Isingeniso: Imingcele Elinganiselwe Ngenhloso Ngegunya Eliphethe

Umongameli we-United States uvame ukuchazwa njengesikhundla esinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Nokho amaFramers oMthetho-sisekelo, axwaya ukuphindanisa ubushiqela ayebulwa nohulumeni, akha ngamabomu isimiso lapho amandla kamongameli eyikho ebekwe khona ngesimiso somthetho-sisekelo [. Lemithetho ayiyona isisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi kwaseMelika. I-Constitution ilinganisela igunya lomongameli ngezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukwahlukana kwemibuso, ukuhlola nokulinganiswa kwemibuso, nokuhlola ukuthi isebenza kanjani ekujuleni okusebenza futhi kungani ihlala ibalulekile ekulondolozeni inkululeko.

Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo: ISiphakamiso II Nokwakhiwa Komthetho Omisiwe

Amagunya kamongameli achazwa Article II woMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S.. Ngokungafani neSiphakamiso I, esinikeza iSishaya-mthetho uhlu olubanzi lwemibuso edwetshiwe, iSiphakamiso II sifushane futhi sibanzi. Igunya “lobuphathi” kumongameli oyedwa futhi ihlela amagunya akhethekile: ukukhonza njengoMphathi eNkulu, ukunikeza izintethelelo, ukwenza izivumelwano (ngeseluleko seSigebethi nangemvume), ukumisa amanxusa namajaji (emvume yeSishaya - Sasethi), nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ikhishwe ngokwethembeka. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi igunya elilinganiselwe ngamabomu. Kungekho ndawo lapho umongameli enikeza khona igunya lokumemezela impi, ukukhuphula intela, noma imithetho enziwayo.

AmaFramers adwetshwa kakhulu ngefilosofi yezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi i-Folerast Papers , ukuze athethelele lemingcele. KuFederal No. 51, uJames Madison waphikisa ngokuthi “isikhundla kumelwe silwe nokufuna ukuvelela.” Ngokuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu, ngalinye elinemithwalo ehlukile nabaphathi abahlukene, uMthetho-Constitution ukwenza kube nzima kunoma igatsha elilodwa (kakhulukhulu isikhulu (*). Umongameli akayena inkosi; uyisikhulu esikhethiwe esingaphansi komthetho njengazo zonke izakhamuzi.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla: Imingcele Yokusekelwa

Isimiso sokuhlukanisa amagunya sihlukanisa uhulumeni kahulumeni ngokwesithathu esilinganayo: i-legiditi (Igatsha]), elihlukanisayo[ [i-paltin], [[FLT]] ne[FLT]] digicial [[. Igatsha ngalinye lisebenzisa amandla alo omthetho-sisekelo kuphela futhi alikwazi ukungena kwamanye. Kumongameli, lokhu kusho ukuthi akanakuhlanganisa izimpikiswano, i-active, noma ukulawula uhlelo lwemali ngokulinganayo. Makhe sihlole indlela igatsha ngalinye elisebenzisa ngayo imikhawulo ephethe inzuzo.

Izimemezelo Zegatsha Ezingokomthetho Kumongameli

UKhongolose uphethe amandla esikhwama semali, amandla okumemezela impi, namandla okwenza yonke imithetho idingeke futhi ifaneleke ekufezeni imisebenzi yayo ebaliwe. Umongameli angase ahlongoze umthetho nomnyango we-adenting Congress, kodwa kuphela] uKhongolo-khampathi lungadlulisa izikwele [[ oluba umthetho. Lolu isilinganiso esijulile: noma isiphi isilinganiso esiphuthumayo somongameli afuna isimiso, akanakusimisa ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwemvume. Isibonelo, uMongameli uFrank Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Farence, ngenkathi ilwe isikhulu, ekugcineni samiswa futhi sadluliselwa nguMkhandlu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSishaya-mthetho singadedela umongameli onezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu emagumbini amabili, njengoba kuphawulwe esihlokweni sokuqala. Lokhu kulawula kuqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli akanakukwazi ukuvala umthetho oqinile onezisekelo, i-bipartisan. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uKhongolo-bumba lungasebenzisa ukuxhasa ukuthatha izinyathelo zokubusa [, ngokuphumelela ukumisa izinhlelo umongameli ezivumela intengo. Isikhulu se-Nixon sathola lokhu lapho iSishaya izimali zeMpi yaseVietnam, okunezela ekupheleni kwempi ekugcineni.

Iziyalo Zegatsha Lokwahlulela Kumongameli

Ijaji, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, inamandla okubukeza , leligunya lokumemezela izenzo zomongameli ngaphandle kwe-constitution. Limiswe ecaleni lengqopha - mlando ukubukisa. Madison (1803] [03] [igunya] [igunya] livumela izinkantolo ukuba zinciphise iziyalezo zesikhulu, iziqondiso, futhi ngisho nezenzo ezingokomthetho ezidlula imingcele engokomthetho. Isibonelo esidumile singu-[FLT:] United States.[FLT] v[FLT][FLD:][5][5][18]), lapho iNkantolo ephakeme yayaleza khona umongameli Richard Nixon, ukulahla ilungelo lakhe lokucusha. I-Nixton i-Prounic.

Izinkantolo zihlola futhi ukufaneleka komthetho-mthetho wezenzo zobuphathi ezinjengaye Intsha ephansi Phesheethi & Tube Co. Sayer (1952), lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yahlasela khona uMongameli uHarry Truman ukuthunjwa kwezigayo zensimbi phakathi neMpi yase Korea. INkantolo yathi umongameli wayengenagunya lomthetho sisekelo noma umthetho wokuthatha isenzo esinjalo (umfanekiso ocacile) kangangokuthi [[FLTLT:2] amandla kaHulumente akalinganiselwe ezimweni eziphuthumayo [[[FLT]].

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Amasheke nama - alceric amalungiselelo akhethekile avumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba livimbele elinye.

Amandla KaVeto Nenhloli Yawo

Umongameli angakhipha noma isiphi isikweleti esidluliswa yiKhongolose, asivimbele ukuba sibe umthetho ngaphandle kokuba sikhanyisiwe. Lokhu kuhlola okuphambene kulinganiswa ikhono loKhongolose lokulawula ngevoti ephindwe kabili. Ngokomlando, ukuhluleka akuvamile − cishe amaphesenti amane kuphela ama-vetoe aye angakwazi ukuma kusukela ekusungulweni. Nokho lokhu kunokwenzeka kusebenza njengesithiyo esinamandla; amongameli bayazi ukuthi i-veto engathandeki ingaguqulwa, ngakho kumelwe basebenzise amandla ngokusheshi. I-veto futhi inikeza umongameli i-waverage engxoxhexhene nge-Angress, kodwa ayisona ithuluzi lokubusa ngokubusa okunenzuzo.

Ukunqunyelwa Izivumelwano Nezijeziso: Igunya Elihlangene

Umongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, onobhala bekhathek, nezinye izikhulu eziphezulu ezibekwa esikhundleni, kodwa konke ukumiswa okunjalo kudinga “imvume nemvume” yeSigele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iningi labaphathi abangavimba i-minee, njengoba kuboniswa ekubhuntshweni kwe-jaji likaMahluleli uRobert Bork eNkantolo Ephakeme ngo 1987. Ngokufanayo, izivumelwano ezixoxwe umongameli kumelwe zivunyelwe yiSigele esikhulu esingu-35 se-Sagele esikhulu esingu-8,juri owesasibulala izivumelwano eziningi zezizwe zonke, njengesivumelwano se-Rocestraces (ngaphandle kweSishayaniso, i-S.).

Amandla Empi: Umkhandlu, Hhayi uMongameli

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iKhomishane amandla okumemezela impi, kuyilapho umongameli njengoMphathi weSikhulu samabutho ahlomile ngemva kwempi ekhona noma kuvela ukuhlasela. Le ngxenye yayiklanyelwe ukuvimbela umphathi ukuba adonsele isizwe empini ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho. Nokho, omongameli banamuhla baye bathumela amabutho kaningi ngaphandle kwezaziso ezingokomthetho zempi (umz. Korea, i-Iraq) njengoMphathi wamabutho ahlomile ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kokugunyaza amaKhomisha. Nakuba i-Congress Congress yadlulisa iSigqiza [[FLT:] iMibuso yeMpi yempi yesizwe i-1973[FLT] i-[FLT] iphikisana nesinqumo sempi sobumongameli uNixon'sveto, ifuna umongameli ukuba amemeze amaKhosi amabutho ahlomile (umkshane, i-iviyonke) phakathi namahora angu-48 empi futhi awaphumile.

Abanamandla Abasetshenziswayo: Lokho UMongameli Angenakukwenza

UMthetho-sisekelo unika umongameli amandla kuphela ] [1] lawo ahlelwe ngokuqondile eSigabeni II nakwezinye izindawo. Wonke amanye amagunya kahulumeni angawamaKhomishane (iSiphendulo Seshumi) noma izifunda (iSiphendu seTente). Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli akanakumisa amaphoyisa aphethe, intela ye-levy, noma abangele ubugebengu obusha. Uma amongameli bezama ukwenza okungaphezu kwalemibuso ebalayo, babhekene nempikiswano engokomthetho nezombangazwe.

Iziqondiso eziphethe nezimemezelo ziwumthombo ovamile wempikiswano. Nakuba zinamandla omthetho, kumelwe zisekelwe emyalelweni noma egunyeni lomthetho-mthetho kamongameli. Uma uhlelo lwesikhulu lungqubuzana nomthetho okhona noma ukudlula kwemithetho engokomthetho, izinkantolo zingawushaya. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iqediwe izenza ize izingxenye zemithetho kaMongameli Back Obama ku-[United States v. Texas [206], inquma ukuthi lo mthetho uwephula i-Taick Claus. Lomthetho ngokwawo uyimingcele: udinga ukuba umongameli “anakekele ukuba imithetho ibulawe ngokwethembeka,” akanakwenqaba ukuphoqeqelela imithetho noma ukudala umthetho wakhe omusha.

Ukunakekela UClaus Njengokulinganisela

ISiphakamiso II, iSiqeshana sesi-3 siyala umongameli ukuba aqinisekise ukuthi imithetho “ifehlwa ngokuthembeka.” Le nkulumo inqabela umongameli ukuba angazinaki ngokukhetha imithetho noma esikhundleni sezimiso zakhe siqu zalabo abamiswa yi-Congress. imfuneko yokubulala ethembekile[ iyisibopho esiqinile sokulawula izikhulu. Kulokhu kuwumnyombo wokuphikisana ngokuthi umongameli angayenqaba yini ukuphoqelela imithetho yokufuduka, umthetho wezokuhwebela, noma iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile. Nakuba amongameli benolwazi oluthile oluyikhombayo, abanakukwazi ukuvala izibopho zokunga.

Ukulinganiselwa Okwengeziwe Komthetho - sisekelo Nezombangazwe

Ngaphandle kokuhlola ukwakhiwa, ezinye izinqubo eziningana zilinganisela amandla kamongameli, ezinye zihlanganiswe eMthethweni - sisekelo nezinye ezasungulwa ngokuzivivinya.

Ukuphoqelela: Inhlekelele Eyinhloko Yezombangazwe

ISiphakamiso II, iSiqeshana sesine sinikeza ukuthi umongameli, isekela likamongameli, nazo zonke izikhulu zomphakathi zase-United States ziyosuswa esikhundleni ngokukholisa, nokuqiniseka, ukuvukela umbuso, ukufumbathisa, noma obunye ubugebengu obukhulu. Indlu yabameleli inamandla okungathathi hlangothi (ngabaningi), futhi iSigebengu sithatha icala ngevoti emibili efunekayo. Inqubo yezombangazwe enkulu, ukukhokha, ukufumbathisa, noma okunye ubugebengu. Iye yasetshenziswa kumongameli abathathu emlandweni waseMelika: Andrew Johnson (1868), Bill Clinton, noDurbaclon (ice, 2020,20,20,20,20). Nakuba ukuviswa kwe-Johnson kuphela kuphumele inqubo yezombangazwe (i-vivovoti) ekhona, hhayi usongo nje, usongo lomunye wezomthetho wokuzigodloba nje.

Ukucwaninga Nokuqondisa Kwezingqungquthela

UKhomishane ungahlola noma yiziphi izindaba ezihlobene negatsha eliphetheyo ngokuqulwa kwekomiti, ama-poena, kanye nemibiko. Lokhu kuhlola kungadalula ububi, kulololonga umbono womphakathi, futhi kuholele ezinguqulweni zemithetho. umlawuli wezobungameli [ uboniswa iSiphakamiso I futhi ube nesibindi. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukuqulwa kwamacala eWatergate, i-Iran-Contra, kanye nekomiti ka-Januwariel 6. Uma umongameli enqaba ukubambisana ne--jwayekahjong, ngokuthatha ilungelo lobuphathi, ngokuthatha inyathelo lokuphikisana. Inkantolo Ephakeme yecala [[FLD:] .[FON] V [FT] [FT] [3]

Amandla Okuthenga

UKhomishane ulawula konke okusetshenziswa kuhulumeni ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I, isiqephu 9. Umongameli unikeza isicelo sokuhlela imali, kodwa kuphela uKhongoloshelwane ofanele izimali. Uma iSishaya-mthetho singavumelani nezinto eziza kuqala zikamongameli, kungasusa iminyango yezikhulu noma izinhlelo. UMongameli uThomas Jefferson ngokwakhe wavuma lo mngcele: “Angazi ukuthi amandla alondekile omphakathi akhona kodwa abantu ngokwabo bawanikeza imvume yokusebenzisa iziqondiso ezifanele, kodwa uma sicabanga ukuthi awakhanyiselwanga ngokwanele ukuba asebenzise ukuqondisa kwabo ngokuhlakanipha okunempilo, ikhambiza lokuyithatha kuwo, kodwa ukuwazisa ukuqondisisa kwabo.” Amandla esikhwama esikhwama sikhulu ayindlela yokulawula.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zamandla Kamongameli Zilinganiselwe

Imingcele yoMthetho - sisekelo ayiyona ecatshangelwayo — ziye zahlolwa ngokuphindaphindiwe.

Isibonelo 1: i-steel Seizere Case (1952),
Phakathi neMpi yaseKorea, uMongameli uHarry Truman wayala ukuba kuthathwe izigayo zensimbi ngasese ukuze kuvinjelwe ukushaya kwempi aphikisayo. INkantolo Ephakeme yabusa 6-3 ukuthi umongameli wayengenagunya lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho wemithetho yokwenza kanjalo. Umongameli uHugo Bulla wabhalela iningi: “Amandla kaMongameli, uma ekhona, ukukhipha umyalo okumelwe unqanyulwe esenzweni somthetho noma umthetho ngokwawo. Ukuthola, iNkanto yeNkanto ewumthetho yayaleza ukuba kubuyiselwe kubanikazi babo. Lokhu kuseyisibonelo esivamile sezenzo zomthetho womthetho womthetho wezembutho.

Isibonelo 2: Watergate ne United States v. Nixon (1974)[[FLT]]]
umongameli Richard Nixon waveza ilungelo eliphelele lokulawula ukuqopha amakhasethi aqoshiwe yi-watergate umshushisi okhethekile. INkantolo ePhakeme ulwenze ngazwi linye, iphethe ukuthi ilungelo lesikhulu aliphelele futhi kumelwe linikezele isidingo sobufakazi ezimpikiswaneni zobugebengu. Isinqumo se-Nixon siphoqelele ubufakazi bokusebenza kwakhe ephepheni, obuholela ekulahleni kwakhe. Icala lavuma ngokuqinile ukuthi [FLD:] umongameli akakho ngenhla komthetho [FFFF] [5]

Isibonelo 3: i-War Powers Resolution and Libya (2011)
lapho uMongameli uBalck Obama egunyaza umoya ogunyaziwe e-Libya ngaphandle kokugunyaza kwesivumelwano sangaphambili sombuso, abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi waphula iSigqi soMkhosi weMpi. Isikhulu se-Obama saphikisana ngokuthi umsebenzi awuzange wakhanga “iwodwa" ngokwaneleyo ukushumayeza iwashishi yewo-suku olungu 60. Impikiswano yaqokomisa ukuxabana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwegunya likamphathi-omphathi wempi negunya lokulawula impi. Nakuba kungekho nkantolo eyabusayo empini, isigaba sezombangazwe samuva sigcizelela ukuthi inqubo yempi ihlala iphikisana futhi ibambe umncintiswano ngokomthetho.[FY]

Impikiswano Yanamuhla: Izimiso Zokuqondisa, Izinhlangano Zesizwe, NeSishaya - mthetho Senhlangano

Izimpikiswano ezikhona zivame ukugxila ekutheni umongameli uye weqa imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kweziyalo [[FLT: 0] ukukhipha izinqumo ezinkulu (umz., iDeferered Action for Childly Programme) kuye kwabekelwa inselele enkantolo, ngokulandela imingcele ehlukahlukene. Ngokufana, amongameli uye wasebenzisa iziyalezo ze-[FLT:] ze-National Emertive Act[ ukuqondisa izimali ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwe-orgom, umkhuba ophikiswa abagxeki bempimpimpi amandla e-athonsi. [FOFFF:] imingcele ehlukene, incintiswa yizisekelo yeze i-Proucerces [FFFFF:], i-presidentiance, abanye umongameli abalawula izinhlangano bebonke, izinhlangano zegatsha elizimele, kanye nokulawula izikhulu.[10] Izikhulu zikahulumeni, inciliselwa kakhulu.[FFoffance, izikhulu, izikhulu, izikhulu, izikhulu

Isiphetho: Ukuncishiswa Okuhlala Njalo Kwemingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo

Imingcele yoMthetho-sisekelo emandla kamongameli ayiyona imifantu yakudala; ibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukulinganisela kwentando yeningi abaFramers abakucabangayo. Ngokuhlukanisa amagunya, ukunikeza imishini nokulinganisela, futhi ibala amagunya athile kuphela, uMthetho-sisekelo uqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli uhlala enecala eKhongosweni, izinkantolo, futhi ekugcineni abantu. Izibonelo zeNixon, Truman, kanye nabanye babonisa ukuthi lemingcele iphoqelelwe ukuba iphoqelelwe (*), futhi inemiphumela yangempela. Abafundi nothisha ngokufanayo kufanele baqaphele ukuthi amandla kamongameli ahlala esetshenziswa epulanini eliklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa kwayo. Ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo kuyadingeka kusona sonke isakhamuzi. Ngokuqhubekayo, hlola [FLT:] [FFF] futhi kugunyazwe iSishaya sisekelo wamandla eZweni] [3] [3] [3]