nekheli lomvoti. Izifunda ezimbalwa azinakho imfuneko yokuzichaza, kunalokho zithembele ekusayinweni ngendlela efanayo noma ezinye zokunelisa.
Imithetho ye-Voter ibilokhu ingaphansi kwemithetho ebanzi, abaphikisi bephikisa ngokuthi bathwesa abavoti abambalwa umthwalo ngokungenakulinganiswa, izakhamuzi esezikhulile, abantu abahliswayo abaphansi, nabanye abangase babe nobunzima bokuthola ukukhomba okudingekayo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi izimfuneko ze-ID ziyadingeka ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhwabanisa kwevoti futhi kugcinwe ukuthemba komphakathi kokhetho. Izinkantolo ziye zafinyelela iziphetho ezihlukene kulemithetho, kanye nabanye babashaya phansi njengabangameleli noma ngokuphula i-Voting Rights Act.
Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokugunyaza Amalungelo
Nakuba uMthetho - sisekelo waseMelika nezinguquko zawo kuyisisekelo samalungelo okuvota eMelika.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu
Ngo - 1870 phakathi nenkathi yokuvuselelwa kabusha kweMpi Yombango, iSichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu sivimbela uhulumeni kahulumeni futhi sithi singalinqabeli isakhamuzi ilungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe ohlangeni, ebala, noma ebugqilini bangaphambili. Lenguquko yayihloselwe ukuvikela amalungelo okuvota kubantu ababegqilaziwe ngaphambili futhi imelela ukwanda okuyisisekelo kokuhlanganyela ngentando yeningi.
Naphezu kolimi olucacile lweSichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu, izifundazwe eziningi, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu, zasebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuvimbela isivikelo saso, kuhlanganise nokuhlola ukufundela ukufunda nokubhala, intela yokuvota, izigaba zogogo nomkhulu, kanye nezindawo zokufundela ubuhlanga. Lemikhuba yokukhetha ubandlululo yaseAfrika yasusa ngokuphumelelayo cishe ikhulu leminyaka kuze kube yilapho inhlangano yamalungelo abantu nomthetho kahulumeni ekugcineni wanikeza ukugcinwa okunenjongo kwesiqinisekiso sokulungisa.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nambili
ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba, esagunyazwa ngo-1920 ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka empikiswano yenhlangano yabesifazane, sivimbela ukuncishwa kwamalungelo okuvota ngesisekelo sobulili. Lokhu kulungisa kwaveza impumelelo enkulu ekuthatheni isigaba sentando yeningi, ngokuphumelelayo kwaphindeka inani elifanele lokukhethwa ngokunika abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota kukho konke ukukhetha.
Indlela yokufuna abesifazane ukuvota yayinde futhi inzima, abashisekeli besebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa imikhankaso yombuso, ukunxusa, ukubhikisha, nokungalaleli komphakathi. Ngesikhathi iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba sigunyazwa, amazwe amaningana ayesenikeze abesifazane amalungelo okuvota agcwele noma alinganiselwe, kodwa ukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo kwaqinisekisa lelilungelo ezweni lonke.
ISichibiyelo Se - 20
ISichibiyelo se-Fourth Sigunyazwe ngo-1946, sivimbela ukusetshenziswa kwentela yokuvota kuhulumeni. Intela yentela yempoqo kwakuyintela izakhamuzi okwakudingeka ziyikhokhele ukuze zivote, futhi ngokuyinhloko yayisetshenziswa ezizweni zaseNingizimu njengendlela yokususa ama-Afrikanranchi abavoti nabamhlophe abampofu. Ngokufuna ukukhokhwa kwelungelo lokuvota, ukukhokha intela yokuvota kwabangela ukuba izakhamuzi eziningi zingakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba kukhetho.
Eminyakeni emibili ngemva kokuba iSichibiyelo Sezinqumo Sama - 35 sigunyaziwe, iNkantolo Ephakeme yadlulisela umthetho owenqabela intela yokukhokha intela yenhlawulo kuhulumeni nasemhlwini wokhetho lwendawo endabeni kaHarper no - Virginia Board of Ecostations, ikhipha isinqumo sokuthi ukwenza amalungelo okuvota axhomeke ekukhokheleni intela kwakuphula i - Encilence Protection Claus of the 144th Refection.
ISichibiyelo Samashumi Amabili Nesithupha
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, iSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nantathu, esagunyazwa ngo-1971, sanciphisa inkathi yokuvota kusukela kumashumi amabili kuya ku-18. Lokhu kulungiswa kwabangelwa kakhulu izimpikiswano zokuthi uma abantu abaneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili ubudala babebadala ngokwanele ukuba babuthwe futhi balwe eMpini yaseVietnam, babebadala ngokwanele ukuba bavote. I-amendiment yaqinisekiswa ngokushesha okukhulu, kwathatha izinyanga ezintathu kuphela ukuvunyelwa kwenhlangano ukuba ithathe imvume yokuthola izibalo ezidingekayo.
Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nenqubo Efanele
Ngaphandle kwamalungelo akhethekile okuvota, iSichibiyelo seMicimbi yeMiyalo ye 14 se-Unimetic Protection Claus ne-Gradition Clauses itolikwa njengesivikelo esibalulekile samalungelo okuvota. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuvota njengelungelo eliyisisekelo, okusho ukuthi imithetho ethwesa umthwalo omkhulu nelungelo lokuvota ingaphansi kokucubungula ngokunembekile futhi kumelwe ihlolwe ngokulinganiselwe ukuze ifeze isithakazelo sikahulumeni esishukumisayo.
I-Umeal Protection Claus ifuna ukuba amavoti abalwe ngokulinganayo, njengoba kuchazwe kahle esimisweni se-"umuntu oyedwa, ukuvota okukodwa". Lesi simiso, esimiswe ezimweni ezinjengoBaker v. Carr noReynolds v. Sims, sifuna ukuba izigodi zemithetho zidonswe nabantu abalingana kakhulu ukuze ukuvota komuntu ngamunye kube nobukhulu obulinganayo. I-Ecult Protection Claus enqabela ukucwasa ngenhloso ekuvoteni kwezinhlanga nezinye izici ezivinjelwe.
UMthetho Wemithetho Yokugunyaza Ilungelo Nomthetho Ohlangene
Nakuba ukulungisa komthetho - sisekelo kunikeza isisekelo samalungelo okuvota, umthetho kahulumeni uye waba yisidingo ekuqikelweni kwalamalungelo nasekusingatheni imikhuba yokukhipha icala. Okubaluleke kakhulu kulemithetho i-Loting Rights Act ka-1965, eyaguqula isimo sezwe lentando yeningi yaseMelika.
Umthetho Ka - 1965 Wokulwela Amalungelo Abantu
IVoing Rights Act ka-1965 ingenye yezingxenye eziphumelela kakhulu zomthetho wamalungelo abantu emlandweni waseMelika. Yasayinwa umthetho nguMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson lapho inyuswa umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu, loMthetho waklanyelwa ukuphoqelela amalungelo okuvota aqinisekiswe iziNguquko zeshumi nane neshumi nanhlanu futhi waqeda imikhuba yokulahla ubugebengu eyayiye yasusa abavoti base-Afrika, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu.
Lo Mthetho wawuneminye imiphakamo eminingana. Isiqephu 2 senqabela noma imuphi umkhuba wokuvota noma inqubo ehlukanisayo ngesisekelo sohlanga, ibala, noma amalungu eqembu lolimi olumbalwa. Leli lungiselelo lisebenza ezweni lonke futhi livumela izinselele ezingokomthetho zezindlela zokuvota zokuvota. Ukufakazela ukwephulwa kweSigaba 2, abavotisi kumelwe babonise ukuthi umkhuba obekelwe inselele umphumela kumalungu esigaba esivikelweyo angenamathuba elincane kunamanye amalungu okhetho lokuhlanganyela enqubweni yezombangazwe kanye nabameleli abakhethiwe.
Mhlawumbe ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu eMthethweni wokuqala weVoting Rights kwakuyi-Fract 5, eyayidinga amagunya athile anomlando wokucwasa ukuze kutholakale imvume kahulumeni, eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuvulwa kwangaphambi komthetho wokuvota, ngaphambi kokuba kusetshenziswe noma yiziphi izinguquko ezisemithethweni yabo yokuvota. Lemfuneko yangaphambili yasebenza ezindaweni nasezindaweni ezachazwa ngenhlanganisela yendabuko ka-4(b), eyayisekelwe ebufakazini obungokomlando bobandlululo, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kokuhlolwa kokufunda nokubhaliswa komthetho wokuvota noma isilinganiso esiphansi.
Nokho, ecaleni lika-2013 le Shelby County v. Hoker, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha inqubo yokukhomba eCandelo 4(b), yanikeza iCandelo 5 ngokuphumelela. INkantolo yathi le ndlela yayisekelwe ekwazisweni okuphelelwe isikhathi futhi izimo ekuqaleni ezazithethelela imfuneko yokuhlelwa kusengaphambili zazishintshe ngokwanele ukuba zenze ingabi namthetho osemthethweni. Lesi sinqumo sasiphikisana futhi siye salandelwa izinguquko eziningi zokuvota ezisezikhundleni ezingaphansi kwemingceleni ezizimele, eziningi zazo eziye zabekelwa inselele ngokuthi i-dicriminary.
I-Voing Rights Act futhi iqukethe amalungiselelo okuvikela ulimi oluncane. Ingxenye 203 idinga amagunya athile ukuze kunikezwe izinto zokuvota kanye nosizo ngezilimi ezingezona isiNgisi uma inani elikhulu lezakhamuzi ezisesikhundleni sokuvota lingamalungu eqembu elilodwa lolimi oluncane futhi linolwazi olulinganiselwe lwesiNgisi.
Umthetho Wokubhalisa Wesizwe
INational Voter Brigiod Act ka 1993, eyayaziwa futhi ngokuthi i- Motor Voter Act, yayiklanyelwe ukwenza ukubhalisa kwevoti kutholakale futhi kwandiswe ukuthatha inxaxheba kukhetho lukahulumeni. Njengoba kuxoxwe ngaphambili, uMthetho udinga ukuba kunikezwe amavoti amathuba okubhalisa eminyangweni yezimoto, izinhlangano zosizo lomphakathi, nezinhlangano ezikhonza abantu abakhubazekile. Kudinga futhi ukuba amazwe amukele isimo sokubhalisa iposi ngokusemthethweni kuhulumeni wokhetho.
Lo Mthetho wasungula futhi izivikelo ezibalulekile ekususweni okungafanele kwabavoti eziqedweni zokubhalisa. Kudinga ukuba noma isiphi isimiso sisuse abavoti abangakholeki sibe yiyunifomu, bangangenisi-mthetho, futhi siqhutshwe ngokuvumelana namalungiselelo oMthetho. Izwe alinakususa abavoti ngenxa nje yokuhluleka ukuvota, futhi kumelwe linikeze isaziso nethuba lokusabela ngaphambi kokususa abavoti kwezinye izizathu njengokushintsha kwekheli.
Usizo Olwathathwa EMelika
Idlule ngo-2002 iphendula izimpikiswano ezazikhona phakathi nokhetho lukamongameli luka-2000, i-Help America Vote Act (HAVA) yamisa izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zezimiso zokuvota nokhetho. I-Act yasungula i-Ecomment Application Commission ukuze isize ekuhlangabezaneni nalezi zindawo futhi ikhonze njengendawo yokuhlambulula ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokuqondisa kokhetho.
HAVA ifuna izifunda ukuba zithathe indawo yezimiso zokuvota ngokubhaxabha nenqindi, zimise izinhlelo zokuvota ezisemthethweni ezwe lonke, zinikeze abavoti abanokukwazi kwabo ukuvota okungatshazwa, futhi zihlangabezane nezimfuneko zokuthola abavoti abakhubazekile. I-Act yamisa nezimfuneko zokuthola abavoti ababhalisa ngeposi ngesikhathi sokuqala futhi ingaqiniseki ngokubhaliswa kwabo.
Umthetho kahulumeni wanikeza izimali ukuze kusizwe izigodlo zifeze lezi zimfuneko, nakuba kuye kwaphikiswana ngazo, izikhulu eziningi zokhetho zithi kudingeka imithombo eyengeziwe ukuze kulondolozwe futhi kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zokukhetha nokulondeka.
Izakhamuzi Ezifanayo Nezaphesheya Kolwandle Ziyayekwa
I-Abisee Voing Act (UOCAVA) ivikela amalungelo okuvota ezisebenzi zempi, imikhaya yazo, nezinye izakhamuzi zase-U.S. i-Act ifuna ukuba ivumele laba bavoti ukuba babhalise futhi bavote abangekho kukhetho lukahulumeni, futhi imisa izinqubo zokusiza ukuthatha kwabo iqhaza naphezu kokuba bekude nezindawo zabo zokubusa.
UOCAVA uvota angasebenzisa iFederal Post Card Usem: ukuze abhalise futhi acele ibhodi lomshini ongekho kanyekanye. I-United States kumele yamukele futhi ilungise lezi zinhlelo futhi idlulisele ama-collet ku-UOCAVA angaba yizinsuku ezingamashumi amane nanhlanu ngaphambi kokhetho lukahulumeni. Uma uhulumeni ehluleka ukuhlangabezana nale nqubo emisiwe, kumelwe anikeze indlela yokusekela ukuze la bavoti bamukele futhi baphonse amabhola abo, njengalokhu kudluliswa kwemishini ye-electronic.
Imithetho Ehlazisayo
Enye yemithetho ebaluleke kakhulu enqabela amalungelo okuvota e - United States ukwenqatshelwa kwabantu abanezinkolelo ezingalungile. Ngokungafani nezinye imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi, i - United States inomlando omude wokwenqaba amalungelo okuvota kubantu abaye baboshwa ngenxa yobugebengu obungathi sína, nakuba imithetho eqondile ihluka kakhulu kuye ngokwezwe ngalinye.
Ukuhlukahluka Kwemithetho KaHulumeni
Imithetho yoMbuso ngokuphathelene namalungelo okuvota iyahlukahluka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izifunda ezimbili `Maine noVermont') zivumela abantu ukuba bavote ngisho nalapho beboshiwe. Lamazwe awakaze abeke imingcele yamalungelo okuvota asekelwe ezinkolelweni zobugebengu, aqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota libaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba akufanele lisuswe ngisho nakulabo abenza ubugebengu obungathi sína.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye zisho ukuthi abanye abantu abanezinkomba ezibolile, ngisho nangemva kokuba sebeqedile imisho yabo. Lemithetho ingaphumela ekudunyazweni kwamacala athile kukho konke ukuphila kwabo, nakuba eziningi zalezi zifundazwe zinezimiso zokubuyisela amalungelo, ezingase zizinze ngezenzo ezithile noma zidinge ukusetshenziswa nenqubo yokuvunyelwa.
Izifunda eziningi ziwela phakathi nendawo, zibuyisela amalungelo okuvota ngokuzenzekelayo lapho kuqedwa isigwebo, kuhlanganise nesikhathi sokuboshwa, ukukhishwa kwesigwebo, nokugwetshwa. Ezinye izizwe zibuyisela amalungelo ngokushesha lapho umuntu ekhululwa ejele, ngisho noma esekhona noma esesohlwini. Ezinye zidinga ukuqedwa kwazo zonke izici zesigwebo, kuhlanganise nokukhokhwa kwenkokhelo nokubuyiselwa, ngaphambi kokuba amalungelo abuyiselwe.
Lokhu kudideka kungaholela ekwephulweni ngokungahlosile kwemithetho yokhetho, njengoba abanye abantu bengase bakholelwe ukuthi bafanelekela ukubhekana namacala obugebengu aqhubekayo, bengase babhekane nawo.
Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nemizamo Yezinguquko
Imithetho yokudideka yemithetho iye yabekelwa inselele ezisekelweni ezihlukene zomthetho, kuhlanganise nezisholo ukuthi iphula i-Encible Protection Clause, ikakhulukazi uma inethonya elingalinganiyo ezinhlalweni ezincane zezinhlanga. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane esicacile sivumela ukulahla abantu ngabanye ngokulahla "ukuphanga ukuhlubuka, noma okunye ubugebengu," futhi izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zasekela imithetho edilizwayo ngokuvamile emelene nezinselele zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho.
Naphezu kokungavunyelwa ngokomthetho kwalemithetho, kuye kwaba nomzabalazo okhulayo wokuguqula noma ukuqeda ukudideka kwezenkolo. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi lemithetho isekelwe ezimisweni zobuhlanga eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela amandla okuvota amaBlack alandela ukwakhiwa kabusha, ukuthi ilulaza ukumiswa kwabantu ababevalelwe emphakathini, nokuthi basusa izigidi zamaMelika, okuthinta ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi yebala.
Eminyakeni yamuva, izifunda eziningana ziye zaguqula imithetho yazo ukuze zandise amalungelo okuvota abantu abanezinkolelo zobugebengu. Ezinye ziye zashukumiseleka ekubuyiselweni okuzenzekelayo kwamalungelo lapho zikhululwa ejele noma ziqedwa isigwebo. Ezinye ziye zawenza lula amalungelo okubuyiselwa noma zaqeda izikhathi zokulinda. Kwamanye amazwe amavoter aye avumela izinyathelo zokubuyisela amalungelo okuvota, ebonisa ukusekela komphakathi inguquko kulendawo.
Ithonya Emphakathini
Imithetho yokudideka ithinta izigidi zamaMelika. Ithonya liba ngaphezu kwamandla emiphakathini yaseMelika e-Afrika ngenxa yokwehluka ngokwezinhlanga esimisweni sokwahlulela sobugebengu. Kwezinye izizwe, amaphesenti aphawulekayo abantu baseMelika ahlukaniswa ngenxa yezinkolelo zobuhlanya, ezingathinta amandla ezombangazwe nokumelelwa kwalemiphakathi.
Ngaphandle kwethonya eliqondile kubantu abangakwazi ukuvota, ukudideka kwezemthetho kuthinta imikhaya nemiphakathi. Uma amalungu amaningi omphakathi engakwazi ukuvota, kunganciphisa ukubopha kwezombangazwe futhi kunciphise izwi lomphakathi enqubweni yezombangazwe. Lokhu kungadala umjikelezo lapho imiphakathi eminingi ethinteka ngezimiso zomthetho wobugebengu ingenawo amandla okuthonya lezo zimiso ngebhokisi le-colot.
Izindlela Zokusakaza Nendlela Yokutholakala
Isimiso somthetho esihlobene nokuvota sihlanganisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene abantu abangaphonsa ngazo amavoti abo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, amazwe aye asebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuvota, ezinye izindlela ezandayo zokukhetha nokuthola izinto kalula kuyilapho ezinye ziye zalondoloza izindlela ezingokwesiko.
E-Person Voting
Kungokovota okungokwesiko ngosuku lokhetho kuseyindlela evame kakhulu yokuvota e-United States. Abavota baya endaweni yabo yokuvota eyabelwe, bahlole nezisebenzi zokhetho, bathole ivoti, baphawule ukukhetha kwabo, futhi bathumele ifomu lokuvota ukubala. Lendlela ivumela usizo olusheshayo uma abavoti benemibuzo futhi benikeza okuhlangenwe nakho komphakathi abantu abaningi abazazisayo.
Izindawo zokungcolisa kumelwe zivumelane nezimfuneko ezihlukene zomthetho, kuhlanganise nezindinganiso zokutholakala ngaphansi koMthetho wokukhubazeka kwaseMelika ne-Help America Vote Act. Lemithetho ifuna ukuba izindawo zokuvota zitholakale ngokomzimba kubavoti abakhubazekile futhi imishini yokuvota etholakalayo ikhona. Izisebenzi ezikhombayo kumelwe ziqeqeshelwe ukusiza abavoti ngokukhubazeka kuyilapho zihlonipha ukuzimela kwabo.
Indawo nezindawo zokuvota zingathinta kakhulu ukutholakala kwamavoti. Izinselele ezingokomthetho ziye zalethwa emacaleni lapho ukuvala indawo noma ukuthutha kubekwa kwenye indawo kubangela ukuba kube nzima kakhulu emiphakathini ethile, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini emincane, ukuvota. Izinkantolo zihlola ukuthi lezi zinguquko ziyawuphula yini umthetho-sisekelo we-Voting Rights Act noma izivikelo.
Ukusaswa Kwamanzi Kusencane
Ukuvota kwasekuqaleni kuvumela abavoti ababhaliswe ukuba bafake amavoti abo phambi kosuku lokhetho, ngokuvamile ezindaweni eziqanjiwe eziqalwayo. Lokhu kukhetha sekuthandwa kakhulu futhi manje kuyatholakala ezifundeni eziningi, nakuba imithetho eqondile ihlukile. Ezinye izifundazwe zivota ngokushesha amasonto ambalwa ngaphambi kokhetho, kanti ezinye zinikeza izinsuku ezimbalwa kuphela. Ezinye zifuna izaba zokuvota ngaphambi kokuba kufike usuku lokhetho, kuyilapho ezinye zivumela noma imuphi umvoti obhalisiwe ukuba enze kanjalo.
Ukuvota kwakuqala kungandisa ukutholakala kwamathuba engeziwe okuvota nokunciphisa imigqa nokulinda izikhathi ngosuku lokhetho. Kungazuzisa kakhulu kubantu abasebenza amahora amaningi, abanezimiso eziqinile, noma ababhekene nezinselele zokuhamba. Nokho, ukuvota ngokushesha kudinga nemithombo eyengeziwe yokuqondisa okhethweni, kuhlanganise nokusebenza ezindaweni eziningi esikhathini eside.
Izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ziye zavela ngezimiso zokuvota zakuqala, ikakhulukazi uma amazwe eye anciphisa izikhathi zokuvota noma izindawo ezisezimweni ezinjalo ngokuvamile ziphikisa ngokuthi ukuncishiswa kwamathuba okuvota okuqala kuthinta ngokungenakuqhathaniswa abavoti abambalwa futhi kuphula uMthetho Wezokuvota noma izivikelo zomthetho - sisekelo.
Ukuthunjwa Nokuthunyelwa Kweposi
Uvota lwabelwa ukuba luvumele ukuba abavoti ababhalisweyo bamukele futhi bafake amavoti abo ngeposi kunokuba bavote. Ngokwesiko, ukuvota kwangaphandle kwakutholakala kuphela kubavoti ababenezaba ezisemthethweni, njengokungahlangani nabo ngosuku lokhetho, ukuba nokukhubazeka, noma ukungakwazi ukuvota umuntu ngezizathu ezingokwenkolo. Nokho, amazwe amaningi aye athuthela ku "ongekho ovota, okuvumela noma ubani obhaliswe ukuba acele futhi akhiphe umvoti ongekho ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu.
Izifunda ezimbalwa ziye zathatha futhi zasebenzisa ukuvota kweposi yonke indawo, lapho bonke abavoti ababhalisiwe bethola khona ivoti ngeposi ngokuzenzekelayo kunoma iluphi ukhetho. Lezi zifundazwe ziye zasusa kakhulu izindawo zokuvota ezingokwesiko, nakuba zigcina ezinye zisezikhundleni zokuvota, njengasezikhungweni zokuvota lapho noma ubani ovotayo esifundeni angafaka khona i-colot, futhi bavikelekile balahla amabhokisi lapho abavoti bangabuyisela khona amavoti abo.
Ukuvota iposi kwakhula ngokuphawulekayo phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOID-19 njengoba izifundazwe zazifuna ukunikeza izindlela zokuvota eziphephile. Lokhu kwanda kwaholela empikiswaneni ephawulekayo engokomthetho nasezombangazwe, ngokuphikisana ngokuphepha kwe-collet, ngokusayina izimfuneko zokuqinisekisa, ukuthatha isikhathi sokubuya, nokusetshenziswa kwamabhokisi ewindisiwe. Izinkantolo zezwa izinselele eziningi zokuthumela izinqubo zokuvota, okunemiphumela ehlukahlukene kuye ngezimpikiswano ezithile nemithetho kahulumeni ehilelekile.
I-bobregie neposi zingaphansi kwezimfuneko ezithile ezingokomthetho eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukulondeka nokukhwabanisa. Lezi zivame ukuhlanganisa ukuqinisekisa, lapho izikhulu zokhetho ziqhathanisa isignesha emvilophini yebhola nophawu olusefayilini kusukela kubhalisa lomvoti. Ezinye izifunda-zwe ziye zasebenzisa izinqubo "zokwelapha" ezivumela abavoti ukuba balungise izinkinga ngokukhipha kwabo amafomu, njengalokhu kungena noma ukungafanelani, ukuqinisekisa ukubalwa kwevoti yabo.
Ukutholakala Kwezisebenzi Ezikhubazekile
Umthetho kaFederal ufuna ukuba abantu abakhubazekile bakwazi ukuvota. iMelika enoMthetho wokukhubazeka neHelp America Vote Act igunyaza ukuba izindawo zokuvota zitholakale futhi izimiso zokuvota zivumela abavoti abakhubazekile ngokungafani, kuhlanganise nokungakwazi ukubona kahle, ukunyakaza, nokukhubazeka kokuqonda.
Imishini yokuvota efinyelelekayo kumelwe ivumele abavoti abakhubazekile ukuba baphonse amavota abo ngasese nangaphandle, ngaphandle kosizo oluvela kwabanye uma bethanda. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izisetshenziswa zokuphawula ezinezici ezinjengesikhala se-collet, ulawulo oluqinile, nemiboniso elungisekayo. Kuvoti abangakwazi ukuya endaweni yokuvota, ukuvota okungekho kunikeza enye into ebalulekile, nakuba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvota okungekho nakho kungaba yinselele.
Naphezu kwalezizimfuneko ezingokomthetho, abavoti abakhubazekile bayaqhubeka bebhekene nezithiyo zokuvota. Izindawo zokubheja zingaba nezithiyo ezingokomzimba, imishini ingangasebenzi kahle noma ingamiswa kahle, futhi izisebenzi zokuvota zingase zingaqeqeshelwe ngokwanele ukusiza abavoti abakhubazekile. Izinhlangano zezempango zokuvota ziyaqhubeka zisebenza ukuze ziphoqelele izimfuneko zokuthola imvume futhi zithuthukise okuhlangenwe nakho kokuvota kwabantu abakhubazekile.
Usizo Lolimi
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, i-Cate 203 ye-Voing Rights Act idinga amagunya athile ukuze kunikezwe izinto zokuvota nosizo ngezilimi ezingezona isiNgisi. Le mfuneko iyasebenza uma iqembu lezakhamuzi ezimbalwa lihlanganisa amaphesenti amahlanu ezakhamuzi ezisesigabeni sokuvota, noma izakhamuzi ezingaphezu kuka - 10 000 ezivotayo, futhi zinezinga lokufunda lesiNgisi eliphansi kunesilinganiso sesizwe.
Izindawo ezisemthethweni kumelwe zinikeze izinto zokubhalisa, amavota, iziyalezo zokuvota, nezinye izinto zokhetho ngolimi olumbalwa olusebenzayo. Kumelwe futhi zinikeze usizo lomlomo, njengezisebenzi zokuvota ezikhuluma izilimi ezimbili noma abatoliki. Lezi zimfuneko zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imingcele yezilimi ayivimbeli izakhamuzi ezifanele ukuba zisebenzise ilungelo lazo lokuvota.
Ukubambisana nezimfuneko zosizo lolimi kungaba yinselele, ikakhulukazi emagunyeni amaqembu ezilimi eziningi noma imithombo elinganiselwe. Nokho, lamalungiselelo abalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukufinyelela imvume efanayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zisezingeni elingakanani isiNgisi.
Ukulondeka Kokhetho Nobuqotho
Ukugcinwa kwemithetho engokomthetho ehlobene nokuvinjelwa kokhetho kuhlanganisa izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukukhwabanisa, ukuvikela ekuphazanyisweni, nokugcina umphakathi uthembele emiphumeleni yokhetho.
Ukuvimbela Ukukhwabanisa Ngegesi
Ukukhwabanisa okungekho emthethweni okuye kwafakwa abantu ngabanye abangakholeki noma ukuvota okuhlukahlukene komuntu oyedwa, kuyicala lobugebengu ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni nombuso. Nakuba ukukhwabanisa kwenzeka, ucwaningo luye lwathola ukuthi akuvamile neze. Noma kunjalo, ukukhathazeka ngokukhwabanisa umvoti kuye kwaqhubezela izimpikiswano zemithetho ehlukahlukene nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho.
Amazwe asebenzisa izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene ukuvimbela ukukhwabanisa, kuhlanganise nokuqinisekisa ukuvota, izimfuneko zokuvota, ukusayinwa okuhambelana nama-collet angekho, kanye nokuhlolwa kohlelo lokuhlola kwangemva kokhetho. Inselele iwukusebenzisa izinyathelo zokuphepha ezivimbela ukukhwabanisa ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokwenza izithiyo ezingadingekile ezivimbela abavoti abafanelekayo ukuba bafake izibhaxa.
Umthetho kahulumeni ukwenza kube yicala ukuvota kukhetho lukahulumeni uma umuntu engafaneleki, ukuvota ngaphezu kwesisodwa, ukuzifaka komunye umvoti, noma ukuhlanganyela kweminye imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yokukhohlisa ehlobene nokuvota. Izwe linemithetho efanayo ehlanganisa uhulumeni nokhetho lwendawo. Izimali zokukhokhwa kwamavoti zingahlanganisa ukukhokhwa nokuboshwa.
Ukungenela Kwezinqumo Nokungaguquguquki
Ukhetho lukamongameli luka - 2016 lwaletha ukunaka eRussia ukuze kungenele ukhetho lozalo lwezenhlalakahle, ukuhlasela kwemithombo yezindaba nezinye izindlela, lokhu kuye kwabangela ukuba kugxilwe kakhulu ekuvikeleni izinhlangano zokhetho ekuhlaseleni i - Internet.
Isisekelo sokhetho sihlanganisa izisekelo zokuvota, imishini yokuvota, izimiso zokulawula izinhlelo, kanye nezimiso ezixhumanisa nazo. Ukuvikela lezi zimiso ekuhlawulweni nasekuxhashazweni kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho bokhetho. Uhulumeni wezwe ubeke izakhiwo zokukhetha njengezinesisekelo esibucayi, esinikeza ukutholakala kwemithombo yezentengiselwano nokwaziswa okuhlanganyelwayo.
Izwe nezindawo kuye kwasebenzela ukuthuthukisa ukugcinwa kokhetho nge-inthanethi ngezinyathelo ezinjengokuthatha indawo yemishini yokuvota engenaphepha ngezimiso ezikhiqiza amarekhodi ephepha, zisebenzise izinqumo zangemva kokhetho ukuze zihlole imiphumela, zithuthukise ukulondeka kwezindawo zokubhalisa zabavoti, futhi ziqeqeshe izikhulu zokuvota ngezindlela ezingcono kakhulu. Izimali ze-Federal ziye zalungiselelwa ukusekela lemizamo, nakuba izikhulu zokhetho zivame ukuphikisa ukuthi kudingeka imithombo eyengeziwe yemali.
Imikhankaso Yangemva Kokhetho
Imitapo yokuhlola iziphumo zokhetho yamuva iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuqinisekisa imiphumela yokhetho nokugcina ukuqiniseka komphakathi. Imikhankaso ihilela ukubukeza ngezandla isampula yamavoti noma eminye imibhalo yokuvota ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zokuvota zibalwa ngokunembile amavoti. Ukuhlola izingozi, okusebenzisa izindlela zezibalo ukunikeza ubufakazi obuqinile bokuthi umphumela obikwayo ulungile, kuthathwa njengendinganiso yegolide yokuhlola amavoti.
Kuxoxwa lapho imiphumela yokhetho isondela kakhulu noma lapho kunezinsolo zezinkinga ngomphakathi wokuvota. Imithetho yoMbuso imisa izimo lapho ukulandisa kuzenzakalela khona kanye nezinqubo zokucela ukulandisa. Imibiko ingaqhutshwa ngesandla noma ngomshini, kuye ngomthetho wezwe nezimo.
Izindinganiso ezingokomthetho zokuqhuba izindaba nokuxazulula izimpikiswano ezilandiswayo kuye kwaba indaba yokuqulwa kwecala okuphawulekayo, ngokuphawulekayo ecaleni likamongameli likaBush Gore ka - 2000 lokhetho lwe-Gore. lelocala laphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngesivikelo esifanayo ekulandiseni izinqubo nendima yezinkantolo ekuxazululeni izimpikiswano zokhetho.
Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nezingxabano Zokukhetha
Naphezu kwesimiso esikhulu esingokomthetho sokulawula okhetho, kuphakama izimpikiswano ngokungagwegwesi. lezimpikiswano zingase zihilele imibuzo ephathelene nokufaneleka kovoti, ukungena kovota, izinqubo zokuvota, ukubala amavoti, noma ukuphulwa kwamalungelo okuvota. Isimiso somthetho sinikeza izindlela zokuxazulula lezimpikiswano, nakuba lenqubo ingaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi ixabana.
Ukuhlelwa kwangaphambi kokhetho
Izinselele eziningi ezihlobene nokhetho zibekwa ngaphambi kokuba kuvele ukhetho. Lamacala angase abeke inselele emithethweni yokuvota entsha, amapulani okuhlela, izimfuneko zokukhipha imvume, noma ezinye izici zokulawula ukhetho. Ukumiswa kwangaphambi kokukhethwa kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zixazulule izimpikiswano ngaphambi kokuba zithinte ukhetho lwangempela, ngokuvamile olungcono ezimpikiswaneni zeposi zokuvota ezingase ziphikise imiphumela yokukhetha.
Izinhlobo ezivamile zokubekwa phambili kokukhethwa zihlanganisa izinselele zemithetho ye-ID yokuvota, imingcele ekubhalisweni kovoti noma ekuvotini kwasekuqaleni, indawo yokuvotelwa, namacebo okuhlaziya athi akha ukuqasha kwezinhlanga noma ukuhlasela. Lezi zimo zihilela imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi yomthetho-mthetho, ukuchaza imithetho, nokuhlaziywa okungangangathí sina kwemikhuba ephikiswayo.
Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele ukucabangela okuhlukahlukene emacaleni angaphambi kokukhethwa, kuhlanganise nesidingo sokuvikela amalungelo okuvota, ukuhlonipha ubukhosi bombuso ekuqhubeni ukhetho, kanye namaqiniso asebenzayo okhetho. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yamisa isimiso esithi "Purcell," esixwayisa ngokwenza izinguquko ezisemithethweni yokukhetha esondele kakhulu ekukhetheni, njengoba izinguquko ezinjalo zingadala ukudideka nobunzima bokuphatha.
Izingxoxo zokukhetha zenkokhelo yemuva
Imincintiswano yokukhetha yangemva kwempi ibekela inselele imiphumela yokhetho, ngokuvamile lusho ukuthi amaphutha, ukungalungi, noma ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni kwawuthinta umphumela. Lamacala abuswa imithetho yokuncintisana nokhetho kahulumeni, emisa isisekelo sokuncintisana nokhetho, izinqubo zokwenza kanjalo, kanye namakhambi akhona.
Ukuze aphumelele emncintiswaneni wokhetho, umphikisi ngokuvamile akumelwe abonise nje kuphela ukuthi kwenzeka ukungavumelani, kodwa futhi nokuthi kwakukwanele ukushintsha noma ukungabaza umphumela. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziyanqikaza ukugumbuqela imiphumela yokukhetha, ziqaphela ukubaluleka kokugcina nokudinga ukuhlonipha intando yabavoti njengoba iboniswe ebhokisini levoti.
Ukhetho lukamongameli lwango-2020 lwaba negagasi elingakaze libonwe ngaphambili lokuqulwa kwangemva kokhetho, futhi amacala amaningi afaka inselele ezicini ezihlukahlukene zokhetho ezisezifundazweni eziningi. Izinkantolo zalahla eziningi kakhulu zalezi zinselele, zathola ubufakazi obunganele bokungavumelani okwakungawuthinta umphumela. Lokhu kuveza imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nokuphepha kokhetho, indima yezinkantolo ekuxazululeni izimpikiswano zokhetho, nokubaluleka kokulondoloza ukuthembela komphakathi emiphumeleni yokukhetha.
Amabhola Ayilungiselelo
Amavota alungiselelayo anikeza indlela yokuxazulula imibuzo mayelana nokuvota ngokulunga ngosuku lokhetho. Uma ukuvota kungaqiniseki (ngokwesibonelo), uma igama lawo lingaveli erobholweni lomvoti noma uma kungekho mfuneko yokubala), banikezwa i-pareal bolotor. I-colot iyabekwa eceleni, futhi izikhulu zokuvota kamuva zihlola ukuthola ukuthi umvoti ufanelekile yini. Uma umvoti etholakala ukuthi ufanelekile, i-bolot iyabalwa; uma kungenjalo, iyalahlwa.
IHelp America Vote Act idinga zonke izifundazwe ukuba zinikeze ama-collet alungiselelwe ilungiselelo, futhi imisa izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zezinqubo zokuvota ezingokwelungiselelo. Nokho, imithetho yazo eqondile iyahluka ngokuthi ama-collet avunyelwe nini nokuthi yini okumelwe abavoti bayenze ukuze izinombolo zabo zovotelwe zibaliwe.
Ama-collet alungiselelwe ayeyindaba yokubhalisa, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nalokho abavoti bokwaziswa okumelwe bakunikeze ukuba babalwe amavota abo nokuthi abavoti kumelwe baziswe yini uma ama-collet abo enqatshwa. Lamacala ngokuvamile ahilela imibuzo ngesilinganiso phakathi kokhuseleko lokhetho nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amavota abafanele abalwa.
Ukwesaba Nokucindezela
Imithetho kazwelonke neyombuso inqabela ukwesatshiswa kwevoti kanye nokwezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokucindezelwa kwamavoti. iVoting Rights Act yenza kube okungekho emthethweni ukwesabisa, ukusongela, noma ukuphoqa noma ubani ukuba avote noma azame ukuvota. Umthetho wezephulamthetho kaFederal unqabela ukwesatshiswa kwabavoti okhethweni lukahulumeni, futhi izifunda eziningi zinemithetho efanayo ehlanganisa lonke ukhetho.
Ukwesatshiswa okungokomzimba kungavela ngezindlela eziningi, kusukela ekusongelwani ngokomzimba ezindaweni zokuhlola kuya emikhubeni yokukhohlisa ehloselwe ukuvimbela abantu ekuvotelweni, njengokunikeza ukwaziswa okungamanga ngezimfuneko zokuvota noma izinsuku zokhetho.
Izikhulu zezokhetho nezinhlangano eziqondisa umthetho zizama ukuvimbela nokusabela ekosabisayo kwabavoti, futhi izinkantolo zingakhipha iziyalezo zokuyeka ukuziphatha okwesabisayo.
Ukuvuselela Nokumelela
Nakuba ingabhekisi ngokuqondile ngesenzo sokuvota ngokwaso, ukuhlaziya inqubo yokudweba imingcele yesifunda sokuvota nokuthatha imingcele yesifunda, kuthinta kakhulu amalungelo okuvota nokumelelwa kwezombangazwe. Uhlelo olungokomthetho oluzungezile luhilela izimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, nemithetho kahulumeni.
Umuntu Oyedwa, Isimiso Esisodwa Esikhethekile
Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, i-Uncimel Protection Claus ifuna ukuba izigodi zemithetho zibe nenani elilinganayo ukuze ukuvota komuntu ngamunye kuphathe isisindo esifanayo. Lesi simiso sisebenza ezifundeni zomphakathi, okucishe zilingane ngokulinganayo emphakathini, futhi kuzwe nasezifundeni ze-ocement, ezivunyelwa ukuba ziphambuke kakhulu kodwa futhi zilingana kakhulu.
Ukuvuleka kwenzeka ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu okungathatha isikhathi eside kubangele izinguquko zenani labantu. Le nqubo ilawulwa kakhulu izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, nakuba ezinye izifundazwe zisebenzisa izikhomishane ezizimele noma ezinye izindlela. Umuntu oyedwa, imfuneko yokuvota iqinisekisa ukuthi ukushintshwa kwenani labantu kuboniswa ngemingcele yesifunda ukuze ukumelelwa kuhlale kusesilinganisweni.
Ukulwa Kohlanga Nokulwela Amalungelo Abantu
IVoing Rights Act inqabela amaqhinga okuhlukanisa abantu abambalwa abangokohlanga. Ingxenye 2 ye-Act ingaphulwa ngamasu anciphisa amandla okuvota amancane, njengangokuhlukanisa imiphakathi emincane ezifundeni eziningi (ukugumbuqela) noma ukuyigxilisa ezifundeni ezimbalwa ukuze kuncishiswe ithonya layo.
Kwezinye izimo, uMthetho we-Voing Rights ungadinga ukwakhiwa kwezifunda ezinabantu abambalwa, ngokulinganayo, lapho iqembu lezinhlanga ezimbalwa liyinani elikhulu labantu abathatha isigaba sokuvota. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yakholelwa ukuthi uhlanga alunakuba yisici esiyinhloko ekudwetshweni kwemigqa yesifunda, ngoba lokhu kungakha ukuncitshiswa kwezinhlanga. Ukulinganisela lezi zimfuneko kungaba yinselele futhi kuye kwaholela ekukhipheni impikiswano enkulu.
Izindinganiso ezingokomthetho zokubonisa ukuncishiswa kwevoti ngaphansi kweSigaba 2 zamiswa esinqumweni seNkantolo Ephakeme eThorburg v. Gingeles. Ukusungula ukuvota okulula, ama-polaff kumelwe abonise ukuthi iqembu elincane likhulu ngokwaneleyo futhi lihlangene ngokwendawo ukuba libe yinani elikhulu esifundeni, ukuthi iqembu elincane lisekelana kwezombangazwe, nokuthi amavoti amaningi njengeqembu elinqoba ukunqoba abathandi abambalwa.
I - partisan Gerrymandering
I-partisan gerymaning − ukudweba imigqa yesifunda ukuze kuzuze elinye iqembu lezombangazwe kunelinye, kulokhu kuyimpikiswano empikiswaneni kwezombangazwe zaseMelika. Nakuba izingqapheli eziningi zivuma ukuthi ukucukuthwa kweqembu ngokweqile kungalulaza ukumelelwa kwentando yeningi, isimo esingokomthetho semikhuba enjalo asiqiniseki.
Ngo - 2019, iNkantolo Ephakeme yabekwa eRucho neSikhathi Esivamile esithi abashokobezi baphakamisa imibuzo yezombangazwe engenakufinyelelwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni. INkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi azikho izindinganiso ezingalawuleka zokunquma ukuthi izikhulu ezihlukanisayo ziwuphula nini uMthetho-sisekelo, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukusho okunjalo akunakunqunywa izinkantolo zikahulumeni.
Nokho, lesisinqumo asivimbeli ukuba kukhulume izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezilawula izigebengu ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho kahulumeni, futhi ezinye izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zawalahla amasu okulungisa amasu okungavumelani nemithetho engokomthetho njengezigebhelu ezizimele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izifundazwe ziye zaguqula izinqubo zazo zokuvuselela ukuvuseleleka ukuze zinciphise ithonya labashokolezeli, njengangokuzenza izimemezelo zokuzifunela ngokwazo.
Imali Nethonya Elikhulu Emalini
Nakuba umthetho wezezimali wezezimali uhlukile kumthetho wamalungelo okuvota, uhlobene eduze nomthetho wokhetho ongokomthetho. umthetho wemali kwezombangazwe uthinta ongabasebenzela isikhundla, lokho abavoti abakuzwayo, futhi ekugcineni indlela abakhethayo abakhethwa ngayo.
Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo
Imithetho yezezimali ewumthetho ihlanganisa ukuphikisana phakathi kokuvimbela ukonakala nokugcina amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala enkulumo yezombangazwe. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi ukusebenzisa imali ukuze ithonye okhethweni kuwuhlobo lwenkulumo evikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala, esilinganisela ikhono likahulumeni lokulawula izimali zomkhankaso.
Endabeni ephawulekayo yeZingazwe United v. Federal Evotion Commission, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaveza ukuthi uhulumeni akanakuvimbela izindleko ezizimele zezombangazwe ngezinhlangano zezisebenzi, nezinye izinkampani. Lesi sinqumo, kanye namacala ahlobene naso, siye saguqula kakhulu isimo sezezimali sanamuhla, okuholela ekunyukeni kwamaPaC asemkhankasweni omkhulu kakhulu nasekuthelweni imali okungasetshenziswa amaqembu angaphandle okhethweni.
Nokho, iNkantolo iye yasekela imithetho ethile yezezimali yomkhankaso, kuhlanganise nemingcele yeminikelo eqondile kwabazohlolwa, izimfuneko zokudalulwa kwemali esetshenziselwe umkhankaso, nemingcele yokusebenzelana kwabantu abazobhapathizwa namaqembu angaphandle.
Ukuvuselelwa Kwezwe NoMbuso
Umthetho wezezimali wesifunda ulawulwa ngokuyinhloko uMthetho we - Federal Evolution Act futhi uqondiswa i - Federal Evolution Commission. Umthetho umisa imingcele yomnikelo kwabazongenela uhulumeni, udinga ukudalulwa kweminikelo yomkhankaso nezindleko, futhi ulungiselela ukuxhasa umphakathi ngezimali emikhankasweni yobumongameli.
Izwe linayo imikhankaso yalo yezimali ebusa uhulumeni nokhetho lwendawo. Lemithetho iyahlukahluka kakhulu, eminye imibuso inemingcele eqinile yeminikelo nezimfuneko zokuthulula ulwazi, kanti eminye ayinakulawula okubanzi. Ezinye izifundazwe zinikeza umphakathi izimali emikhankasweni kahulumeni, futhi ezinye ziye zabeka imingcele eyengeziwe yokusebenzisa imali engaphezulu kwalokho okufunwa umthetho kahulumeni.
Izindaba Ezivusayo Nezinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo
Ukuvota okungokomthetho kuyaqhubeka kushintsha ngenxa yezinguquko zobuchwepheshe, ukushintsha kwenani labantu nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo mayelana nendlela yokulinganisela ukulondeka kokhetho, ukutholakala nobuqotho.
Ubuchwepheshe Nokufudumala
Ubuchwepheshe buyaqhubeka buguqula indlela yokwenza ukhetho, kusukela ezincwadini ze-electronic zokuvota nakumathuluzi okubhala amavota asema - Internet kuya ekubhalisweni kwe-operator nakudluliseleni ama-electal collet. Nakuba ubuchwepheshe bungathuthukisa ukuphumelela nokutholakala kwendlela, buphakamisa futhi ukukhathazeka kokulondeka nemibuzo engokomthetho mayelana nokuthi zingaqinisekiswa kanjani izinhlelo zobuchwepheshe, zilondekile futhi zifinyeleleka.
Ukuvota kuyi - Internet kusaphikisana, futhi izazi eziningi zezokuvota zixwayisa ngokuthi ubuchwepheshe banamuhla abukwazi ukunikeza ukuvota okunele kuyi - Internet lapho kuvota umphakathi.
Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi
Ukwaziswa okungamanga ngokuphathelene nezinqubo zokuvota, imiphumela yokukhetha, nenqubo yokukhetha ngokwayo kuye kwaba yinto ekhathaza kakhulu. I-Mishformation ingadida abavoti ngokuthi bangayivota kanjani, nini, futhi kuphi, futhi bangavimbela izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo ukuba zifake amavoti. Imikhankaso yokungahambisa ukwaziswa okungamanga ngamabomu ukuze kuncishiswe ukuvota.
Ukukhuluma ngamanga ahlobene nokhetho kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima mayelana nokulinganisela phakathi kokulwa nokwaziswa okungamanga nokuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma. Nakuba uhulumeni enganikeza ukwaziswa okuqondile ukuze aphikisane nokwaziswa okunganembile, ikhono lakhe lokuvimbela inkulumo engamanga lilinganiselwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana aye asebenzisa izimiso zokusingatha izinqumo zokhetho ezingalungile, kodwa lemizamo iyaqhubeka iphikiswana futhi iphumelela.
Ukunikeza Imithetho Engokomthetho Yamalungelo
Ngemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme eShelby County v. Hoder, eyayisusa ngokuphumelelayo imfuneko ecacile yoMthetho wamaLungelo, kuye kwaba nemizamo eqhubekayo yokubuyisela nokuqinisa amalungelo okuvota kahulumeni. Kuye kwasungulwa iziphakamiso ezihlukahlukene eSivumelwaneni ukuze kuvuselelwe i-Voting Rights Act, ukumisa izindinganiso ezintsha zikahulumeni zokungenela ukuvota, nenkulumo esongela amalungelo okuvota.
Lemizamo yemithetho iye yaphikiswana, ngezimpikiswano eziphathelene nohulumeni nokulawula kokhetho, ukulinganisela okufanele phakathi kokungena nokulondeka, nokuthi umthetho ohlongozwayo ungazixazulula ngokuphumelelayo yini izinselele zamanje zokuvota. Umphumela walezimpikiswano uyoliguqula ngokuphawulekayo ikusasa lomthetho wokuvota amalungelo eUnited States.
Izinguquko Nomfanekiso
Lenguquko yenani labantu ihlanganisa amalungelo okuvota nokumelela, kuhlanganise nemibuzo ephathelene nokuthola usizo lwezilimi, ukudwetshwa kwemigqa yesifunda ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imbalwa, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemiphakathi emisha nesandayo elandelanayo enqubweni yezombangazwe.
Ukuqaphela ukuthi yonke imiphakathi inethuba elilinganayo lokuthola ivoti nethuba elilinganayo lokuhlanganyela enqubweni yezombangazwe kuyodinga ukunaka okuqhubekayo ukuthi imithetho nemikhuba ithinta kanjani imiphakathi ehlukahlukene. Lokhu kuhlanganisa nokucabangela izidingo zemiphakathi eye yabhekana nemingcele engokomlando yokuvota nokuvumelanisa ukuhlelwa kokhetho ukuze kusebenze ngokuhlukahluka kakhulu.
Ukuvikela Amalungelo Akho Okuphana
Ukuqonda amalungelo akho okuvota kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuwavikela. Njengomvoti, unawo kokubili amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo enqubweni kavoti. Ukwazi ngemithetho nezinqubo ezilawula ukuvota egunyeni lakho kukunika amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo futhi uqaphele futhi uphendule kunoma yiziphi izinkinga ongase ubhekane nazo.
Yazi Amalungelo Akho
Wonke umvoti ofanelekayo unelungelo lokubhalisa nokuvota, ukwamukela usizo uma kudingeka, ukuvota ngaphandle kokwesatshiswa noma ukuhlukunyezwa, nokuba amavoti abo abalwe ngokunembile. Uma uhlangabezana nezinkinga ezibhalisa ukuvota noma ukuphonsa ibhola lakho, unelungelo lokufuna usizo kubaphathi bokhetho futhi, uma kudingekile, ukuze uphishekele amakhambi angokomthetho.
Amalungelo akhethekile angahluka ngokwezwe, ngakho kubalulekile ukuqonda imithetho esendaweni osebenza kuyo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwazi izikhathi zokubhalisa, izimfuneko zophawulo, izindlela zokuvota ezikhona kuwe, nezinqubo zokuxazulula izinkinga. Izizwe eziningi zinikeza iziqondiso zokwaziswa noma amawebhusayithi anokwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngezinqubo zokuvota namalungelo.
Imithombo Yezincwadi
Kukhona imithombo eminingi yokusiza abavoti baqonde amalungelo abo futhi basebenzise indlela yokuvota. Izwe namahhovisi okhetho asendaweni kunikeza ukwaziswa okungokomthetho mayelana nokubhaliswa, izindawo zokuvota, nezinqubo zokuvota. Izinhlangano zobuNonpartis zinikeza imfundo, usizo ngokubhalisa, nokusiza ekuxazululeni izinkinga. Izinhlangano ezingokomthetho zinikeza ukwaziswa mayelana namalungelo okuvota futhi zinganikeza usizo uma amalungelo akho ephulwe.
Uma ubhekana nezinkinga zokuvota, ungathintana nehhovisi lakho lokhetho, ubize amavoti avikelayo ahlelwe yizinhlangano ezihlukahlukene, noma ufune usizo kubameli bamalungelo okuvota. Izifundazwe eziningi zinezindlela eziqondile zokubekela inselele ukubhaliswa kwakho noma i-collet, futhi unelungelo lokusebenzisa lezi zinqubo ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ukuvota kwakho kubaliwe.
Isivumelwano Esingaphezu Komsebenzi
Nakuba ukuvota kuyindlela eyinhloko yokuhlanganyela emphakathini, ukuvikela nokwandisa amalungelo okuvota kudinga ukuba umuntu angahlangani nebhodi lezincwadi, lokhu kungahlanganisa nokuhlala esazisiwe ngezinguquko ezihlongozwayo zemithetho yokuvota, ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe ngezindaba eziphathelene nokuvota, ukusekela izinhlangano ezilwela ukuvikela amalungelo okuvota, nokukhonza njengesisebenzi sokuvota noma isibukeli sokhetho.
Lapho izakhamuzi ziwaqonda amalungelo azo okuvota futhi ziwaqonda futhi zisebenza ngenkuthalo ukuze zivikele wona, kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukhetho luhlala lukhululekile, lungakhethi, futhi lufinyeleleka kubo bonke abavoti abafanelekayo.
Isiphetho
Kusukela ekulungisweni komthetho okuye kwanwetshwa kwasemthethweni kusekugcineni kokuvota eUnited States, kuyinkimbinkimbi, kunezici ezihlukene, futhi ezisekelwe njalo.
Ukuqonda lo mthetho kubalulekile kusona sonke isakhamuzi esifuna ukusebenzisa ilungelo laso lokuvota nokuhlanganyela ngokugcwele ekubuseni kwethu ngentando yeningi. Kusiza abavoti ukuba bakwazi ukuthatha izimfuneko zokubhalisa, baqonde ukuthi bakhetha ukuvota nini, baqaphele ukuthi amalungelo abo angase asongelwa nini, futhi bathathe isinyathelo sokuvikela lawo malungelo. Kunikeza futhi umongo wezingxoxo eziqhubekayo mayelana nenqubo yokuvota futhi kusize izakhamuzi zihlole iziphakamiso zokulungisa izinhlelo zokhetho.
Umlando wamalungelo okuvota eMelika ungowokwanda okuqhubekayo, isizukulwane ngasinye sisebenzela ukunweba imingcele yokuhlanganyela. Kusukela ekususweni kwezimfuneko zempahla ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi elinethoba, kuya ekukhuthazweni kwama-Afrika ngemva kweMpi Yombango, kukwabesifazane abanonya ngo-1920, ku-Voting Rights Act ka-1965 futhi ukuncishiswa kwenani lokuvota kuya ebudaleni leshumini elinesishiyagalombili, ukuthathelwa phambili kwemidantiswa kakhulu nokuthathiswa okukhulu.
Nokho lentuthuko ayikaze ibe ngeyokuhlukanisa noma engenakugwenywa. Ukwanda ngakunye kwamalungelo okuvota kuye kwaphikiswa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi inzuzo iye yalandelwa ukuncitshiswa. Ngisho nanamuhla, izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka mayelana nokuvota ngokomthetho, izimfuneko zokubhalisa, izindlela zokuvota, nokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kokulondeka kokhetho nokuthola imvume. Lezinkulumo ziveza imibuzo eyisisekelo ngedemokrasi, ukulingana, nendima kahulumeni ekuthatheleni iqhaza komphakathi.
Njengoba sibheka esikhathini esizayo, izinselele ezintsha zizoqhubeka. Ubuchwepheshe buyodala amathuba nezingozi kubaphathi bokhetho. Izinguquko ze-demographic zizodinga ushintsho ukuze kusetshenziswe izinhlelo ezihlukene kakhulu. Usongo lokukhetha ukulondeka, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lubangelwa ukuphazamisa kwamanye amazwe noma ukuqashwa kwezindawo, luyofuna ukuqapha nokuqashelwa. Futhi izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene namalungelo okuvota ziyodinga ukuba izakhamuzi zihileleke ngemibuzo enzima mayelana nendlela yokuhlela izinhlangano zedemokhrasi.
Kuzo zonke lezi zinselele, ukubaluleka okuyisisekelo kwamalungelo okuvota akuguquguquki. Ilungelo lokuvota aliyona nje indaba engokwesiko noma umbuzo womthetho wezobuchwepheshe. Kuyisisekelo sombuso wentando yeningi ozimele, indlela izakhamuzi ezisebenzisa ngayo ubukhosi futhi zigcine abameleli bazo benecala. Ukuvikela lelilungelo, ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela okulinganayo kokhetho, nokugcina ubuqotho kuyimisebenzi ebalulekile kuzo zonke izizukulwane.
Ngokuqonda izici ezingokomthetho zokuvota, ukuhlala wazisiwe ngamalungelo akho nemithwalo yemfanelo, futhi uhlanganyela ngentshiseko enqubweni yentando yeningi, unezela empilweni nasebutheni bentando yeningi yethu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uvota okokuqala noma ubulokhu uhlanganyela okhethweni, izindaba zakho zokuthembisana. Ivoti ngayinye iwukusetshenziswa kwamalungelo aqinile negalelo emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokuzilawula ngentando yeningi.
Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngamalungelo okuvota nomthetho wokukhetha, ungavakashela i- American Community Confect facts imithombo yokuvota , thintana nezwe lakho noma ihhovisi lokhetho lolwazi lwe-overtime-fire. Lemitako ingakusiza ukuba uhlale wazi amalungelo akho, uqonde inqubo yokuvota endaweni yakho, futhi uthathe isinyathelo sokuvikela nokulungisa nokusebenzisa isisekelo sakho sokuvota.