Ukuziphendukela kobuchwepheshe bokuvota kuye kwalungisa isimo sokhetho ngokuyisisekelo, kuguqula indlela izakhamuzi ezilahla ngayo amavota, indlela ezibalwa ngayo, nendlela okugcinwa ngayo ukuthembeka kokhetho. Kusukela ezindleleni ezilula zephepha-nepesenti kuya ezimisweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-electal ne-Internet, isizukulwane ngasinye sobuchwepheshe bokuvota siye saletha isithembiso nengozi. Njengoba idemocrali yomhlaba wonke ilwisana nezinsongo ezintsha namathuba, ukuqonda ukusekela kwalezizinto ezisungulwayo kubalulekile ekulondolozeni isimiso sokhetho olulungile nolwe-mkhathi olungenekayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola umongo womlando, izingcingo zamanje, izinhlelo zobuchwepheshe zokuvota, ukuhlola ukudalwa komsebenzi wokwenza imishini, ukuhlola ukubonakala, ukubonakala, nokuphepha.

Umlando Wobuchwepheshe Bokukhipha Imibala

Izinqubo zokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi ziye zavela kancane kodwa ngokungaguquki phakathi namakhulu eminyaka. Ekhulwini le-19, amavoloti ephepha avela njengendlela yokuphawula ukukhetha kwawo ngasese, esikhundleni sezwi lomphakathi namavoti aqalayo ngesandla ayevamile kumaRiphabliki entando yeningi. Nokho, ama-bolot amaphepha ayenephutha futhi eqala ukusebenzisa izimpahla ezidina, ukubala, ukubala, ukubhalisa, nokunqikaza kwemibhoshongo yephepha kwakuwumkhuba. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwabona ukusungulwa kwemishini yemishini yemishini yensimbi, okwavumela ukuba ikhiphe umdlandla we-projekthi efuna umgomo. Lemishini yabalelwa futhi yancishintshwa futhi yancishiswa impoqo, kodwa yayibiza kakhulu, futhi inzima ukuhlola. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka lama-20, ukuhlola nokukhipha amakhadi amahle kakhulu, kodwa futhi yafaka i-Uhan.

[ Isihluthulelo sengqophamlando kwezobuchwepheshe bokuvota zihlanganisa:[

  • Iphepha lophawu lwephepha (ikhulu lekhulu le-19): Isimiso somshoshaphansi esisakazeke kabanzi, kodwa ukubala ngesandla kwakuhamba kancane futhi kungavikeleka.
  • Imishini yokukhosela e-mechanical (ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka): yaqopha futhi yabala ngokuzenzekelayo, kodwa yayingenayo indlela yephepha.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amakhadi nama-scan abonakalayo (i-mid-i kuya-elimini lekhulu lama-20 leminyaka):[[[FT:1] Isivinini esikhudlekayo nokunemba, kodwa ukwehluleka kwengxenye yensimbi kungasusa abavoti.
  • Imishini yokulungisa i-electron (i-DRE) (i-1990 kuqhubeke):[ ukuvota kotho lwe-athop nesivoti ngemiphumela esheshayo, kodwa i-software ivele.
  • Imishini yokuphawula (BMDs) (000s kuqhubeke): hlanganisa inhlanganiso ye-electronic ne-colot yephepha, inikeza umkhondo wevoti.

Lendawo engokomlando yembula ukuqina okuphikelelayo: ukushesha ngakunye kwezobuchwepheshe kunikeza impumelelo kuyilapho kuveza izindlela ezintsha zokwehluleka ezisongela imfuneko eyinhloko yokhetho: ukuthi yonke ivoti ilondolozwe ngokunembile, ibhalwe ngokuqinisekile, futhi ibalwa ngokunokwethenjelwa.

Ukwanda Kwemishini Ye - electronic

Imishini yokuvota ye-electronic (EVM) iye yaba i-ecclement kukhetho lomhlaba wonke − kusukela ekuhlolweni okukhulu kwezwe lase-Indiya kuya emagunyeni amancane ezwe e-United States nase-Europe. Igama elithi "EVM" lihlanganisa izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: imishini eqondisayo-Recording Electronic (DRE), eqophayo evota ngokuqondile emendweni yezibalo, neBallot-Marking Scking Special (BMDS), eveza iphepha elithi i-consot i-consot ngaphambi kokuhlola. Ingxoxo iyaqhubeka ngayiphi indlela esebenza kakhulu, kodwa izinzuzo zokuvota kwemishini icacile.

  • ijubane: ama-EVM angahlanganisa amavoti ngemizuzu, ngisho nasokhethweni olunenhlano.
  • Accurituration: Uma igcinwa futhi ihlolwa kahle, isusa amaphutha okubala ngezandla.
  • Unikezelo: izibukiso zokuthinta, usizo lomsindo, kanye namaqwema alungisekayo asiza abavoti abakhubazekile bakhiphe amavoloti abo ngokuzihlukanisa.
  • Inhlanganiso esetshenziswa ngumsebenzisi: Ukusekela ulimi okucacile kanye nokuhamba ngezinyawo kunciphisa ukudideka kovoti.

Nokho, ubuchwepheshe obufanayo obusiza lezi zinzuzo buletha izingozi. Izinambuzane ze-software, ikhodi elinonya, kanye nokushintshwa kwensimbi kungashintsha imiphumela ngezindlela okunzima ukuzibona ngaphandle komzila wephepha lokuhlola. Yingakho izazi eziningi zokuvikela abakhethi zisekela amarekhodi ephepha elikhona-aye ekwakhiweni okusemthethweni yizinhlangano ezinjenge- Ukuvotyolwa [ kanye ne-U.SCOMFFIF. Ngaphandle kwe-semkhankambiso, amarekhodi ephepha e-post-ficity ancis ancisss ancike ngokwenkumbulo yemishini, okungase kuncikene.

Umphumela Wokwanda Kwezindiza

Ubuhlobo phakathi kobuchwepheshe bokuvota novota buyinkimbinkimbi. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukwenza ibhokisi le-colot libe lula ukulisebenzisa. Ukuhlolwa kwemishini yokuvota yesimanje e-U.S. kwathola ukuthi ukusungulwa kwe-BMD nge-octive yomsebenzisi kunciphisa inani lamavoti angonakaliyo kanye nokuqashelwa okungakholeki, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabavoti abadala nabantu abakhubazekile. Emazweni anjengeNdiya, lapho ama-EVM asetshenziswa khona ngokuhlangana nemithetho emikhulu yokuvota, ukuvota kuhlale kuqinile namaphesenti angaphezu kwamashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu naphezu kokuba abantu abayizigidi ezingu-90 bebhalisiwe ababhaliwe. Nokho, ubufakazi obuqanjiwe abukho obungcono: ukucwaninga okuthile kusikisela ukuthi "ukuvota" ukuvota kwe-elective" kuveza umphumela obubanzi obufana nokuvota okunemithetho yokuvota, ukuvota okufana nokuvola okusemthethweni.

Okusobala ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bubodwa abukwazi ukuqeda ukudilizwa kwezakhiwo.

Ukusakaza Nge - Internet: Liyini Ikusasa Lokukhetha?

Asikho isihloko sobuchwepheshe bokhetho esihlukanisa kakhulu kune-internet yokuvota. Abameleli bacabanga ngekusasa lapho izakhamuzi zingaphonsa khona ama-collet azo nge-mamfono-mfono, i-laptop, noma isibhebhe − zisusa imigqa emide, zikwazi ukungenela phesheya, futhi zithuthukise ukuhambelana phakathi kwentsha ekhona. I-Estonia yaba yi-positona eqopha lemibono, futhi yafaka ukuvota kusukela ngo 2005 zisebenzisa i-ID ye-inthaneti. Ngo-2023, cishe ingxenye yakho konke ukuvota kwe-palamende ye-palameya kwafakwa kuyi-intanethi. Isimiso esifanayo sisebenza eSwitzerland ngenxa yeminye imibhobho, futhi ukuhlola okulinganiselwe kuye kwenzeka e-Canada, eFrance, nase-Australia.

Naphezu kwalezi mpumelelo, umphakathi wokulondeka uqaphe ngazwi linye.

  • I-Picence: Noma isiphi isisetshenziswa, noma yisiphi indawo, noma isiphi isikhathi(ukususa isithiyo sohlelo lokuvota).
  • Inkinga yokhuseleko: Ukuhlasela kobuphikisi, nokuncisha usongo lokubulala kungaphazamisa ukufihla nokwethembeka kwe-colot ngesilinganiso esikhulu. Ngokungafani nomshini wokuvota endaweni yokuvota elawulwayo, i-PC yasekhaya noma ucingo lwe-PC noma ucingo lungachaphazeleka ekuxhaphazeni okungacashwa.
  • [ Ukuqinisa: Ngisho nangokufihlwa, kunzima ngovoti obuqamama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhola labo longa lokuvota laqoshwa kahle futhi lafakwa ekuthatheni kokugcina ngaphandle kokwephula imfihlo yevoti.
  • Izimiso zokuvota kuyi-inthanethi zivame ukungabi namkhondo wamaphepha oqobo, okwenza kube nzima ukulandisa izinto eziwusizo uma kusola ukuhlaselwa nge-inthanethi.

Izinhlelo ezifana ne Estonia’s i-ivoting isebenzisa amavoti afihliwe, izignesha ezizinombolo, nezingqimba eziningi zobufakazi. Noma kunjalo, amazwe amaningi aye amisa noma ashiywe izinhlelo zokuvota ngo-inthanethi ngemva kokuhlola ukuvikela okwambulwa okugxekayo. I-National Academie of Sciences, Engineering, kanye ne-Medicinery iphetha ngombiko ka-2018 ka-2018 ukuthi i-inthanethi "akufanele isetshenziswe kunoma yiliphi izinga likahulumeni wesikhathi esizayo" kuze kuxazululwe izinkinga zokuphepha.

Ubuchwepheshe Obuvimbela Ukusakazwa Kwemishini

I-Blockchain iphakanyiswe njengekhambi elingase libe ikhambi lokuphepha nokubona izinselele zokuvota nge-inthanethi. Ngokuqopha ivoti ngalinye njengentengiselwano ehloniphekile, abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi i-blockchain ingavimbela ukuphazanyiswa, iqinisekise ukutholakala, futhi ivumele ukuqinisekiswa okuzimele kuyilapho igcina umvoti engaziwa. Isiqalo esiningana kanye nohulumeni abathile baye bavota ngemigoqo esekelwe ekuvotelweni, kuhlanganise nezwe leWest Virginia (i-vconsorssss transmist) kanye nedolobha lase-Zug, eSwitzerland.

  • Intethelelo: Zonke izitengi zevoti ezifanelekile zibhalwe ebhodini elihlanganyelwe noma ubani angalihlola, okungenani ngokwenkolelo.
  • Ukungaguquguquki: Uma imniningo isifakiwe kuyi-blockchain, ayinakushintshwa futhi ngaphandle kokulawula ingxenye enkulu yamandla okuhlanganelisa i-nethi.
  • Ukuguqula i-central:[ Akukho msizi noma igunya elingalawula, ukunciphisa ingozi yeqophelo elilodwa lokwehluleka noma ukukhwabanisa okusemzini.

Nokho, ochwepheshe baye baphakamisa ukungabaza okukhulu ngokufaneleka kwe-blockchain kukhetho. Ubuchwepheshe abuyixazululi ngokwemvelo inkinga eyinhloko yokuqinisekisa ukuthi lowo ovotayo ungubani, ukuthi ivoti yabo ihlala iyimfihlo, nokuthi akukho ukuphoqelelwa okwenzekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imishini evimbelayo ingaba nejubane futhi isebenzise amandla aqinile, futhi ukukhomba kwezibalo akungqubuzani nesidingo sokuvimbela ukuvota okungokomthetho. Mhlawumbe okunzima kakhulu, isimiso sokuvota esivimbelayo sisadinga umshini wokuvota ongenakuvikeleka (i-Rocercer, noma i-appler) wokulahla ivota, futhi ikethena ingalondeka njengendawo yokugcina. Izikhulu eziningi zokuvota ziye zavimbela izikhali ezingekho emthethweni ezikhokhwani. I-Foctive.[0] Izinhlangano ze-Foctive ziyaqhubeka nokuvota kwe-getting.[3]

Izinselele Zobuchwepheshe Bokuthutha Imishini

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i - computer yokuvota ithuthuke kangakanani, ubuchwepheshe bokuvota bubhekana nezithiyo eziphikelelayo okumelwe ziqondiswe ukuze umphakathi uhlale uthembele kuye.

  • Digital Diviction: Imishini engakhombi ulwembu oluthembekile, ulwazi lwezinombolo, noma ulimi lungabekwa imingcele ngezimiso zobuchwepheshe. I-inthanethi ne-electronic iyingozi yokuvota edala inqubo eqala kabili lapho ezinye izakhamuzi zithola khona zingathathi hlangothi futhi ezinye zibhekene nezithiyo ezintsha.
  • Usongelo lwe-Cybersecurity: Isisekelo sokhetho sezemisebenzi sezemisebenzi sesizwe sesiba isisulu esiyinhloko sabadlali bezwe, abahlaseli, nezigebengu. Ukuhlasela kungasuka emikhankasweni yokususa ulwazi kuya ekungeneni okungokoqobo ezinqolobaneni zokubhalisa noma eziqondisweni zokuvota. Umbiko ka-2020 we-Brennan Center weJaji wathola ukuthi imishini yokuvota cishe kuzo zonke izimiso ze-U.S. umbuso wawusebenzisa imishini yokuvota noma izinhlelo zemisebenzi ezingasebenzi ezingathembekile, uzenze zibe yizisulu zokuxhaphazwa.
  • Ukuthembana okungakhohlakala: Ngisho nezimiso zokwethembeka zingaba izisulu zokusola. Uma abavoti bengazethembi imishini(noma izikhulu eziyisebenzisayo) ukufaneleka kwemiphumela yokukhetha kungangatshazwa. Lokhu kushiyeka kwethemba kungaphakanyiswa ngezinqubo ezijiyileyo ze-cTYM kanye nokuntula ukukhanya okusobala mayelana nokuhlolwa kanye nemiphumela eyiqiniso.
  • Imishini yokuvota elinganayo ibiza ukuthenga, ukugcina, nokubuyisela. Izindawo eziningi zisebenza ngaphansi kokusebenzisa imali eqinile, kuholele ekuguleni kwemishini engase ingasebenzi kahle ngosuku lokhetho.

Ukusingatha lezi zinselele kudinga inhlanganisela yenqubo, ukuqeqeshwa, nobuchwepheshe. Ukuhlolwa kokulondeka njalo, ukuhlolwa kwephepha okuphoqelelwe, nokuhlola iposi okuqinile kuyimikhuba ebalulekile etuswa ochwepheshe bobuqotho bokhetho emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Zobuchwepheshe Bokusakaza Imishini

Ukusetshenziswa kwangempela kobuchwepheshe bokuvota kunikeza izifundo ezibalulekile ngokuphathelene nokuthi yini esebenzayo nengayifezi.

Estonia: Intando Yeningi Ephayonayo

I-Estonia ivame ukuvezwa njengesibonelo esithuthuke kakhulu sokuvota ngo-Internet. Kusukela ngo-2005, izakhamuzi zase-Estonia ziye zakwazi ukuvota nge-intanethi zisebenzisa ikhadi le-ID kagesi kahulumeni noma i-ID ka-ID ka-makhalekhukhwini. Isimiso sisebenzisa ukukhomba okunamandla, izigqhimi ezishaya inombolo, ne-"emvulophu" yokuhlukanisa i-vota ku-cota ye-covota kaningi, ngokuvota kokugcina kokubekwa phambili kwe-electronic, futhi ngisho nokuvota kumuntu ngosuku lokhetho uma befisa. Nakuba le simiso singabonangaboni ukulahlwa okubhaliwe obala, abanye abacwaningi baye baqaphela i-vvotable eqoqweni ye-injini ye-ngosizwe, nakuba kunjalo, okuhlangenwe-Estonian ibonisa ukuthi nge-teomfo yohlelo lwe-internethikium, ingavota, i-vovse-mfonsoliv

E - United States: Ukutholwa Kwabantwana Abasebenza Ephashini Nezingxoxo Eziqhubekayo

I-United States inikeza umfuziselo ohloniphekile lapho isifundazwe ngasinye (futhi ngokuvamile isifunda ngasinye) sikhetha ubuchwepheshe baso bokuvota. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekuhlolweni kwe-DRES, BMDs, imishini yokubona, izilinganiso zephepha ezibalwa ngesandla, futhi ezindaweni ezimbalwa, ukuqulwa okulinganiselwe kwe-internet. Ukhetho lwa 2020 lwahlola imishini yokuvota ngendlela engakaze ibonwe, nokuhlola ukuthembeka kwemishini. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-bolotte kwanda kakhulu ngemva kosongelo luka-2016, futhi nokuhlolwa kweposi kulokhu kuvamile. Nokho, imizamo yokuhlola izimfuneko zokuvota ngolwe-inthaneti ngaphansi kosizo lwaseMelika i-Vote Act iye yahamba kancane, futhi yaxhasa imishini esele ikhona.

ENdiya: Ubuchwepheshe Obushintsha Ugesi Ohamba Phambili Emhlabeni

I-Ecomfation Commission yaseNdiya isebenzisa imishini yokuvota ye-electronic eklanywe futhi yenziwe ngokwendawo. Lemishini ixhunywe kunoma yiyiphi i-nethini(*) futhi ikhiqize umkhondo wephepha ohlolwayo (VVPAT) kusukela ngo-2019. Ngo-2019, abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-900 babekufanele ukuvota, futhi ama-EVM ane-VVPAT afakwa eziteshini zokuhlola. Ukuvuleka kwale simiso kuye kwahlolwa ezinkantolo futhi kwaboniswa ukuhlasela, kodwa abagxeki baveza ukuthi kungenzeka ukushintsha phakathi kwezokuthutha nokugcina. INdiya isilinganiso sejubane le-electly ye-elective ebhalwe ngesilinganiso se-comvo.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuhwebelaneni Ngezobuchwepheshe

Njengoba izimiso zokuvota ziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, umphakathi kumelwe usheshe uqonde ukuthi ubuchwepheshe busetshenziswa ngendlela ehloselwe yona futhi engasatshwa.

  • Izikhungo zomsebenzi neMidlalo: Izikhulu eziningi zokhetho ziprakthiza lapho abavoti bengazama khona imishini emisha ngaphambi kosuku lokhetho. Lokhu kunciphisa ukukhathazeka namaphutha, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabavoti abadala noma abakhubazekile.
  • Online Resources:[ Icacile amavidiyo okufundisa, amabhola ayizilinganiso, kanye neziqondisi ezilandelanayo ezisiza abavoti ukuba baqonde inqubo yokubhalisa kusukela ekubhaliseni nasekufakeni ibhola le-bolot e-BMD noma ukudweba i-colot yephepha.
  • Isivumelwano se-community Isivumelwano:[ imishini esebenzelana nemitapo yezincwadi, izikhungo ezingaphezulu, nezinhlangano zomphakathi zingasakaza ukwaziswa okuqondile ngobuchwepheshe bokuvota kanye nemininingwane ephikisanayo ngemishini exhonywe ngamakethe noma izimiso ezingalondekile.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Ukwe-arhente ekuphicosheni: Lapho abavoti beqonda ukuthi amabhola amaphepha ahlolwa futhi ababuki abazimele bangaqinisekisa imiphumela, ukuthembela esimisweni kwanda. Imikhankaso yemfundo kufanele ichaze ukuthi ama-paredisi afaka izingozi asebenza kanjani nokuthi kungani ebalulekile.

Imizamo yemfundo ibaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezimisa ubuchwepheshe obusha bokuvota ngokokuqala ngqá. ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okufanele, ngisho nomshini olondeke kakhulu ungabangela ukudideka, imigqa emide, kanye nezincwadi ezingabalwanga.

Isiphetho

Ubuchwepheshe bokuvota buzoqhubeka buyinguquko, kodwa umgomo wentando yeningi ongaphakathi usalokhu ungaguquki: sonke isakhamuzi esifanelekayo kufanele sikwazi ukuphonsa i-common bollat yangasese, elondekile, neyokuqinisekisa. Imishini ye-electronic inikeza isivinini, ukunemba, nokuphumelela, nokwenabela, kodwa ihlanganisa izimpawu ezingcono kakhulu ezifuna ukuqondisa okukhulu. i-Onlinecrective enikeza usizo olungakaze lubonwe kodwa ithwele izingozi ze-inthaneti ezingakathwalwanga ngokugcwele. I-mbthchain, nakuba ithakazelisa, ayiyona i-pan actrace. Ekugcineni, ubuchwepheshe obuphumelela kakhulu bomabili ama-electron trans (inter) izimpawu eziphambili zobuphiciciso kanye nemibhalo yemali yokuhlola izibalo ezikhona, ukuvota, nokuvota.

Njengoba imiphakathi iqhubekela phambili ngentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, inhloso kumelwe ihlale igxile ebuqothweni benqubo yentando yeningi. Ivoti ngayinye kumelwe ibhekwe njengoba injalo, futhi wonke umvoti kumelwe aqiniseke ukuthi izwi lawo lizwiwe. Ukufinyelela lelo qiniso kungenye yezinselele ezivelele zedemokrasi yanamuhla.