Amalungelo omshado sekuyisikhathi eside esebenza njengesisekelo somthetho womkhaya, ethonya yonke into kusukela efeni nasenkokhelweni yentela kuya emthwalweni wobuzali. Ithonya lawo ekukhuliseni izingane nasekunakekeleni izingane ezithandekayo lijule kakhulu, njengoba lezizimiso zinquma ngokuqondile ukuthi yiziphi izindlu eziqinile, ezinothando zezingane eziswele. Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, njengoba imiphakathi iye yashukumiseleka ekuqapheleni izakhiwo zomkhaya ezihlukahlukene, ukuhlelwa komthetho okulawula ukutholwa nokunakekelwa komntwana nokunakekelwa komntwana kuye kwaba nezinguquko eziphawulekayo. Ukuqonda indlela lezimiso zomshado ezimayela namalungelo omshado okudingeka ngayo ekuqondeni izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo nemithetho eUnited States nakuzungeze umhlaba wonke.

Ubuhlobo phakathi komshado nenhlala - kahle yabantwana busekelwe ekucabangeni okuthathelwe isikhathi eside okuphathelene nokuzinza, ukubopheka, nokulondeka ngokwezimali. Ngokomlando, imibhangqwana eshadile ngokuzenzekelayo yathathwa njengabazali bokutholwa noma bokutholwa, kuyilapho abantu abangashadile, imibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili obufanayo, neminye imikhaya engeyona eyamasiko ibhekene nokucusumbulwa okwengeziwe noma ukuhlukaniswa okusobala. Nokho, njengoba ukulingana kwasemshadweni kuye kwakhula, imibuso eminingi iye yabuye yahlola lemiqondo futhi yahlaziya izimiso zayo ukuze ithuthukise ithuba elilinganayo, futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthuthukisa izithakazelo ezingcono zezingane.

Indima Yamalungelo Omshado Emithethweni Yokutholwa

Imithetho yokutholwa emazweni amaningi ihlangene kakhulu namalungelo omshado. Ngokwesibonelo, ezifundazweni eziningi zase-U.S., imibhangqwana eshadile ngokomlando iye yanikezwa impatho engcono enqubweni yokutholwa kwezingane zokutholwa ($_asheshayo), imingcele enciphileyo ekufezekeni, kanye nokuzifanela okuvame ukuba khona kwezicelo ezingashadile. Lokhu kuxhomeke esikweni esingokomthetho esibheka umshado njengendinganiso yegolide ekukhuliseni izingane, naphezu kokuhlola okukhula okubonisa ukuthi isimo somkhaya somkhaya sodwa asisona isibonakaliso esinokwethenjelwa semfanelo yobuzali.

Uma imithetho yomshado yanda ukuze ihlanganise imibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo, imithetho yokutholwa ilandela njalo, ivumela lemibhangqwana ukuba ithathe izingane ngokusemthethweni njengombhangqwana. Isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ku-2015 obergefell v. Hodges[, egunyaza umshado osemthethweni owengeziwe ezweni lonke, waba nethonya elisheshayo nelithathayo emalungelweni okutholwa. Phambi kwalokho, imibhangqwana eminingi yezenqabela ngokuqondile imibhangqwana ehlangene, futhi ngisho neyodwa wesibili yayingaqiniseki. Namuhla, ukutholwa kwemibhangqwana eshadile eshadile engowexekeneyo, kusemthethweni kuwo wonke amazwe angu-50, nakuba imingcele yokuphatha namasiko ikhona kwezinye izindawo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezindaweni lapho amalungelo omshado elinganiselwe khona ("kungaba yimibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo, engashadile, noma yomibili) imithetho yokutholwa ivame ukuba nemingcele eyengeziwe. Amanye amazwe asavimbela imibhangqwana ehlangene nobulili obufanayo ukuba ithathe ngokuphelele, kuyilapho amanye evumela abantu ngabanye kodwa hhayi imibhangqwana ukuba ibamukele. Umphumela osebenzayo uwukuthi izingane zingabekelwa abana nabanakekeli abafanelekayo ngenxa nje yesimo somshado noma indlela yobulili yokuzinakekela, evumelana nesimiso esiyisisekelo senhlala kahle yabantwana: ukuthola ikhaya elingcono kakhulu kunoma yimuphi umntwana.

Umphumela Wokwenza Umshado Ube semthethweni

Ukubekwa ngokomthetho komshado ongowesilisa ngasese kuvule amathuba okutholwa. Ngokwemininingwane evela ku-Williams Institute e-UCLA School of Law, abantu abadala abalinganiselwa ezigidi ezimbili baye babheka ukutholwa, futhi imibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili obufanayo ivame ngokuphindwe kane kunemibhangqwana ehlukene engontanga ukuba ikhulise abantwana bokutholwa. Uma ukulingana komshado kuba umthetho wezwe, izinhlangano zokwamukelwa kwezinhlangano zenhlalakahle yabantwana nomthetho wezwe kwadingeka ukuba zithuthukise izimiso zayo zokuqaphela imibhangqwana eshadile efuna ukutholwa abazali abafanelekayo.

Amazwe aye ahola ekulinganiseni umshado, njengeCanada, iNetherlands, ne-South Africa, aye andisa ukutholwa ngendlela efanayo. ECanada, imibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo iye yakwazi ukutholelana ndawonye kuzo zonke izifundazwe nasemasimini kusukela ngo 2005, lapho ukushada kwezakhamuzi kunwetshwa emibhangqwaneni elinganayo engokobulili obufanayo. Izinga lokutholwa kwemibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili obuhlukile kulamazwe liye lakhula ngokuqhubekayo, futhi ukuhlola okuqhubekayo kubonisa ukuthi izingane ezikhuliswe abazali abanobulili obufanayo ziphumelela kahle ezilinganisweni zemfundo, ukulungiswa kwezenhlalo, kanye nempilo engokomzwelo njengalezo ezikhuliswe abazali abahlukene.

Nokho, isimo asifani. Ngisho nasemazweni alinganayo emshadweni, ezinye izinhlangano zokutholwa − ikakhulu lezo ezisontayo ezingokwenkolo − ziye zafuna ukuhoxa ukuze zenqabe izinkonzo zemibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo. E-United States, izifunda-kazi eziningi ziye zanikeza imithetho evumela izinhlangano zokutholwa okusekelwe kukholo ukuba zikhethe ngokusekelwe ekuqondiseni kocansi noma isimo somshado, ngisho nalapho zisebenzisa izimali zokukhokha intela. Lezi zikhulula zakha umsebenzi owenziwe ngendilingane wokungena, lapho ikhono lombhangqwana ofanayo lokuzithatha lingasencike kunezimfuneko ezimbalwa zegunyazo kanye nakwegunyazwa kakhulu ekuqondiseni noma izinhlangano ezisondela kuzo.

Imibhangqwana Engashadile Nabazali Abangabodwa

Amalungelo omshado abuye alolonge izimiso zokutholwa kwemibhangqwana engashadile kanye nabantu abangashadile. Ezifundeni eziningi, imibhangqwana engashadile (noma ingosi efanayo noma i-extensial ) ayikwazi ukuthatha i-octal. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umngane oyedwa kuphela angaba umzali ongokomthetho, ashiye omunye engenawo amalungelo abazali. Uma kamuva umbhangqwana uhlukanisa noma uma umzali ongokomthetho efa, umntwana angabhekana nokungaguquguquki okungokomthetho ngisho nosongo lokususwa ekhaya. Amanye amazwe aye ashukumiseleka ukuba imibhangqwana engashadile ithole isibopho somshado ndawonye, kodwa lokhu ngokuvamile kuhlobene nokuqashelwa okungokomthetho kobuhlobo bomkhaya noma izibo zomphakathi, okuxhomeke ekutheni kuxhomeke emithethweni yomshado.

Abantu abangashadile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bathambekele ebulilini, baye bakwazi ukuthatha ngokomlando ezifundazweni eziningi, kodwa ngokuvamile babhekana nobandlululo olungenasidingo oluvela ezinhlanganweni zokutholwa ezikhetha imibhangqwana eshadile. Umbono wokuthi abazali ababili bangcono njalo kunoyedwa uholela izinhlangano eziningi ukuba zibambezele noma zikhiphe izicelo zokucela okungashadile, ngisho nakuba ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi abazali abangabodwa banganikeza ukunakekela okuhle kakhulu. Amalungelo omshado athonya lemikhuba ngokuqinisa isimiso somphakathi sokuthi umshado uyisimo esithandwa umkhaya, isimiso sokuthi izimiso zenhlalakahle yabantwana zifunda inselele.

Ukunakekela Izimiso Zokuziphatha Namalungelo Omshado

Izimiso zokunakekela zabantwana zithonywe kakhulu imithetho yomshado. Imibhangqwana eshadile ivame ukubekwa phambili njengabanakekeli bokunakekela, ngokusekelwe ekucabangeni kokuzinzile, ukulondeka ngokwezimali, nokutholakala komzali ababili. Nakuba ukuzinza kubaluleke ngempela, ukugcizelela isimo somshado kungahlukanisa abanakekeli abaningi abafanelekayo, kuhlanganise nabantu abangashadile, abangane abangashadile, kanye nabantu abashadile.

Ezifundazweni eziningi, izimfuneko zokuthola abazali bokutholwa zicacile noma zithanda imibhangqwana eshadile. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe zifuna ukuba abazali bokutholwa bashade isikhathi esincane noma banikeze ubufakazi bomshado ozinzile. Abanye bafaka izinqumo ezihlangene ezithatha umkhaya wabazali ababili, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngabantu abangashadile noma imibhangqwana engashadile ukuba ithole imvume. Lemithetho kancane kancane iyaguqulwa, kodwa intuthuko ayifani.

Izinkinga Ezingokomthetho Nezomphakathi

Ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho komshado kungaholela ekusekeleni okwengeziwe nasemikhayeni ekhuliswa abazali abashadile futhi bavame ukuthola izinzuzo zomshado kalula, njengomshwalense wempilo noma ikhefu labazali, okungathinta ngokuqondile ikhono labo lokunakekela abantwana. Uma amalungelo omshado enwebeka ukuze ahlanganise imibhangqwana ehlanganyela ubulili obufanayo, izinhlangano zokunakekela kumelwe zisuse futhi izimiso zokucwasa, ngokwesibonelo, lezo ezidinga iLGBTQ, qhamza abazali ukuba bafihle ubuhlobo babo noma ukufihla ubuso babo.

Kodwa imingcele emalungelo omshado ingawanciphisa kakhulu amathuba okunakekela amanye amaqembu. Emazweni angenayo isilinganiso somshado, imibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili ingavinjelwa ngokuphelele ekukhuliseni, noma ingavunyelwa kuphela njengabantu ngabanye, abangabavumeli ukuba baqinise imishado. E-United States, ngisho nangemva kokulingana emshadweni, ezinye izizwe ziyaqhubeka zivumela izinhlangano zokunakekela ezihlangeneyo ezisekelayo ukuba zikhethe iLGBTQ, kuholele emakhaya anezimvume ezimbalwa kakhulu emiphakathini ewadinga kakhulu.

Imiphumela yezenhlalo ibaluleke ngokufanayo. Uma amalungelo ethonya izimiso zokunakekela ezikhuthaza ukunakekelwa komshado, bathumela umyalezo wokuthi imikhaya iyigugu futhi ibhekwa njengesemthethweni. Lokhu kungaba nethonya elishaqisayo kwabangase babe abanakekeli emiphakathini ephansi, abangase bazizwe bengamukeleki noma benokwesaba. Ngenxa yokuntuleka okungapheli kwamakhaya okuhlala kumazwe amaningi . Ukuntuleka okuthinta izingane ezindala, amaqembu ontanga, nabantwana abanezidingo ezikhethekile okungadingekile okulinganiselangadingekile iqoqo labanakekeli elilimaza zona kanye izingane ezifanelekayo isimiso siklanyelwe ukuvikela.

Ukuqina, Ukuzimisela, Nendinganiso Engcono Kakhulu

Umthetho wenhlala - kahle yabantwana wakhiwe ngesimiso “sesithakazelo esingcono kakhulu somntwana,” indinganiso okufanele ibeke phambili isidingo sengane sokuphepha, ukuqina, nokuzinza ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye. Amalungelo omshado ahambisana nalendinganiso ngezindlela eziningi. Kwesinye isandla, umshado oqinile unganikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokunakekela noma ukukhuliswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukugcizelela okungaguquguquki emshadweni kungashalazela ezinye izinhlobo zokuzinza − njengezinye izindlela eziqinile ezingekho ngokomthetho ezihambisana nomthetho, noma ukunikezelwa kwabazali abangabodwa.

Ukucwaninga kwe-Child Welfare Information Gateway nezinye iziphathimandla kusikisela ukuthi izinga lobuhlobo bomnakekeli nomntwana libaluleke kakhulu kunesikhundla somshado somnakekeli. Izingane ezinakekelwayo eziphathiswe ngothando, ezinakekelwa kahle, ezingabanakekeli (__abangenacala lokuthi labo abanakekeli bashadile yini) lingcono uma kuqhathaniswa nokuphumelela, ukufinyelela imfundo, nempilo engokwengqondo. Njengalokho, izazi eziningi zenhlalakahle yabantwana zisekela imithetho ehlola abanakekeli abasekelwe ekhonweni labo lokunakekela umntwana, kunokuba zisekele isikhundla sobuhlobo babo.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Amalungelo Omshado Emhlabeni Wonke

Kuwo wonke umhlaba, ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo omshado nokutholwa kwabantwana abashadiwe buyehluka kakhulu. Emazweni aseYurophu i-Europe Union njengeSweden, iNorway, ne-Spain, ukulingana komshado kuye kwahambisana nokuthatha imishado ngokulinganayo kokubili engokobulili obufanayo nengashadile. Lamazwe athambekele ekubeni namazinga aphakeme okutholwa kwabantwana emhlabeni wonke nasekhaya, futhi izimiso zenhlalakahle zabantwana ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemikhaya.

Imibhangqwana ehlangene ne-United Kingdom, eye yakwazi ukuthatha imishado efanayo engokobulili kusukela ngo-2002, ngaphambi kokuba kube khona ngisho nokubambisana komphakathi. I-UK’s Renation and Children Act 2002 yasusa ngokucacile izithiyo zemibhangqwana engashadile neyobulili obufanayo, iqaphela ukuthi inhlalakahle yengane kufanele ibe ngukucabangela okukhulu. Lokhu kushintsha kwabangelwa ukucwaninga okuboniswa kakhulu ukuthi akukho lutho kubantwana abakhuliswe abazali abangokobulili obufanayo, kanye nokuthola izivumelwano ezinhlanganweni ezifana neStonellall neBritish Association for Retation and Fostering.

Ngokuphambene, amazwe amaningi eMpumalanga Yurophu, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, nasezingxenyeni ze-Asia asawavimbela wonke amalungelo omshado nokutholwa kwemibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo nabantu abangashadile. Ngokwesibonelo, iRussia, inqabela imibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili obuhlukile ukuba yamukele futhi iye yadlulisa “izenkolo zesonto” imithetho eyenza kube nzima nge LGBTQ, abantu ngabanye ukuba bavule ngokukhululekile ngezenzo zabo zokutholwa. IPoland neHungary, nakuba ingxenye ye-EU, iye yathutha eminyakeni yamuva ukuze inciphise kokubili umshado namalungelo okutholwa, iveza“ izindinganiso zomkhaya ezingokwesiko.” Lezizimiso zivame ukuholela ekusebenziseni izingane imali isikhathi eside ekunakekeleni noma ekunakekeleni imikhaya engase ingafaneleka kakhulu, ngenxa nje yesimiso somthetho esikhethekile esihlanganisa isimo somkhaya ngamunye.

Nokho, ukuthambekela komhlaba wonke kusekuhlanganisweni okukhulu. Njengoba amazwe amaningi eqaphela ukulingana komshado, noma okungenani anikeza ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho kobuhlobo bomshado obungebona obawo, njengenyunyana noma ubudlelwano obubhaliwe (‘ ukuvololwa nokunakekelwa kwezimiso zokunakekela izingane kuyahlelwa kancane kancane. iNhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene eMalungelweni Omntwana, egunyazwe cishe cishe wonke amazwe emhlabeni, iveza ukuthi abantwana banelungelo lokunakekela umkhaya futhi izinqumo eziphathelene nokubekwa kwabo kufanele zenziwe ngesisekelo esisekelweni ngaphandle kokucwasa. Activicis nezazi ezingokomthetho ziphikisa ngokuthi lesi simiso kufanele sinwebe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abanakekeli abavikeli abavunyelwe ukukhuliswa noma ukuvunyelwa ngenxa yesikhundla sabo somshado noma ukunakekelwa ngokobulili.

Impikiswano Eqhubekayo Yesimiso Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kwentuthuko ephawulekayo, impikiswano ngamalungelo omshado nenhlala - kahle yabantwana ayikaxazululwa. E-United States, imithetho yenkululeko engokwenkolo iye yaba indinganiso eshayelelayo. Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa umthetho ovumela ukutholwa kwabantwana okusekelwe okholweni kanye nezinhlangano zokunakekela abashayeli ukuba zenqabe izinkonzo ezisekelwe ezinkolelweni ezingokwenkolo, ngisho noma lezo zinhlangano zithola izimali zomphakathi. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ukuhoxa okunjalo kukhuthaza ukucwaswa kwezindlu zabantwana futhi kunciphisa inani lamakhaya akhona. Abaxhasi baye baphikisa ukuthi zivikela ikhono lezinhlangano zenkolo lokusebenza ngokuvumelana nezinkolelo zazo. Lokhu kuholele emacaleni anjengaseMichigan, eSouth Carolina, naseTexas, ngemithetho ehlukene kakhulu.

Enye impikiswano eqhubekayo ukuqashelwa kobuhlobo bomshado obungekhona ohlwini lokunakekela abashadi. Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zathatha izinyathelo zokulungisa izimiso zazo ukuze zivumele imibhangqwana engashadile − kokubili ubulili obufanayo kanye nobe-expression @ ukuze inikezwe imvume yokuba abazali bokutholwa ndawonye. Nokho, intuthuko ingathatha kancane, futhi kwezinye izindawo, imibhangqwana engashadile isadingeka ukuba iqhube izifundo zasekhaya ezihlukene futhi inikezwe imvume njengeyabantu ngabanye, okungabangela ukuba kube nzima ukubeka izinqumo futhi kubangele ukungahleleki okungokomthetho.

Uma ubheka phambili, amandla abheke ezimisweni ezihlobanisa ukufaneleka komnakekeli okusekelwe ekutholeni isibopho somuntu ngamunye nasebuhlotsheni esikhundleni sokushada. INhlangano yesizwe yeSocial Workers, i-American Academy of Pediatrics, kanye ne-Child Welfarence League of America, zonke izinkulumo ezikhishwayo zisekela izimiso zokungangeni ngokomthetho ezifaka phambili isithakazelo esingcono kakhulu somntwana. Amanye amazwe asethathe kakade “ukutholwa okungahlobene nomshado okungavumelani nokwenyunyana okungakakhulu” kanye nemithetho evumela abangane abangashadile kanye nabo abafanayo ukuba bamukele ngaphandle kokudinga ukushada, eqaphela ukuthi umshado ongokomthetho awuyona indlela yodwa yokunakekela isithakazelo somntwana.

Intuthuko yomhlaba wonke nayo iphawula ukushintshwa okuqhubekayo. Ngo-2021, iChile yajoyina uhlu olukhulayo lwamazwe avumela imibhangqwana elinganayo engokobulili ukuba yamukeleke, ngemva kokudlula kokulingana komshado. IJapane, nakuba ingaqapheli ukushada okufanayo, iye yabona omasipala abambalwa benikeza izitifiketi zobuhlobo obubodwa eziye zaholela izinhlangano zokutholwa ukuba ziphathe imibhangqwana engontanga efanayo ngokuvumayo. I-reathring ibonakala icacile: njengoba amalungelo omshado eyanda, kanjalo namathuba ezindlela ezihlukahlukene zomkhaya zokuhlanganyela ekutholeni izingane nokunakekela izingane.

Isiphetho

Amalungelo omshado anendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni izinqubo zokutholwa nokunakekelwa kwabantwana, ethonya yonke into kusukela ekuthandekeni kokuqala kuya ekuthandekeni okungokomthetho nasekwamukeleni umphakathi. Njengoba izimiso zomthetho ziqhubeka ziqaphela izakhiwo zomkhaya ezihlukahlukene − kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokulingana komshado, ukuhlangana komphakathi, noma ukubhalisana kwemisha , lezimiso zihlela ukuthuthukisa ukulingana futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuqina kwazo zonke izingane. Ubufakazi bubonisa ngokuqhubekayo ukuthi izingane ziyaqhubeka ziphumelela uma zibekwe nabanangane abanothando, abanakekeli abazinikele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi labo abanakekeli bashadile, abashadile, abakanye, noma abashadikaziwe.

Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izingane ezidinga usizo ziyakwazi ukuthola indawo yomkhaya enothando nesekelanayo. Imibono esusiwe yokuthi omunye umkhaya unelungelo lokubeka abanye engozini ngokunciphisa iqoqo labangase babe abanakekeli. Ngokuhlela ukutholwa nokuthuthukisa izimiso zokunakekela izingane ngokuhlola okungcono kakhulu okukhona kanye nesimiso esiyisisekelo sokungaguquguquki, abenzi bomthetho nochwepheshe bezenhlalakahle yabantwana bangakha isimiso esibeka inhlalakahle yabantwana kuqala.