Ukuqonda Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Esimisweni Somthetho SaseMelika

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, owagunyazwa ngo-1788, wamisa uhlelo lokubusa oluye lwakhuthazelela amakhulu amabili eminyaka. Emkhakheni wawo, uMthetho-sisekelo uchaza isimo sikahulumeni futhi ubala amagunya kuyilapho ugcina amanye ezindaweni. Nokho, yiBill of Rights ̬ i-Associationstions Ô i-optional of Constructives elungele ukubuswa kwemithetho esemthethweni; kanye nokubuyiselwa kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye evikelekile enqabeni yohulumeni. Lamalungelo ahlanganisa inkululeko yenkulumo, inkolo, nenhlangano; ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali; ivikela ekuhlolweni nokuquleka okungenangqondo; ukuyiyo kanye nenqubo efanelekile; nokuvikelwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo awalingani. Ayashintsha ngokulungisa okudluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho futhi agunyazwe yizifundazwe, ngomthetho omiswe yiKhomuselane, nangokuchazwa kwezokwahlulela yizinkantolo zikahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme, njengenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni, inegunya lokuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo, futhi izinqumo zayo zingawaguqula ngokuyisisekelo amalungelo nencazelo yamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Lamandla okuchaza alo alo hlelo lubunjwa uchungechunge lwamafilosofi okwahlulela, kuhlanganise nemfundiso yokuqala, efuna ukusebenzisa uMthetho-sisekelo njengoba uqondwa ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwawo, kanye nomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ophilayo, obheka umthetho-sisekelo njengencwadi enamandla okumelwe ivumelane nokushintsha izindinganiso nesimo somthetho-mthetho.

Ukuziphendukela kwamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo kuthonywa ukuxubana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezimpikiswano zomthetho, umlando, izinhlangano zezenhlalo, kanye nokwakheka kweNkantolo ngokwayo. Amashumi eminyaka amuva aye abona ukushintsha kwendlela amalungelo aqondwa ngayo, kusukela ekulinganani komshado nasekuzaleni kuya ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile emsebenzini nasekuvikeleni ekukhetheni. Ukuqonda ukubekwa kwalezi zenzakalo kudinga ukuhlolisiswa kwezinqumo zeNkantolo ezilandela imiphumela kanye namandla azenza zaba khona.

Izinqumo Eziyinhloko ZeNkantolo Ephakeme Ezashintsha Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Ibhodi leNkantolo Ephakeme ekhulwini lama-20 leminyaka liye lahlanganisa amanye amacala abaluleke kakhulu emlandweni womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Izinqumo ezilandelayo ziqokomisa ukususwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ezingxenyeni eziningi zokuphila kwaseMelika.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Ukulingana komshado njengelungelo eliyisisekelo

Esinqumweni esivelele sesihlanu-4, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi iSichibiyelo seMithetho yeshumi nane idinga zonke izifundazwe ukuba zivume futhi ziqaphele imishado phakathi kwabantu ababili bobulili obufanayo. Ukubhalela iningi, uMahluleli uAnthony Kennedy waphikisa ngokuthi ilungelo lokushada liyinkululeko eyisisekelo evikelwe yi-Curtive Procement Clause futhi ukunqabela imibhangqwana efanayo engokwabantu abashadile ukuthi ingena ebuhlotsheni obufanayo i-Octal Procement Claus. Isinqumo esaqaliswe ngaphambi kwesinqumo somshado, kuhlanganise no-Levoving v. [FLD] [FLT:] [1967] [197], esahlula imingcele yemithetho yomshado yohlanga , eyabulala i-Genelm.[FL:2]

Isinqumo se-Obergefell samelela ukushintshwa okukhulu kwencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi ngaphambili, Lawnce v. Texas[, iNkantolo yayiye yashaya imithetho ye-sodoma kodwa yayingadingi ukushada. Ijubane elisheshayo lokushintsha kwezenhlalo, eliqhutshwa yizinhlangano zezehlulelo, izikhawu zemibono zomphakathi, nezinqumo eziphansi zenkantolo, ladala umongo lapho iNkantolo yayizimisele ukuqaphela khona ilungelo elisha lomthetho. Isinqumo sihlala siyindida yempikiswano ngezenzo zomthetho, ubuzwe, ukuvikela izigebelo zezinkantolo ezivikela amalungelo amancane.

Wonke owesifazane ezempilo v. Hellerstedt (2016): Ukuvikela ukukhishwa kwesisu

Ku i-Whome Woman’s Health v. Hellersstedt, iNkantolo Ephakeme yalahla izinhlelo ezimbili zomthetho waseTexas owamisa imithetho eqinile emithola-mtholampilo yokukhipha izisu. Amalungiselelo abekela odokotela abakhipha izisu inselele ukuze bavume amalungelo esibhedlela esiseduze futhi badinge izikhungo zokukhishwa kwezisu ukuze bahlangabezane nezindinganiso zokuhlinza. Inkantolo yaphinde yasebenzisa izivumelwano zesinqumo ezithiwa ngu-5-4 ezaqalwa nguMahlulel uStephen Breyer, yasebenzisa indinga lika-"lo oluthiyo" olumisiwe e [[FLT:]] eqekelweni lokukhipha izisu. Icala [FLT][FLT][FLT][F:3][196]. Inkantolo yabonisa ukuthi lezimfuneko ezizuzisa impilo futhi azina isithiyo zibekwe endleleni engcono.

Lesi sinqumo sasibalulekile ngoba saqinisekisa ukugcinwa okuyinhloko kwe Roe v. Wade kanye i-Caney ngesikhathi sinikeza uhlelo lokuhlola ukufaneleka komthetho-mthethweni wemithetho yokukhipha isisu. INkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele imithwalo ebekwe umthetho omelene nezinzuzo ezithiwa iyasebenza. Nokho, lesi silinganiso sanikeza ithuluzi lemithetho evimbela imingcele enzima yezwe lonke izwe. Nokho, isinqumo futhi siveza ukuhlukana okujulile eNkanto enkantolo, okwakuzogqashuma ngokugcwele ezicaleni zamuva.

Janus v. AFSCME (2088): Inkululeko Yokukhuluma neSivumelwano Somphakathi

.Janus v. AFSCME wahlehlisa isinqumo seNkantolo ngo 1977 i-Abood v. iDetroit Board yemfundo[, eyayivumele izinyunyana zomphakathi ukuba ziqoqe "izibopho" ezivela kwabangewona amalungu ukukhokha izindleko zokuphikisana. I-Proct, uMarkus, waphikisa ngokuthi ufuna ukuba akhokhe izimali zenyunyana ayisekelenga amalungelo akhe okuQala eHlungenisweni lokuqala ukuze akhululeke ngenkululeko yokukhuluma nangenhlangano. Esinqumweni esibhalwe nguSahluleli u-Alito, iNkanto evumelana nemali enjalo, iphethe leyo ngxolo epho ngenkululeko yenhlanganyelwayo.

Isinqumo saba nemiphumela esheshayo neyayifinyelela kude yezisebenzi ezihleliwe. Izinyunyana zomphakathi kulo lonke izwe zabhekana nokuncipha kwenani lemali, njengoba abangewona amalungu kwakungasadingeki ukuba bakhokhe izindleko. Isinqumo futhi saphakamisa imibuzo ebanzi ngesilinganiso seSichibiyelo Sokuqala emongweni wezimali eziphoqelelwe. Imibono yeNkantolo yasetshenziswa emacala eSigqizo sokuqala, kuhlanganise [[FLT:] neNational Institute of Family and Life Teaders v. Becerra[FLT] (2014), eyahlasela umthetho waseCalifornia ofuna ukuba kube nokukhulelwa ukuze kunikezwe ukwaziswa ngezinkonzo zokukhishwa kwezisu. Zonke lezi zimo zecala, zaveza umbono omkhulu kakhulu wamalungelo enkululeko, ikakhulukazi emongweni wezentenezenteneze yezemali.

Isifunda saseClayton (2020): ILGBTQ+ Amalungelo Ngaphansi Kwesihloko VII

Esinqumweni esinemiphumela ejulile yamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yabamba i-Bostock v. Clayton County isithi iSihlomo VII se-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 sinqabela ukucwaswa komsebenzi ngokusekelwe ekuthandekeni kwabobulili noma ebudodeni. Inkantolo yaveza ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba umuntu akhethelwe ukuthi ungungqingili noma umfana. UMahluleli uNeil Gorfoth wabhala umbono owenani elingu-3, esebenzisa ukuhlaziya imibhalo ukuze aphethe ukuthi ukucwaswa "ngenxa yesifo sobulili" ngokunokwenzeka kuhlanganisa ukucwaswa kwenkanuko yobulili. Inkantolo yaveza ukuthi akunakwenzekanga ubandlululo ngokukhetha umuntu ngenxa yokuba ngungqingili noma ukucwasana ngaphandle kokungayenziwa osuselwa ebulilini.

[[NTLT:0] Isinqumo asiwuchazanga ngokuqondile umthetho-sisekelo, kodwa ithonya laso kumalungelo omthetho-sisekelo likhulu. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izigidi ze-LGBTQ zivikelekile ekucalukeni, ukubusa kuqinisa isimiso sokuthi ukulingana nesithunzi kusemqoka kumthetho waseMelika. Isinqumo futhi sibonisa ukuthi ukuchaza umthetho wezomthetho kungathuthukisa amalungelo ngezindlela ezihambelana nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izigidi ze-LGBTQ zivikelekile, izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zasebenzisa ukucabanga okufanayo ezimweni eziphathelene nempilo, izindlu, nemfundo, futhi kudlulisa ukuhluzeka komqondo wesinqumo.

Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022): Ukuphela kweRoe

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme neyimpikiswano yamuva nje singu- Dobts v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, eyalawula Roe v. Wade [7773] [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [4] Plat [4] Preased Holigious v. Casey[[[FLT:]] [1992], isusa umthetho wesizwe welungelo lokukhipha isisu. Icala lalihilela umthetho kaMissississippian owenqabela ukukhishwa kwesisu ngemva kwamasonto angu 15. Umthetho uSamuel Atalito wabhala umbono omkhulu, ohlangene nezinye izigwebo ezine eziqinile, uphethe ukuthi umthetho womthetho awuphakathi kwesokudla sokukhipha isisulo kanye negunya lokukhipha isisu.

Isinqumo amaDobbs amelela ukulahlekelwa okubaluleke kakhulu kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo emlandweni weNkantolo yanamuhla. Abaningi basebenzisa indlela yokuzihlela, bephikisa ngokuthi ukukhipha isisu akusekelwe kakhulu emlandweni wesizwe noma esikweni futhi ngakho abafaneleki njengelungelo eliyisisekelo ngaphansi kwe-Sect Procession Claus yeSiphendu se-145. Elandulweni somthetho, uStephen Breyer, uSoniatomayor, no-Elenah Kagan baphikisa ngokuthi isinqumo esisusiwe sohlanga lwelungelo babethembele kulo iminyaka ecishe engamashumi amahlanu futhi ababhinqiswe umthetho weNkanto.

Imiphumela ye amaDobb iye yaba yisiyaluyalu. Izifundazwe eziningi ezibekwe cishe zivinjelwe ukukhishwa kwezisu, kuyilapho ezinye zithuthelwe ukuvikela ukufinyelela. Isinqumo futhi siye sabangela ukubekwa kwemithetho-mthetho kahulumeni, imithetho kahulumeni, kanye nokutholakala kwemithi yokukhipha isisu nge-U.S. Postal Service. Isinqumo seNkantolo siye saguqula isimo sezombangazwe, saba impikiswano enkulu kukhetho futhi yandisa izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo mayelana namandla okwahlulela, uhulumeni, nendima yesimiso somthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Indima Yezinhlangano Zomphakathi Ekushintsheni Komthetho - sisekelo

Ukuziphendukela kwamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo akushukunyiswa kuphela yizimpikiswano zomthetho noma ifilosofi yokwahlulela. Izinhlangano zomphakathi ziye zafeza indima eguqulayo ekulungiseni isimo somphakathi, ekuthonyeni umthetho, futhi ekugcineni zikhomba izinkantolo ukuba zamukele incazelo entsha yomthetho-sisekelo. I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 no 1960 iyisibonelo esingokwesahlukaniso, ukuveza imithetho engokomthetho nesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme eyachitha inxanxaxhile futhi ivikela amalungelo okuvota. Izinhlangano eziningi zamuva nje ziye zaqhubeka nalelisiko.

I-LGBTQ+ amalungelo anikeza umfanekiso onamandla. Kusukela ngo-1969 futhi kuqhubeke amashumi eminyaka empikiswano, ukubhalisa, nemfundo yomphakathi, abashisekeli bashintsha kancane kancane umbono womphakathi ngobuhlobo obufanayo nomshado. Inhlangano yaphumelela ukunqoba okukhulu okungokomthetho v. Texas, , United States v.v.[FLT] Umor, , [[FLT]] [og:]] u-geeyeyeye. v [FLT], [FF], [f6] [ft], [flg]

Umzabalazo wamalungelo okuzala nawo uye wadala umthetho womthetho-sisekelo, nakuba uphikiswana kakhulu. Umzabalazo wamalungelo abesifazane woma 1960 nawo 1970 unikeze umongo we- Roe v. Wade[, futhi ngokulandelayo ukubhalisa i-active kuye kwathonya umthetho wezwe nokumiswa kokwahlulela. Ukugumbuqelwa [kuka- [ku-[FLT:]] kumaDobth [[[FLT:]] [[FLT] u-eqile] kuye kwathonya igasi elisha lezenzo zokuveza inzuzo, kanye nokulwela ukumiswa komthetho womthetho womthetho, i-ligration, i-lig, ne-umen yomthetho wokuvikela ukukhishwa kokukhishwa kokukhishwa kwezisu.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinhlangano zezenhlalo nezinkantolo buyinkimbinkimbi. Izinhlangano zingaguqula i-Overton, kwenze imibono ephikisayo ngaphambili ibonakale iyinto engcono. Zingahlela futhi izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ezinikezwa ezinkantolo futhi zithonye ukukhethwa kwamajaji. Nokho, ubuhlobo abunakuqondiswa muntu: izinqumo zenkantolo zingashukumisa noma zinciphise inqubo, futhi ukushesha koshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile kuxhomeke ekuhlelweni kwendawo yejaji nezombangazwe ezibanzi.

Okushiwo Ukuqina Nokungaguquguquki Kwemvelo

Imfundiso ye iqaphela ukuthi istatus decis ̬]; isimiso sokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zilandele isibonelo i̬ inikeza ukuzinza nokubikezelwa komthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ibilokhu iqaphela ukuthi isibonelo asiphelele, ikakhulukazi ezicaleni zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo lapho ukulungisa kungavela eNkantolo ngokwayo noma ngenqubo enzima yokulungisa umthetho ngokomthetho. INkantolo iye yazilawula kakhulu izenzakalo zayo ezingokomlando, ngokuvamile ezihilela amalungelo nenkululeko.

Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization waphakamisa umbuzo wesandulela ngendlela engathi sína. Abaningi baphikisa ngokuthi Roe[ [[FLT]] futhi [[FLT]]] [ [[FLT]] [[FLT]] ['slect]] ibilokhu iwuyi "iphutha ngokungaqondi kahle" futhi yalimaza ukufaneleka kweNkantolo ngokuhlukanisa umbono womphakathi. Umbangokwayo yaphikisa ukuthi ukufaneleka kweNkanto futhi ilulaza ukuqina kwamalungelo omthetho. Le ngxoxo ibonisa ukungavumelani okujulileyo mayelana nokuchazwa kwendlela yomthetho wemithetho kanye nendima yeNkandlu yeNkanto.

Njengoba izazi zomthetho nochwepheshe beqhubeka behlaziya izinqumo zamuva, baphendukela kakhulu ku Oyez ukuze bachaze amacala agcwele kanye nokuqoshwa kwempikiswano, kanye SCOUSHlog[ ukuze bahlole amacala alandelanayo. Le micebo inikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ekucabangeni nasezingeni lomsebenzi weNkantolo.

Izinkinga Zesikhathi Esizayo Zomthetho - sisekelo WaseMelika

Isinqumo samuva seNkantolo Ephakeme sisikisela intuthuko eziningana ezingase zenzeke esikhathini esizayo samalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Okokuqala, iningi leNkantolo elingaguquguquki lingaqhubeka lihlela noma ligumbuqele amalungelo angacaci embhalweni woMthetho-sisekelo. IJaji Clarence Thomas, ngokwesibonelo, liye labiza ukuphinde lithathe uluvo bergefell v. Hodges, , [FLT] Lawrence v.[FLT], kanye ne[FLT] grisolder.Connectic.[FFL:5] (okuvikelwa yi-kulungile ekuvizweni). Inkomgost Thoverse. [ininzi lweNkathi yeNkathi ye-Thostsonv]

Okwesibili, indlela yeNkantolo yamaKhomishane eFree Execroem Claus yeSichibiyelo sokuqala ingaqhubeka yandisa isivikelo senkululeko engokwenkolo, ngokunokwenzeka ngezindleko zamanye amalungelo. Icala elinjenge Amasiclear Matonhop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission[[FLL:1]] (2088) kanye [FLT:] 303] Ukudala Inkululeko engokwenkolo [[FLLT:3] [2023]) iye yaphakamisa imibuzo ngenkululeko phakathi kwenkululeko nenkululeko yokulwa nobandlululo. INkantolo yezomthetho ibonise uzwela olwengeziweyo lwenkolo, ikakhulukazi kwezohwebo.

Okwesithathu, izinqumo zeNkantolo mayelana nomthetho wokuphatha zingasilungisa isimo ngendlela ethinta amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ngokulinganisela amandla ezinhlangano zikahulumeni okuchaza imithetho edidayo, iNkantolo ingenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuphoqelela isivikelo sabathengi, izisebenzi, nendawo ezungezile. Lezi zinqumo zokwakha zingaba nemiphumela engaqondile kodwa ephawulekayo ekujabuleleni amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo.

Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ingaba baluleke kakhulu njengezindawo zokuvikela amalungelo angenakunikezwa nguMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. Ngamuva amaDobb , izinkantolo eziningi eziphethe ziye zachaza imithetho-mthetho ephakeme yezwe yazo siqu yokuvikela amalungelo okukhishwa kwesisu, futhi imizamo efanayo iyahamba kwezinye izindawo. Lomthetho-sisekelo wamazwe unikeza ukulingana okungalinganayo nokuhle kwesivikelo sikahulumeni, nakuba uphakamisa futhi imibuzo ephathelene nokungalingani kokuma kwezwe ekujabuleleni amalungelo.

Kulabo abafuna ukuqonda izisekelo zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, imithombo enjenge- Constitution Center yesizwe inikeza amathuluzi okudlulisela iziphakamiso kanye nokuphendula kochwepheshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igama leNkantolo Ephakeme elikhona[ lithembisa ukuxazulula uhide lwempikiswano oluzobumba amalungelo amaMelika amashumi eminyaka ezayo.

Isiphetho: Ukuguquka Okuqhubekayo Kwamalungelo

Ukuziphendukela kwamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo eUnited States kuyinqubo eqhubekayo, ebunjwe yinqubo yokusebenza kwencazelo yokwahlulela, yezenhlalo, ushintsho lwezombangazwe, nomongo wendaba. Izinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezihlolwe kulesi sihloko zibonisa kokubili amalungelo e-dynams kanye nokungalingani kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Obergefel ne [FLT:] [FLT] BHOC] andandayo [[FLT:] [FT] [6]], ebonisa amashumi eminyaka elungelo le-LGBQQ, amanani amanani amanani amanani ahlukeneyo kanye nenguquko.[FFFFF] ayaziwa kakhulu.[4]

Lezi zinqumo zisikhumbuza ukuthi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo awakona ukuzibulala. Kudingeka ukuqapha, ukuqapha, nokuzimisela ukuhlanganyela ezinqubweni ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe ezilawula incazelo yazo. Izindaba zokuqamba kweNkantolo, njengoba kunjalo ngezimpikiswano ezinikezwa yizithakathi kanye nezinhlangano ezizisekelayo. Kuzakhamuzi, ukuqonda inqubo emele inguquko yamalungelo abantu kubalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni emsebenzini oqhubekayo wesimiso sobushiqela baseMelika sobushiqela.

Ikusasa lamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo liyoxhomeka ezicini eziningi: umphumela wokhetho, ukumiswa kwamajaji, amasu ezinhlangano zezemfundo, nokuzimisela kwabantu abavamile ukuhlela nokufuna ushintsho. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, njengoba uMahluleli u-Orvery Wendell Holmes ake waphawula, "wanzelwe abantu abanemibono ehlukene ngokuyisisekelo" njengoba leyomibono iqhubeka iguquka, kanjalo nencazelo kanye nokubaluleka kwamalungelo ewavikelayo.

Ukufunda Okwengeziwe Nemithombo

Kubafundi abafisa ukuhlaziya izihloko ezikulesi sihloko ngokujule ngokwengeziwe, lezi zindlela ezilandelayo zinikeza imibono ebalulekile:

  • [[FLT: 0] Izincwadi: Erwin Chemerinsky, Umthetho: Izimiso nomthetho we-Pricipes (UMkhosi, 7-Ed. 2022], Jeffrey Rosen, [[FL:] Inkantolo Ephakeme: iMithetho kanye ne-Rivalties Echaza iMelika[] (Izincwadi zesikhathi, 2007]; Linda Greenhouse, [FL:]] [FLT]]] uD [FOLT]] ngaphakathi kweNkathi ePhakakhulu [FL:]] [Fetllins], Nyum-NUM]; Martharus From], [FGenetic Mthetho-om:]
  • [[FLT: 0] Izihloko ezithi Academic: [Umthetho Impinda yomthetho kanye ne [FLT] i-Yalaw Journal[[[FLT:]] njalo inyathelisa izicubu zohlelo zesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme, zombili zesikhathi nomlando. Izihloko zamuva ziye zaqokomisa uchungechunge olubanzi kumaDobbs , [FLT:], [FLT:][FLT][9:], [FLT] kanye [FL:]
  • Ku-line Resources:[ Iprojekthi inikeza amarekhodi nezinhlamvu zenkulumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme; i-website yeNkantolo engokomthetho yezeNkantolo inikeza imibono efihlekile, ulwazi lwezibuthe, nezincwadi zezezezezendaba; ne-CM] inikeza i-testry Instruction Information yolwazi yezomthetho yeNkantolo [