Izisekelo Zamandla Kamongameli Emthethweni - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States wamisa umongameli onegunya elikhulu, kodwa wawamisa ngamabomu lawo mandla esimisweni samagunya ahlanganyelwayo. ISiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo sifaka amandla okubusa kuMongameli wase-United States, simenza umongameli abe umphathi kahulumeni nomphathi-nhloko wamabutho ahlomile. Umongameli ubekwa icala lokunakekela ukuthi imithetho ifezeke ngokwethembeka, iqhube inkambiso yamazwe angaphandle, futhi imise izikhulu zikahulumeni, zihlolwe ukuqinisekiswa yiSishaya - mthetho. Nokho, abahleli besanda kuvukela inkosi, babeqashe kakhulu amandla amakhulu. Bakhela izakhiwo eziningi zomthetho eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma igatsha elilodwa, ikakhulukazi umphathi, ekulawuleni amanye.

Umbhalo wokuqala weSiphakamiso II ufushane ngokuphawulekayo — amagama angaphezu nje kwenkulungwane — ashiya okuningi ekuchazeni nasekusebenzeni komlando. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amandla obumongameli aye anwetshwa ngesiqalo, abameleli benhlangano, izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, nezenzo eziphuthumayo. Nokho, ukuhlola ngalelo gunya nakho kuye kwavela, ukunikeza isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuziphendulela esisalokhu sibalulekile eMelika entando yeningi. Ukuqonda leziziphetho akusona isifundo emphakathini kodwa kuyisiqondiso esiwusizo sezakhamuzi ezifuna ukuvikela inkululeko yazo.

Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo Wamasheke Nokulinganisela

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo: i-pager (Conrent), umphathi (umholi), kanye ne-cate (izinkantolo zezezimali). Igatsha ngalinye linamandla akhethekile angalinganisela izenzo zamanye. Kumongameli, ukuhlola komthetho-sisekelo okuyinhloko kuvela:

  • [ Ikhoni: ingahlanganisa, ilawule uhlelo lokuhlela, iqinisekise noma yenqabe ukumiswa, izivumelwano ze-rafy, ikhiphe ama-vetoes, i-panecsece futhi isuse umongameli, kanye nokuphathwa.
  • IJidiciary: ingamemezela izenzo zomongameli ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, ukuchaza imithetho, futhi izikhulu eziphethe zibone icala enkantolo.
  • Izwe ne-Hulumeni: uhulumeni ugcine imibuso eminingi kuhulumeni kahulumeni, futhi ukhetho luvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zigcine omongameli benomlando.

Lezi zinhloli aziyona into ecatshangelwayo — ziye zahlolwa ngokuphindaphindiwe emlandweni waseMelika.

Ama - archive Angokomthetho: Ingqungquthela Njengeqoqo Lokuqala Lokulandisa

Ukwenza Imithetho Namandla Okuthenga

UKhongolose uphethe amandla okumisa imithetho, okusho ukumisa imithetho ecindezelayo, eqondile, noma ngisho enqabela ukuthatha isinyathelo somongameli. Ngokwesibonelo, uSosiba weWar Powers we-Gaze we- 1973 ufuna umongameli ukuba azise uMkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 okufaka amabutho ahlomile ekulweni futhi avimbeleni ukumiswa kwemithetho kuze kube izinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kokugunyaza ukungenela kwesivumelwano sobuphongolo. Umnyango ungasebenzisa futhi amandla esikhwabani semali ukuqoqa imali noma izikhulu eziphethe. Akukho mongameli ongayichitha imali ngaphandle kwe-apluntellia amabutho asebenzisa i-Congress, ukuhlola okuye kwasetshenziswa ukuvimbela yonke into esuka emngceleni emalini ukuze kungenele izintambo zempi.

[[QURL:0] Imfundo v. City of New York (1975], iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli akanakuthatha (ibamba) imali ebekwe ngokufanelekile ngaphandle kwegunya lomthetho. Lokhu kuqinisa isikhulu soMkhandlu ngaphezu kwemali esetshenziswa nguhulumeni.

Ukugada Nokuphenya

Amakomiti e-Congressqualional anegunya elikhulu lokuhlola noma isiphi isici esihlobene negatsha eliphethe. Anganikeza ama-popona, ubufakazi obuphoqelelayo, futhi adelele izikhulu uma zenqaba ukubambisana. Izibonelo eziphezulu ze-profile zihlanganisa ukuqulwa kwamacala eWatergate (1973-74), ukuhlola kwe-Iran-Contate (1987), kanye ne-Januwaria 6 Comittee ukuqulwa kwamacala (2022),. Lokhu kuhlola kungaveza ukuziphatha okubi, ukuveza umbono womphakathi, futhi kuholele ekuguquleni izivumelwano zemithetho noma ukungagunya.

Iseluleko Nemvume: Ukunqunywa Neziqu

Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso II, iSiqeshana 2, umongameli kumelwe athole iseluleko seSigele seSishaya-mthetho nemvume yezikhulu zegatsha eziphethe, amajaji angokomthetho (kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme), namanxusa. Ngokufanayo, izivumelwano zidinga iziNkathi Eziyisithathu ezimbili ukuze zihlolwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umongameli ngeke nakanye kamuva akwazi ukugcwalisa izikhundla eziyinhloko noma ukubopha izivumelwano zezizwe zonke ngaphandle kokubambisana kwemithetho. Ukwenqaba kweSigebengu ukuqinisekisa abameleli noma izivumelwano ze-ravince kuye kwaba yinhlawulo olubalulekile kuwo wonke umlando, okuningi kubonakale ngokukhishwa kwemiyahluleli kahulumeni kanye nokukhishwa kwe-Intermitte-Range-Naustlecters noMvumelwano-ommental.

Amathuluzi Okushaya Umthetho: UMthetho We - Congregational Review Act noMthetho Wokuvikela

I-Conal Review Act (1996) ivumela iziKhomishane ukuba zigumbuqele izimiso zezinhlangano zikahulumeni phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-60 zomthetho zokuzithoba kwazo. Nakuba ingahloli ngokuqondile kumongameli, ivimbela amandla egatsha eliphetheyo okubusa. [[FLT:] [FLT] i-legiative to [iindlela] ye-FLT] — ilungiselelo elivumela indlu eyodwa noma zombili zemithetho yezikhulu ukuba isebenze ngokungenanzuzo — labuswa ukungalawulwa kwemithetho engokomthetho esemthethweni esemthethweni efuna ukuthatha inyathelo elithile.[FLT][FLT]. [[FLT] v[FLD] [5:], kodwa i-Cadentine] ezinye izindlela ezifunwayo, njengoba kumelelwenziswa imithetho ethile.

Ama - archuti: Izinkantolo ZiwuMphathi Womthetho - sisekelo

Amandla Okubukeza Ukwahlulela

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuyigunya lezinkantolo zikahulumeni lokumemezela izenzo zomongameli, iziyalezo eziphetheyo, nemithetho kahulumeni engekho emthethweni. Lombuso wamiswa ku- Marbury v. Madison (1803] futhi uye wasetshenziswa egatsheni eliphethe emacaleni amaningi angokomlando. Uma inkantolo igadla isenzo somongameli, umongameli kumelwe avumelane (ngaphandle kokuba isinqumo sidlulisiwe futhi sishintshwe). I-jadicariary i-professionss , ilinganisela ukuqashelwa kwezinhlangano zezikhulu.

Uphawu Lwenkantolo Ephakeme Olulinganisela Amandla Kamongameli

  • Intsha ehamba phambili Phesheethi & Tube Co. Sawiter (1952): phakathi neMpi yaseKorea, uMongameli Truman wayala ukuthatheka kwezinsika zensimbi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukushaywa. INkantolo Ephakeme yabusa umongameli engenagunya lomthetho-mzini noma lomthetho lokuthatha impahla yangasese, iqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli ngeke asebenze ngaphandle kwemvume yokumiswa kwemithetho ezindabeni zomphakathi.
  • [FLT] United States v. Nixton [19974]): uMongameli uNixon wacela ilungelo lokulawula lokuvimba amatepi aqoshiwe ekuhlolweni kwe-Watergate. INkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi umongameli akangaphezulu komthetho nokuthi lelolungelo lesikhulu aliphelele, liholela ekuwisweni kwe-Nixon's.
  • [FLT] Zivotofsky v. Kerry (2015): INkantolo yasekela amandla oMkhandlu wokuqaphela ababusi bezizwe, ilinganisela igunya elikhethekile likamongameli phezu kobuhlobo bakwamanye amazwe.
  • [FLT]] Trump v. Mazars USA, LLP [20] [20] INkantolo yenqaba ukuhlukanisa ngokuphelele izimpikiswano zemibuso, ivumela izingqungquthela ezingaphansi kwengqungquthela ukuba zibhale amarekhodi emali kamongameli kodwa imise ukuhlola kokulinganisela okucophelela.

Imingcele Ebhekene Nezinqumo Zokwahlulela: Imibuzo Eqinile Nengokwezombangazwe

Izinkantolo azinakuzwa zonke izinselele kumandla obumongameli. AmaPlaintiff kumelwe abe nokuma — ukulimala kukakhonkolo okungabonakala esinyatheloni sikamongameli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfundiso yezobupolitiki yezobupolitiki izikhotha zezinkantolo zokunquma izimpikiswano ezibekwe ngokomthetho emagatsheni ezombangazwe, njengokuziphatha kwesimiso sangaphandle noma inqubo yokungathobeli ngokwayo. Lokhu kushiya ezinye izenzo zobumongameli zingalawulwa kakhulu yijaji, zenza ukubusa kwenhlangano yomphakathi kube okubaluleke ngisho nangaphezulu.

Ukuzimisela: Ikhambi Lomthetho - sisekelo Eliyinhloko

Ukugunyaza yi-'Assorces' enamandla kakhulu ekhona: igunya lokususa umongameli ohlezi ehhovisi "Isizathu, Ukufumbathisa, noma okunye ubugebengu obuphakeme kanye no-Misdeator" (Artle II, Ingxenye 4). Indlu yabameleli inamandla okungagunyaza (isigwebo), futhi iSigele sithatha icala namavoti abantu abangamashumi amathathu amabili ukuba bawabophe futhi bawasuse.

Inqubo Yokuzivumelanisa Nezinto

  • IKomiti Yombutho Wasekhaya ihlola futhi ibhale izihloko zokungagunyazi, ezivotelwa yiNdlu egcwele.
  • Uma leNdlu ivumela izihloko ezibhalwe iningi, umongameli akagunyazwa (njengecala).
  • Khona - ke iSigele siqulwa icala, iJaji Eliyinhloko leNkantolo Ephakeme liphethe icala.
  • Kudingeka amavoti amabili kwamathathu akhona ukuze kususwe umongameli.

Iziphakamiso Ezingokomlando

Amongameli abathathu kuphela abaye baphakanyiswa yiNdlu: Andrew Johnson (1868, ngokuphula uMthetho weHhovisi), Bill[Clinton[FLT] [1998], ngenxa ye-menury kanye nokuvinjelwa kobulungisa), kanye [umthetho] [u-Trump [209] ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla nokuphazamiseka kwe-Congress Congress; 201 ngenxa yokukhuthaza i-Braise). Akukho okwalahlwayo, nakuba uJohnson asinda ngokuvota okukodwa. [[FLT] [FLT][FF][FFFFON]

Inqubo yokujezisa inzima ngamabomu, ibonisa isifiso sabakhi bomthetho sokuzivikela ekuphathweni. Kodwa usongo lokungathonyeki lungahlola ukuziphatha komongameli, njengoba kubonakala lapho amongameli beshintsha indlela yokugwema ukulahlekelwa ukusekela kobukhomanisi.

Amandla E - Veto Nethonya Lemikhankaso Yombuso

Umongameli angawukhipha umthetho odluliswa yiKhongolose, ephoqelela ukuhlolwa kabusha kwezikweletu. Ama-Vitoes angawawa njalo (ibhithi libuyiselwa eSixukwini ngokuphikisa) noma iphakethe (umholi) athatha nyathelo phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi kuyilapho uKhongolo luthunyiwe, lubulala isamba. ISishaya-mthetho singawukhipha njalo u-veto ngenani eliyi-31 emagumbini womabili, kodwa ama-payipile angandile — cishe amaphesenti angu-7 kuphela ama-vetoes avamile abelokhu ekhona kusukela uGeorge Washington.

Ukusayina Kwamazwi Nempikiswano Yawo

Abaholi kusukela kuJames Monroe baye bakhipha izinkulumo zokusayina ezichaza indlela abachaza ngayo isikweleti. Nokho, omongameli banamuhla baye basebenzisa ukuze bagomele ngokuthi amalungiselelo athile awagunyaziwe futhi igatsha eliphethe ngeke liwaphoqelele. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kuwukuphela kwenqubo yeveto, ngokuphumelelayo ukuvumela umongameli ukuba akhethe imithetho ayilandele. Izinkantolo azikunqumeli ngokugcwele ukufaneleka kwamazwi anjalo, zenezela ukungavumelani nale nqubo.

Umbono Womphakathi, Imithombo Yezindaba, Nokulandisa Okukhululekile

Abaholi bakhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine futhi bangasebenzisa izinombolo ezimbili eziphelele (ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sama-22). Lokhu kuhlola okukhethwe kuqondile kubantu. Umongameli ofuna ukukhethwa kabusha noma ifa kumelwe alondoloze ukuvunyelwa komphakathi ukuze athonye i-Congress futhi agweme ukunqotshwa kwezombangazwe. Umbono womphakathi ungacindezela izinqumo zobumongameli, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezinkinga.

Indima Yemishini Ekhululekile

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siqinisekisa iSichibiyelo somsebenzi wezindaba esikhululekile, esisebenza njengendawo yokugada egatsheni eliphethe. Iphephabhuku lokuhlola izimali — kusukela eWatergate kuya ePentagon Papers kuya kubika kwanamuhla ngeziqondiso zezikhulu — siveza ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezimiso futhi sitshele abavoti. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yahlala ivikela ilungelo labanyathelisi lokusakaza ukwaziswa okuhlelwayo lapho ifeza isithakazelo somphakathi, njengakuyiNew York Times Co. v. United States [7], eyava ukuvinjwa kwangaphambi kwePentagbon Papers.

Ukuhlanganyela Ezakhamuzini Nomphakathi Wasezweni

Izikhulu, amaqembu ezithakazelo, nezinhlangano zezembuyiselo zithonya amandla omongameli ngokunxusa, ukuthatha imvume, imikhankaso yomphakathi, nokubhikisha. Inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi, inhlangano elwa nempi, kanye nenhlangano yabesifazane yokulwa nempi konke kwaphumelela ngokwengxenye ngokucindezela amongameli noMkhandlu ukuba benze okuthile. Kulenkathi yanamuhla, imithombo yezokuxhumana ivumela ukuqoqwa ngokushesha, kodwa futhi nokudukiswa kokwaziswa okunganembile; izakhamuzi ezinokuqonda zibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukulandisa.

Ama - check Engeziwe: Federalism, Umbuso WaseBureaucracy, Neziqondiso Zokuqondisa

Ubumbano Njengenhlolo - vo Enhle

Imibuso yomthetho-mthetho ayiphathiswa uhulumeni kahulumeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izici eziningi zokuphila kwansuku zonke — imfundo, ukuphoqelela, ukusetshenziswa kwezwe, iziqondiso zezempilo — zihlala zingaphansi kokulawulwa uhulumeni. Abameli abanakuyilawula imithetho kahulumeni ewela emabusweni kahulumeni, ngaphandle kwezimo ezingavamile zokuhlengwa. Abameli bezwe ngokuvamile bamangalela uhulumeni kahulumeni ukuba baphikise izenzo zobuphathi, njengoba kwenzeka ngokuvinjelwa kokuhamba (207) kanye neDeferered Action for Childing Agedals (DACA) i-revision (2017).

Imibuso YaseBureaucracy Nezivikelo Zenkonzo Yombango

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenzisa izisebenzi ezisebenzayo ezivikelwe ekudubulini kwezombangazwe yi-Pendleton Act (1883) kanye nemithetho elandelayo. Lapho omongameli bemisa abaholi bezinhlangano eziphezulu, abasebenzi abasebenzisa izimiso futhi bangamelana nemithetho engekho emthethweni. [Umthetho] we-Hatch uvimbela umsebenzi wezombangazwe owenziwa izisebenzi zikahulumeni, ulondoloza izinga lokungathathi hlangothi. Isivikelo seWhistleer sikhuthaza izisebenzi ukuba zibike ukungalawuleki ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela.

Ukuyala Kwesikhulu: Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Esingenamingcele

Abameli bavame ukusebenzisa iziyalo zokuqondisa uhulumeni kahulumeni ngaphandle komthetho. Nokho, iziyalezo eziphetheyo zifanele ukubukezwa, zingashintshwa omongameli abalandelayo, futhi kumelwe zibe nesisekelo egunyeni lomthetho-mthetho noma umthetho. UKhongolo lungasusa futhi uhlelo lwezikhulu ngokumisa umthetho ophikisana nalo (othobela ukudunyiswa). Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yabulala uMongameli Truman, ilawula izinsimbi ezithatha izinsimbi ezigayo , futhi uMongameli uBiden walahla iziyalezo eziningi zesikhulu sikaTru-mpera ngosuku lwakhe lokuqala ehhovisi.

Imvelo Esusa Amandla Kamongameli Namasheke Ayavuleka

Umongameli wanamuhla unemithombo eminingi kakhulu negunya kunabasunguli ababonwa ngaphambili, ikakhulukazi ekulondekeni kwesizwe, ukuhlakanipha, nakwezokuphathwa kwesimo esiphuthumayo. I-Theory — umqondo wokuthi umongameli ulawule igatsha eliphethe impatho yempathi mandla — uye wathuthukiswa ngabanye abaholi futhi wabekelwa inselele ngabanye. Umhlangano uye wasabela ngezinguquko ezinjengeSigqi [[FLT:] Amandla okulawula izinqumo [, [[FLT:]] uMthetho-General Act [FLT:] [FLT]] [5] [5]] [7], kanye nohlelo lwezinkantolo oluyenziwayobuthiwamunyusayo.[FLT], kodwa uvume ukuthi uvinye umongameli we-Exptuactive [F]

Kuvela izinselele ezintsha: izinselele zesilinganiso sikahulumeni, izinqumo zezembutho zomphakathi zokumisa omongameli, kanye nokucindezela kwezizwe ngezizwe komfelandawo. Electoral Reformation Act [ [202])) yacacisa indima yesekela likamongameli ekugunyazeni ukhetho, ivala i-pasethi elixhaphakile ngemva kokhetho lwamashumi amabili.

Isiphetho: Indima yezakhamuzi ekulondolozeni ukulinganisela

Amasheke emandleni omongameli awakona ukuzibulala. Adinga ukubopha okunentshiseko ezikhulwini ezikhethiwe, abahluleli, izintatheli, nezakhamuzi ezivamile. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kunika abavoti amandla okufuna ukulandisa ebhokisini lebhola, ukusekela umshini okhululekile, nokuhlanganyela enqubweni yentando yeningi. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo baklame isimiso esiphoqelela ukulwa kwesifiso sokufuna ukuvelela, kodwa sixhomeke esazini sesakhamuzi esihlakaniphile nesiqaphilele. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphawula [[FLT:] eUnited States v. Nixon, "Umongameli akasiqali phezu komthetho." lesosimiso sihlala siwuhlaka lwaseMelika olulawula umthetho.

Ukuze kufundwe ngokwengeziwe ngamalungiselelo aqondile omthetho-sisekelo, [[FLT: 0] i-Anvocation inikeza ukuhlaziywa okunegunya kwe-Agati II. [ inikeza incazelo yemininingwane ebanzi yezentengiselwano zomlando, [[FLT:] imibiko yenkonzo yokucwaninga eyinhloko hlanganisa [[[FLTLT:]] ingumthombo omuhle. [[FLT:] I-National Revolution of transports [FFF] [FFF] ivumela ukufundwa kombhalo wokuqala, [[FFT] umbiko woMnyango wokucwaninga] [FFFF].[11]