Table of Contents

Ayini Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni?

Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo kubalulekile kuwo wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise nezingane. Uhulumeni wase-United States uhlukaniswa waba amagatsha amathathu ahlukene, ngalinye linemisebenzi nemithwalo yalo eqondile. Lokhu kuhlukanisa amandla kusiza uhulumeni ukuba agcine ungakhethi, ulinganisele, futhi kuvimbele noma yimuphi umuntu oyedwa noma iqembu ukuba angakwazi ukulawula kakhulu. Lamagatsha amathathu asebenza ndawonye njengeqembu, kodwa futhi futhi aqaphana ukuze aqiniseke ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa linamandla kakhulu. Lesimiso sibizwa ngokuthi "amasheke namazinga," futhi yinye yemibono ebaluleke kakhulu eyakhelwe uFata Osungulayo eMthethweni wethu womthetho.

Lapho i-United States iqala ukudalwa, abantu ababhala uMthetho-sisekelo babefuna ukuqiniseka ukuthi uhulumeni omusha uzoba ohlukile kumbuso obusayo ababesanda kulwa nawo eMpini yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Babengafuni ukuba kube nomuntu oyedwa, njengenkosi, ukuba abe nawo wonke amandla. Ngakho baqala ngecebo elihlakaniphile: ukuhlukanisa amandla kahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ahlukene. Igatsha ngalinye lizoba nomsebenzi walo siqu ukuba lilwe nawo, futhi ngalinye likwazi ukulinganisela amandla abanye. Ngalendlela, uhulumeni ungaba namandla ngokwaneleyo ukuqhuba izwe, kodwa lingabi namandla okuthatha inkululeko yabantu.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Abenzi Bemithetho

Yini Eyenziwa Igatsha Elingokomthetho?

Igatsha lemithetho linomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho. Leligatsha lakhiwa uMkhandlu, oyisigungu sombuso we-United States. Umhlangano unezingxenye ezimbili: iSigele neNdlu yabameleli. Ndawonye, lezi zingxenye ezimbili zibizwa ngokuthi "isishaya-mthetho sendlu yomthetho," okusho isishaya-mthetho esinamagumbi amabili noma izindlu. Amalungu eSishaya-Hulumeni ayakha, aphikisa, futhi adlulisa imithetho wonke umuntu e-United States angayilandela. Le mithetho ingahlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekukhokhweni kwabantu abakhokha intela kuya ekuvikelweni okukhona emvelweni.

ISigele: Indlu Ephakeme

ISigele ngezinye izikhathi sibizwa ngokuthi "indlu ye-upper" yeSishaya-mthetho. Sinamalungu ayikhulu, abizwa ngokuthi ama-senator. Izwe ngalinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi likhulu noma lincane kangakanani, lithola izimemezelo ezimbili eziqondile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-Alaska, enabantu abancane, inenani elifanayo labaquququzeleli, enenani elifanayo njengeCalifornia, enabantu abaningi kakhulu. Lento iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe amancane ayoba nezwi elilinganayo okungenani engxenyeni eyodwa ye-Congress Congress. Izingweers zikhonza izisholo eziyisithupha eziyiminyaka eyisithupha, bese zikhonza iminyaka eyisithupha ngaphambi kokuba ziqale ukuvote. Indlu inemibuso ekhethekile eminingana, kuhlanganise nokusekela izivumelwano namanye amazwe nokumisa amanxusa amajaji, amalungu e-Codiast, nezinye izikhundla.

Indlu Yabameleli: Indlu Engezansi

Indlu yabameleli ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi "indlu ephansi" yeSishaya-mthetho. Inamalungu angu-435, abizwa ngokuthi abameleli noma abantu abaphethe. Inani labameleli bombuso ngamunye lixhomeke ezakhamuzini zawo. Izwe elinabantu abengeziwe lithola abameleli abambalwa, kuyilapho linabameleli abambalwa. Indlu yabameleli abambalwa kakhulu. Indlu yabameleli iqinisekiswa okungenani i-"ne-inke i-comfontrences" noma i-incane kangakanani inani labantu bayo. Abameleli bakhonza izintela ezidiza iminyaka emibili, okusho ukuthi bafanele basebenzela ukuvota izikhulu ezisondelene kakhulu kubantu abakhonzayo. Indlu yabameleli inamandla athile akhethekile, kuhlanganise namandla okuqala zonke izintela ezihlobene nokusebenzisa imali.

Ibhili Lingaba Kanjani Umthetho?

Inqubo yokwenza umthetho iyinkimbinkimbi ngempela, futhi ihilela izinyathelo eziningi. Okokuqala, umuntu kumelwe aqale ngomqondo womthetho. Lomqondo ubhalwe phansi encwadini engokomthetho ebizwa ngokuthi "i-bill". Imali ingaqala eNdlu yabameleli noma eSigele (ngaphandle kwentela, okumelwe iqale eMzini). Uma kuqaliswe umthetho, uthunyelwa ekomitini, eyiqembu elincane lamalungu eSishaya-Hulumeni elinolwazi ngalesosihloko. Ikomiti ingaqala i-Andrences, iphethe izimemezelo lapho abantu banganikeza khona imibono yabo ngakho, futhi bangashintsha khona.

Uma ikomiti ivumela lemali, iya eNdaweni egcwele noma eNdlwini yezingxoxo. Amalungu axoxa ngecala, asikisela izinguquko, futhi ekugcineni avote kulo. Uma izivumelwano zidlula endlini eyodwa yeSishaya-mthetho, khona - ke iya kwenye indlu, lapho yonke le nqubo iqala khona futhi. Uma kokubili iNdlu neSishaya-mthetho kudlulisa imvume, kodwa izinguqulo zabo zihlukile, ikomiti ekhethekile eyakhiwe amalungu azo zombili izindlu isebenza ukuze kukhishwe uhlelo oluvumelanayo. Uma nje zombili lezi zindlu zidlulise isikhwama esisodwa somthetho, iya kuMongameli.

Amanye Amandla Abalulekile Omkhandlu

Ngaphandle kokwenza imithetho, uKhongolo-mfutho lunamanye amandla amaningi abalulekile. UKhongolo lulawula uhlelo lwemali lukahulumeni, okusho ukuthi lunquma indlela uhulumeni asebenzisa ngayo imali. UMkhandlu ungamemezela impi, nakuba uMongameli enguMphathi eSikhulu sezempi. UKhongolo lungahlola futhi izinkinga kuhulumeni futhi lubambe ukuzwa ukuthi yini eyenzekayo. Indlu yabameli inamandla okungagunyaza izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli, okusho ukuthi ungabamangalela ngokusemthethweni ububi. Uma iNdluko yeNdlu, ithatha icala ukunquma ukuthi lowo muntu kufanele asuswe ehhovisi.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Abaphoqeleli Bomthetho

Yini Igatsha Eliphethe Eliyenzayo?

Igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho eyenziwa uMkhandlu. Leligatsha liholwa uMongameli wase-United States, oseyinhloko kahulumeni noyinhloko kahulumeni. Umsebenzi kaMongameli ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho iyasebenza futhi uhulumeni uhamba kahle. Igatsha eliphethe likhulu, nezigidi zezisebenzi ezisebenza eminyangweni ehlukahlukene, izinhlangano, namahhovisi. Bonke laba bantu basebenza ndawonye ukumisa imithetho futhi banikeze abantu baseMelika izinkonzo.

UMongameli: UMbusi Oyinhloko

UMongameli ungumuntu obonakala kakhulu nonamandla egatsheni eliphethe. UMongameli ukhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine futhi angakhonza izilinganiso ezimbili, noma iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Lo mngcele wenezelwa kuMthetho-sisekelo ngemva kukaFranklin D. Roosevelt wakhethwa kane. UMongameli unemithwalo eminingi ebalulekile. Njengomphathi omkhulu, uMongameli uqondisa lonke igatsha eliphethe futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni iyagcinwa. NjengoMphathi-Mphathi-nkulu, uMongameli uphethe isosha. UMongameli umelela futhi u-United States ekusebenzelaneni namanye amazwe, izivumelwano, namanxusa.

UMongameli unamandla okusayina izikweletu emthethweni noma ewakhiphela kuwo, okusho ukuwenqaba. Uma uMongameli ekhipha umthetho, ubuyela emuva eKhongomeni. UKhomishane angawudlulisa umthetho uma izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zombili zendlu neSigele zivota ukwenza kanjalo, kodwa lokhu kunzima ukukufeza. UMongameli futhi unamandla okuthethelela, okusho ukuthethelela abantu ngezenzo zomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMongameli unika iSizwe soMbuso saminyaka yonke eSivumelwaneni sobumbano eKhondlelweni, abeke izinto eziza kuqala nemigomo yezwe.

Umongameli Ongumongameli Oyisekela

Umongameli ongumongameli ongumfandanda ophakeme kakhulu egatsheni eliphethe. Umsebenzi oyinhloko womthetho-sisekelo kaMongameli ongumsizi uwukukhonza njengoMongameli weSigele, nakuba uMongameli ongumKhosi kuphela ovota eSigeqeni lapho kubekwa ithayi. Indima ebaluleke kakhulu kaMongameli uMongameli ukulungele ukuthatha isikhundla njengoMongameli uma kwenzeka okuthile kwenzeka kuMongameli. Kuwo wonke umlando, abameli abayisishiyagamu baye baba umongameli ngoba uMongameli ohleliyo wafa noma wasula. Umongameli ongummeli ongumongameli uthatha futhi izabelo ezihlukahlukene kuMongameli futhi ngokuvamile umelela i-United States ezinsukwini zemithetho engokomthetho.

IKhabhinethi: Abasekeli Bomongameli

IKhabhinethi iyiqembu labaqondisi abaphezulu boMongameli. Ihlanganisa uMongameli ongumsizi kanye nabaphathi beminyango engu-15 ephethe i-Divior. Leminye iminyango ihlanganisa uMnyango Wezwe, osingatha izindaba zakwamanye amazwe; uMnyango Wezokhuselo, owengamela ibutho lezempi; uMnyango Wemfundo, osebenzelana nenqubo yemfundo yezemfundo; kanye noMnyango Wezempilo nezezenhlalakahle, ophatha izinhlelo zezempilo ezifana neMedicare ne-Medicaid. Eminye iminyango ihlanganisa i-Monetic, i-Precity, i-Precity, i-Promaterssion, i-Atremest, i-Artless, i-Eternation, i-Weterslands, i-Hometerscity, i-Movicel.

UMongameli ukhetha abantu abaholayo kuleminyango, kodwa iSigele kumelwe sivume lemisebenzi ekhethwayo. Abaholi baleminyango babizwa ngokuthi "izimfihlo," ngaphandle kwenhloko yoMnyango wobulungisa, obizwa ngokuthi u-Attorney General. Amalungu eKhathemini aluleka uMongameli ngezimpikiswano eziphathelene neminyango yawo futhi asize ekufezeni izimiso zikaMongameli. IKhabhinethi ihlangana njalo noMongameli ukuze ixoxe ngezindaba ezibalulekile ezibhekene nezwe.

Izimo Eziqondisayo Nezimo Ezizimele

Ngaphandle kweminyango yeKhabhinethi, igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa nezinye izinhlangano eziningi nezinhlangano. Ezinye zalezi yizinhlangano eziphethe eziwela eminyangweni yeKhabhinethi, kanti ezinye ziyizinhlangano ezizimele ezisebenza ngokwehlukana. Izinhlangano ezizimele zihlanganisa izinhlangano ezinjenge-Nzaliseko Yokuvikela imvelo (EPA), ezivikela indawo ezungezile; i-National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), ezihlola indawo ezungezile; ne-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), eziqoqa ukuhlakanipha kwamanye amazwe. Lezi zizinhlangano zinemisebenzi ekhethekile futhi zisiza igatsha eliphethe izakhiwo ukuba lifeze imithwalo yalo eminingi.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Abalandeli Bomthetho

Yini Igatsha Lokwahlulela Eliyenzayo?

Igatsha lokwahlulela linomthwalo wemfanelo wokuchaza imithetho futhi linqume ukuthi imithetho ilandela uMthetho-sisekelo yini. Leligatsha lakhiwa yisimiso senkantolo kahulumeni, ehlanganisa iNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo eziningi eziphansi. Uma abantu bephikisana ngokuthi umthetho usho ukuthini, noma lapho othile emangalelwa ngokuthi uphule umthetho, izinkantolo zingenela ukuxazulula impikiswano. Igatsha lokwahlulela nalo linamandla okuhlola i-"judiastial," okusho ukuthi izinkantolo zinganquma ukuthi imithetho edluliswa yi-Hulumeni noma yizenzo ezithathwa nguMongameli zingokomthetho. Uma inkantolo inquma ukuthi umthetho uphula umthetho, lowo mthetho ungashaywa.

INkantolo Ephakeme: INkantolo Ephakeme Kunazo Zonke

INkantolo Ephakeme iyinkantolo ephakeme kakhulu e-United States. Inejaji eliyisishiyagalolunye, kuhlanganise noMahluleli Oyinhloko noMahluleli abayisishiyagalombili abahambisanayo. Amajaji eNkantolo ePhakamileyo amiswa nguMongameli futhi kumelwe aqiniswe yiSigele. Uma sekumisiwe, amajaji asebenza ukuphila konke, okusho ukuthi angahlala eNkantolweni kuze kufe, athathe umhlalaphansi, noma asuswe ekushiyeni umthetho. Lesi sivumelwano sokuphila siklanyelwe ukugcina izahlulelo zizimele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, ukuze benze izinqumo ezisekelwe emthethweni kunokuba zisekelwe kulokho okuthandwayo ngesikhathi.

INkantolo Ephakeme ithatha amacala ahilela imibuzo ebalulekile ngoMthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho kahulumeni. INkantolo imukela izinkulungwane zezicelo unyaka ngamunye zokuzwa amacala, kodwa imane yamukela amacala ayikhulu kuya ku-1050 kuphela. Amacala akhetha ukuwalalela ngokuvamile ahilela imibuzo emikhulu engokomthetho ethinta abantu abaningi noma lapho izinkantolo eziphansi ziphikisana ngokuthi kufanele zichaze kanjani umthetho. Lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yenza isinqumo, leso sinqumo siba umthetho wezwe, futhi zonke ezinye izinkantolo kumelwe ziwulandele. Amanye amacala eNkantolo edumile kakhulu aguqula umlando waseMelika, kuhlanganise nezinqumo eziphathelene nenkululeko yokukhuluma, kanye namandla kahulumeni.

Izinkantolo Eziphansi EziwuFederal

Ngezansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme, kunamazinga amabili ayinhloko ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Izinga lokuqala linezinkantolo zesifunda ezingu-94, eziyizinkantolo zezenkantolo zesimiso sikahulumeni. Yilapho kuqalwa khona amacala kahulumeni. Izinkantolo zesigodi zilalela khona zombili amacala obugebengu, lapho othile emangalelwa khona ngokuphula umthetho kahulumeni, namacala omphakathi, lapho abantu noma izinhlangano ziphikisana khona. Isifunda ngasinye sinenkantolo yesifunda, nezifunda ezinkulu zinamaningi khona.

Izinga lesibili lihlanganisa izinkantolo ezingu-13 zezikhalo, ezibizwa nangokuthi izinkantolo zesifunda. Lezi zinkantolo zizwa izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda. Ukudluliswa kulapho othile elahlekelwe icala enkantolo yesigodi ecela inkantolo ephakeme ukuba abuyisele isinqumo ngoba ikholelwa ukuthi senziwe iphutha. Izinkantolo zezicelo azilithathi icala elisha; kunalokho, zibukeza umbhalo ovela enkantolo ephansi ukuze zibone ukuthi umthetho uyasebenza yini. Uma othile elahlekelwa enkantolo yecala, zingacela iNkanto ePhakelele ukuba izwe icala labo, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme ayifuni ukuvuma ukuba ilalele.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile Zama - compal

Kukhona futhi izinkantolo eziningana ezikhethekile zikahulumeni ezisingatha izinhlobo ezithile zamacala. INkantolo ye-International Trade isingatha amacala ahilela ukuhwebelana kwezizwe zonke namasiko. INkantolo Yesigebengu isingatha izikhalo lapho abantu bemangalela khona uhulumeni kahulumeni ukuze bathole imali. INkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala eFederal Treace izwa izikhalo ezikhethekile ezindaweni ezifana nomthetho ogunyaziwe. Kukhona nezinkantolo zokuwiswa kwamacala emalini, futhi kunezinkantolo zokukhokhwasa amacala lapho abantu noma amabhizinisi engenakukhokha izikwe, kanye neNkanto Yentela yaseUnited States, esingatha izimpikiswano zentela kahulumeni.

Indlela AbaHluleli Abayizigaba Ezizimele Abakhethwa Ngayo

Bonke abahluleli bahulumeni, hhayi nje amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, bamiswa nguMongameli futhi baqinisekiswe yiSigele. Njengamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, amajaji kahulumeni akhonza ukuphila. Lesimiso siklanyelwe ukugcina abahluleli bezimele futhi bekhululekile ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Uma kunezikhala enkantolo kahulumeni, uMongameli unquma othile ukuba agcwalise. IKomiti yeSigele iveza icala lomphathi futhi ihlole isizinda sabo. Khona - ke iSishaya imvume yokuthi umuntu uzoba uma nje efuna ukuba abe umahluleli kahulumeni futhi akhonze isikhathi eside, uma nje beqhubeka benokuziphatha okuhle.""

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Indlela Amagatsha Asebenza Ngayo Ndawonye

Yini Amaketanga Nokulinganisela?

Amasheke namaza amahle yisimiso esivumela igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni ukuba linciphise amandla amanye amagatsha. Lesisimiso sivimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba libe namandla kakhulu futhi sisize ekuvikeleni amalungelo nenkululeko yezakhamuzi zaseMelika. OFathering bakholelwa ukuthi amandla onakalisa, futhi indlela engcono kakhulu yokuvimbela ukonakala nobushiqela yayiwukwahlukanisa amandla futhi iqiniseke ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lingahlola, noma lilinganisela, elinye. Lesimiso siye sasebenza iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-200 ukuze kugcinwe uhulumeni waseMelika ulinganisela futhi ulungile.

Indlela Igatsha Elingokomthetho Elihlola Ngayo Amanye Amagatsha

UKhongolo-mthetho unezindlela eziningana zokuhlola amandla amagatsha aphethe nahluleli. UKhongolo lungadlula umongameli ngokuvota okungama-3 amabili kuzo zombili izindlu. ISigele kumelwe sivumele ukumiswa koMongameli kubahluleli, amalungu eKhabhinethi, nezinye izikhundla ezibalulekile, okunikeza iSishaya-Mkhandlu isiphakamiso sokuthi ubani osebenza emagatsheni aphethe nasemahluleleni okwahlulela. Umthetho ulawula uhlelo lwemali, okusho ukuthi lunquma ukuthi ingxenye ngayinye kahulumeni isebenzisa malini. Lokhu kunikeza iSishaya-Hulumente amandla abalulekile phezu kwalokho igatsha eliphetheyo elingakwenza.

UKhomishane ungamkhipha uMongameli, uMongameli, umongameli, amajaji ombuso nezinye izikhulu uma benza ubugebengu obungathi sína noma besebenzisa kabi igunya labo. Indlu yabameleli ivota ukuthi ingenze obesiboshelwa, futhi iSigele siqule icala. Uma izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zeSigele zivota ukuba ziboshelwe, isikhulu siyasuswa esikhundleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSishaya-Mnyango singamisa ukubuyiselwa eMthethweni, okungagumbuqela izinqumo eziPhakakhulu noma ukuguqula isimo sikahulumeni. Ekugcineni, iSishaya - mthetho sinamandla okwakha noma okuqeda izinkantolo zeNkanto ephakeme ngaphansi kweNkanto ephakeme, sinikeza ukulawula okuthile phezu kwegatsha lokwahlulela.

Indlela Igatsha Eliphethe Eliwahlola Ngayo Amanye Amagatsha

UMongameli unezindlela eziningana zokuhlola amandla amagatsha omthetho nokwahlulela. UMongameli angakhipha izikweletu ezidluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, azivimbele ekubeni zibe umthetho ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu uthathe i-veto. UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, anikeza uMongameli ithonya egatsheni lokwahlulela iminyaka eminingi ezayo. UMongameli futhi angathethelela amacala kahulumeni, angagumbuqela izinkolelo ezenziwa yigatsha lokwahlulela.

UMongameli uyakwazi ukuvumelana nendlela imithetho ephoqelelwa ngayo, engathinta indlela imithetho yeSishaya-Mkhandlu esetshenziswa ngayo. UMongameli angabiza futhi izikhawu ezikhethekile zeSishaya-mthetho lapho izindaba eziphuthumayo zidinga ukuxoxwa. Ngeziyalo zezikhulu, uMongameli angaqondisa indlela igatsha eliphethe elisebenza ngayo, nakuba lemithetho kumelwe ivumelane nemithetho ekhona noMthetho-sisekelo.

Indlela Igatsha Lokwahlulela Eliwahlola Ngayo Amanye Amagatsha

Igatsha lokwahlulela lihlola amanye amagatsha ngokuyinhloko ngamandla okwahlulela. Izinkantolo zeFederal zingamemezela imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, okusho ukuthi leyomithetho ayisasebenzi. Izinkantolo zingayala futhi ukuthi izenzo ezenziwa nguMongameli noma izinhlangano zamagatsha eziphethe azivumelani nemithetho noma zingekho emthethweni. Lombuso wamiswa enkantolo edumile ye-Marbury v. Madison, ngisho noma zingashiwonga ngokuqondile eMthethweni-sisekelo.

Amajaji angokohulumeni asebenza ukuphila konke, okwenza ukuba bazimele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe kuMongameli noma kuMkhandlu. Lokhu kuzikhethela kuvumela amajaji ukuba enze izinqumo ezisekelwe emthethweni naseMthethweni, kunokuba athathe lokho okuthandwa kwezombangazwe. Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho, okusho ukuthi izinkantolo zingathinta indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo ngisho noma bengawashayi phansi. Ngezincazelo zabo, izinkantolo zingathonya ngokuphawulekayo umthetho womphakathi kanye nezenzo zamagatsha.

Okwenza Amagatsha Amathathu Abaluleke

Ukuvikela Inkululeko Nombuso Wentando Yeningi

Amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni asebenza ndawonye ukuze avikele inkululeko nentando yeningi amaMelika ayithandayo. Ngokuhlukanisa amandla phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu, uMthetho-sisekelo wenza kube nzima nganoma imuphi umuntu noma iqembu ukuba lilawule uhulumeni futhi lisebenzise kabi amandla awo. Lesimiso siye sasiza i-United States ukuba ihlale ibusa ngentando yeningi amakhulu amabili eminyaka, ngisho naphakathi nezikhathi ezinzima njengezimpi, izinkinga zezomnotho, nezinxushunxushu zezenhlalo.

Igatsha ngalinye linendawo yalo yobuchwepheshe nomthwalo wemfanelo. UMkhandlu, onamalungu amaningi amelela izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zezwe, uyakwazi ukuphikisana ngezindaba futhi umelela imibono ehlukene. UMongameli, njengesikhulu esisodwa, angathatha isinyathelo ngokushesha futhi ngokuwujuqu lapho kudingeka. Izinkantolo, ngokuzimela kwazo nobuchwepheshe kuhulumeni, zingacabangela ngokucophelela ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zilandela uMthetho-sisekelo yini. Ndawonye, lamagatsha amathathu akha uhulumeni ophumelelayo nolinganiselwe emandleni awo.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuvumelana Nezimo Nokubambisana

Isimiso samagatsha amathathu sikhuthaza ukuvumelana nokubambisana. Ngenxa yokuthi alikho igatsha elingasebenza ngelinye ngezindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu, amagatsha kumelwe asebenze ndawonye. UMkhandlu noMongameli kumelwe babambisana ukuze badlulise futhi basebenzise imithetho. UMongameli neSigele kumelwe bavumelane ngokumiswa kokwahlulela. Lokhu kudinga ukubambisana ngezinye izikhathi kunganciphisa izinto, kodwa futhi kuyasiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo ezinkulu zisekelwa kabanzi futhi ziye zacatshangelwa ngokucophelela ngemibono eminingi.

Uma amagatsha engavumelani, kungaholela ezimpikiswaneni ezibalulekile ngokuphathelene nesiqondiso sezwe. Lezimpikiswano ziyingxenye elungile yentando yeningi. Zivumela imibono ehlukene ukuba izwakale futhi ihlolwe. Nakuba ukungavumelani kungakhungathekisa, kungcono kakhulu kunokuthatha igatsha elilodwa lenza zonke izinqumo ngaphandle kokuzifaka kwabanye. Isimiso siphoqelela abaholi ukuba bachaze izikhundla zabo, balalele imibono ephikisanayo, futhi bathole isisekelo esifanayo.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezikhathi Ezishintshayo

Amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni aye abonakala evumelana ngokwanele ukuba avumelane nezikhathi ezishintshayo kuyilapho egcina izakhiwo zawo eziyisisekelo. Phakathi neminyaka edlule, ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha kuye kwashintsha ngandlela-thile. Igatsha eliphethe liye lakhula futhi laba namandla kakhulu njengoba uhulumeni kahulumeni ethatha imithwalo yemfanelo eyengeziwe. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yafeza indima enkulu ekulolongeni isimiso somphakathi ngezinqumo zayo ezindabeni ezinjengomalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Umbuso uye wasungula izindlela ezintsha zokwengamela igatsha eliphethe futhi uphenye izinkinga.

Naphezu kwalezi zinguquko, isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuhlola nokulinganisela sihlala sikhona. Igatsha ngalinye lisenemithwalo yalo eyinhloko, futhi ngalinye lisengahlola ezinye. Lokhu kuqina kusiza uhulumeni wase-United States ukuba asebenze kahle njengoba izwe liye lakhula lisuka ezifundeni ezingu-13 liya kwezingu - 50, futhi kusukela kubantu abayizigidi ezimbalwa kuya kwezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-33. Lesimiso siye sasinda ezimpini, ekuncipheni kwezomnotho, ezinhlanganweni zezenhlalo, nasezingxabanweni zezombangazwe.

Indlela Izingane Ezingafunda Ngayo Okwengeziwe Ngohulumeni

Hamba Nezakhiwo Zohulumeni Neminyuziyamu

Enye yezindlela ezingcono kakhulu izingane ezingafunda ngazo ngohulumeni ukuyibona isebenza. Izakhiwo eziningi zikahulumeni zinikeza izivakashi uhambo lapho zingafunda khona ngendlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo. EWashington, D.C., ungabuka isakhiwo sikaCapitol, lapho uKhongolo luhlangana khona, futhi ubheke iSishaya-mthetho esimisweni esivela ezindaweni zokubuka izivakashi. Ungavakashela iWhite House, nakuba ukuhanjelwa kumelwe kuhlelwe kusengaphambili ngelungu lakho lesiKhongolo. INkantolo Ephakeme inikeza futhi ivumela izivakashi ukuba zibukele izimpikiswano zomlomo lapho iNkantolo ikhona.

Iminyuziyamu eminingi eWashington, D.C., igxile emlandweni nohulumeni waseMelika. IZinqolobane zeMali zibonisa uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala, iSimemezelo Senkululeko, neSikhathi samalungelo Abantu. Iminyuziyamu yaseSmithsonian inikeza imibukiso ngomlando waseMelika, kuhlanganise neNational Museum of American History. Ngisho noma ungavakasha eWashington, D.C., izinhloko - dolobha eziningi zinikeza ukuhanjwa kwezakhiwo zazo zecastriol futhi zineminyuziyamu ngomlando kahulumeni. Ngezinye izikhathi izindlu zenkantolo zivumela izivakashi ukuba zibuke izenzakalo, ezingase zibe yimfundo.

Funda Izincwadi Ne - Watch Educational video

Kunezincwadi eziningi ezinhle ezibhalelwe izingane ngohulumeni waseMelika. Lezizincwadi zichaza indlela uhulumeni esebenza ngayo ngolimi olulula ukuqondwa, ngokuvamile ngemifanekiso emibalabala namaphuzu athakazelisayo. Imitapo yezincwadi nezincwadi zinezingxenye ezinikezelwe ezincwadini ezikhuluma ngohulumeni nomphakathi wabafundi abasha. Amavidiyo emfundo kanye nezincwadi zingasiza izingane ukuba ziqonde uhulumeni. Eziningi zalezi zikhona kuyi-inthanethi noma ngezinkonzo eziseminyango.

Iwebhusayithi ezifana neUSA.gov inikeza ukwaziswa ngawo wonke amagatsha ohulumeni e-website amathathu eklanyweni ekwazi ukufinyelelwa abafundi babo bonke ubudala. [[FLT]] Conforn.gov[[FLT]][FLT]][FLT]] ukuvumela ukuba uthathe izikwele izikwele izintambo, ufunde ngamalungu enqubo ye-Creastry Congressss, futhi ufunde ngenqubo yomthetho. Lezizinto ezisebenza kuyi-intanethi zingasiza izingane ukuba zihlole izihloko ezinesithakazelo kuzo futhi zifunde ngejubane lazo.

Ukuhlanganyela Kuhulumeni Wesikole

Izikole eziningi zinezinhlangano zabafundi zikahulumeni ezibonisa isimo sikahulumeni wangempela. Ukuhlanganyela kuhulumeni wabafundi kuyindlela enkulu yokufunda ngedemokrasi, ukuhola, nendlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo. Abafundi bangabalekela isikhundla, amavoti, izimpikiswano, futhi basebenze emisebenzini ezuzisa isikole. Lokhu kufundisa izifundo ezibalulekile ngokuhlanganyela komphakathi, ukuhlehla, nokusebenza nabanye ukuze bafinyelele imigomo efanayo.

Ezinye izikole zinikeza izinhlelo zokuqulwa kwecala, lapho abafundi benza khona amacala asenkantolo futhi bafunde ngesimiso sokwahlulela. Izinhlelo zeZizwe Ezihlangene eziyisibonelo zifundisa abafundi ngobudlelwane bomhlaba wonke nobudlelwane obungokwesivumelwano. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kwezandla kwenza ukufunda ngokuzijabulisa nokwenkumbulo kahulumeni. Zisiza abafundi ukuba bathuthukise amakhono anjengokukhuluma obala, ukucabanga okugxekayo, kanye nokubambisana okuyobasiza kahle kukho konke ukuphila kwabo.

Khuluma Namalungu Omkhaya Ngezenzakalo Zanamuhla

Ukuxoxa ngezenzakalo zamanje namalungu omkhaya kungenye indlela enkulu yokuba izingane zifunde ngohulumeni. Uma kwenzeka okuthile okubalulekile kuhulumeni, abazali bangakuchazela izingane zabo ngezindlela ezifanelekile. Lezingxoxo zisiza izingane ukuba ziqonde indlela uhulumeni akuthinta ngayo ukuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke nokuthi kungani kubalulekile ukunaka lokho uhulumeni akwenzayo. Imikhaya ingabuka izindaba ndawonye futhi ixoxe ngalokho ezikubonayo, noma ifunde izihloko zezindaba futhi ixoxe ngazo.

Kubalulekile ukuba lezingxoxo zibe ezilinganiselayo futhi zihloniphe. Abazali kufanele bakhuthaze izingane ukuba zicabange ngokugxeka ngalokho ezikuzwayo futhi zicabangele imibono engafani. Ukufundisa izingane ukuthi abantu bangaphikisana ngezombangazwe kuyilapho besahloniphana kuyisifundo esibalulekile ngentando yeningi. Lezingxoxo zomkhaya zisiza izingane ukuba zihlakulele imibono yazo futhi zifunde indlela yokuziveza ngenhlonipho.

Yiba Khona Emihlanganweni Kahulumeni Wasendaweni

Imihlangano kahulumeni wendawo, njengomkhandlu wedolobha noma ingqungquthela yesikole, ngokuvamile ivulekele umphakathi. Ukuba khona kule mihlangano kungasiza izingane ukuba zibone ukubusa ngentando yeningi kusebenza endaweni yazo. Zingabukela izikhulu ezikhethiwe ziphikisana, zilalele izakhamuzi ziveza imibono yazo, futhi zibone ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani. Ngokuvamile uhulumeni wendawo usingatha izindaba ezithinta izingane nemikhaya yazo ngokuqondile, njengezikole, amapaki, kanye nokuphepha komphakathi.

Abanye ohulumeni bendawo banezinhlelo ezikhethekile zokukhuthaza intsha ukuba ihlanganyele. Bangase babe nemikhandlu yentsha ekhuthaza ukuthatha iziqu noma bameme abafundi ukuba bathulule izikhulu zikahulumeni usuku olulodwa. Lezinhlelo zinikeza izingane i-emuva kwezikhulu zikahulumeni i-odoli ihlola indlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo futhi zibavumele ukuba banikele ngemibono yabo. Ukuhileleka kuhulumeni wendawo kusiza izingane ukuba ziqonde ukuthi zingawenza umehluko emiphakathini yazo, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba zikhule ngokwanele ukuba zivote.

Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo Yesibalo

Okwenza Izingane Kudinge Kufundwe Ngohulumeni

Ukufunda ngohulumeni kubalulekile ezinganeni ngoba ziyizakhamuzi zesikhathi esizayo, abavoti, nabaholi bezwe lethu. Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo kusiza izingane ukuba zibe izakhamuzi ezinolwazi futhi zithembiswe ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi. Lapho izingane zifunda ngamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni, amashende, namalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yezakhamuzi, zithuthukisa ulwazi namakhono okudinga ukwenza izinqumo ezinhle ngemiphakathi nangamazwe akuzo.

Imfundo ye-pic isiza futhi izingane ukuba ziqonde amalungelo azo nendlela yokuwavikela. Ukwazi ngoMthetho-sisekelo neSipho samalungelo kunika izingane amandla okuzimela futhi zimelane nabanye lapho amalungelo esongelwa. Ifundisa ukuthi zinezwi nokuthi imibono yazo ibalulekile. Lolwazi lwakha ukuzethemba futhi lukhuthaze izingane ukuba zihileleke emiphakathini yazo futhi zisebenzele ushintsho oluhle.

Ukwakha Amakhono Okucabanga Abucayi

Ukutadisha uhulumeni kusiza izingane ukuba zibe namakhono okucabanga agxekayo. Lapho zifunda ngendlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo, indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo imithetho, nendlela uMongameli amisa ngayo imithetho, zifunda ukucabanga ngezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ngemibono ehlukahlukene. Zifunda ukuhlaziya izimpikiswano, ukuhlaziya ubufakazi, nokwakha imibono yazo siqu esekelwe emaqinisweni nasekucabangeni. Lamakhono awabalulekile nje ekuqondeni uhulumeni, kodwa ekuphumeleleni esikoleni, emsebenzini, nasekuphileni konke.

Uhulumeni nezombangazwe kuhilela izimpikiswano eziningi lapho abantu abanengqondo bengavumelani khona. Ukufunda ngalezizindaba kufundisa izingane ukuthi izwe liyinkimbinkimbi nokuthi ngokuvamile kunemibono eminingi ezwakalayo ngemibuzo ebalulekile. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukubekezelelana, uzwela, nekhono lokungavumelani ngenhlonipho. Lawa amakhono abalulekile okuphila ngentando yeningi lapho abantu benezizinda, izinkolelo, nezindinganiso ezihlukene.

Ukulungiselela Abaholi Besikhathi Esizayo

Namuhla izingane zingabaholi bekusasa. Abanye bazokukhula bekhonza kuhulumeni njengezikhulu ezikhethiwe, abahluleli, noma izisebenzi zikahulumeni. Abanye bayakuba ngabaholi emiphakathini yabo, emabhizinisini, noma ezinhlanganweni. Bonke bayoba abavoti abasizayo ekukhetheni abantu abaphethe uhulumeni wethu. Ngokufunda ngohulumeni manje, izingane zilungiselela lezizindima zesikhathi esizayo.

Ngisho nezingane ezingahleli ukusebenza kuhulumeni ziyozuza ekuqondeni indlela esebenza ngayo. Njengabantu abadala, kuyodingeka basebenzelane nohulumeni ngezindlela eziningi: ukukhokha izintela, ukulandela imithetho, ukukhonza emajaji, nokukhuthaza izindaba ezikhathalelwayo. Lapho ziqonda kakhulu ngohulumeni, uma zihlonyiswe kangcono ziyoba zikwazi ukulawula lezi zimo futhi zibe izakhamuzi eziphumelelayo. Isisekelo esiqinile semfundo yomphakathi sisiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo ziyoqhubeka zikwazisa futhi zivikele idemocriothe yaseMelika.

Isihluthulelo Sokuthatha Izindawo Ezingamagatsha Amathathu

Amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni .(legislative, isikhulu, neyahlulelo) asebenza ndawonye ukuze alawule uhulumeni wase-United States. Igatsha ngalinye linomsebenzi walo obalulekile: uMkhandlu wenza imithetho, uMongameli umisa imithetho, futhi izinkantolo zichaza imithetho. Lokhu kuhlukanisa amandla kuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba libe namandla kakhulu futhi lisize ukuvikela amalungelo nenkululeko yabo bonke abantu baseMelika.

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sivumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba linciphise amandla amanye amagatsha. ISishaya-mthetho singadlula ama-vetoes aphethe futhi kumele sivumele ukumiswa kokwahlulela. UMongameli angagunyaza imithetho futhi amise amajaji. Izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho nezenzo zokuphatha ngaphandle kwemithetho. Lesimiso sikhuthaza ukubambisana nokuhlehliswa kuyilapho sivimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla.

Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo kubalulekile kubo bonke, ikakhulukazi izingane ezizoba abavoti nabaholi bekusasa. Ngokufunda ngamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni, izingane zithuthukisa ulwazi namakhono okudinga ukuzaziswa, zithembise izakhamuzi. Zifunda ukucabanga ngokuhluzekile ngezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukuhlonipha imibono ehlukene, nokuhlanganyela ekuthatheni idemokrasi. Lolwazi luzinika amandla okwenza umehluko emiphakathini nasezweni lakubo.

Indaba yendima yegatsha ngalinye

  • Igatsha elinomthetho: Libeka imithetho ngoKhongolo, oluhlanganisa iSigele nendlu yabameleli. Ilawula uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni, ingadlula amavetoe kamongameli, ukumiswa okuvunyiweyo, futhi ingazibeka izikhulu zikahulumeni ezihlukene.
  • Igatsha elisebenzayo: i-afced withss withss ispreaders futhi iholwa nguMongameli. Ihlanganisa uMongameli ongumsekeli, iKhabhinethi, nezinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni. UMongameli angakhokha izindleko, amise abahluleli namalungu eKhabhinethi, ayala impi, futhi aqhube isimiso sakwelinye izwe.
  • [ Igatsha eliphethe i-Judicial: ichaza imithetho futhi inqume uma ilandela uMthetho-sisekelo. Amalungu eNkantolo ePhakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni. Amajaji ahlangene akhonza ukuphila futhi angamemezela imithetho nezenzo zezikhulu ezingavumelani nemithetho.

OFata Abasunguliwe badala lesi simiso eminyakeni engaphezu kwama-200 edlule, futhi siyaqhubeka sisebenza namuhla. Nakuba uhulumeni usuye wakhula futhi washintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isakhiwo esiyisisekelo samagatsha amathathu anamasheke nezilinganiso siseyisisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika. Ngokuqonda lesimiso, izingane zingaqonda ukuhlakanipha koFata Abasunguliwe nokubaluleka kokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo nenkululeko okusiqinisekisayo.

Ukufunda ngohulumeni akudingeki kube okunesicefe. Kunezindlela eziningi zokuhlola izingane indlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo, kusukela ekuvakasheleni izakhiwo zikahulumeni neminyuziyamu kuya ekuhlanganyeleni kuhulumeni wabafundi nasekuxoxeni ngezenzakalo zamanje nomkhaya. Lapho izingane eziningi zifunda ngohulumeni, ziqonda ngokwengeziwe ukuthi kuthinta ukuphila kwazo nokuthi zingazizwa kanjani. Ulwazi luyisisekelo sobuhlalisane obukhuthele nesihluthulelo sokugcina idemokrati yaseMelika iqinile ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni, ungahlola imithombo e [FLT] House White.gov, enikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngendlela uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ohleliwe futhi asebenze ngayo. Amawebhusayithi emfundo anjengaye [FLT][5]] iCicons imidlalo ehlanganisayo nezifundo ezenza ukufunda ngohulumeni nokudlala ngabafundi babo bonke ubudala. Le mitako ingasiza izingane ukuba zijulise ukuqonda kwazo futhi zithuthukise isithakazelo sazo sonke isithakazelo.