Isingeniso: Indima Ye - pacco Exhunyiwe Emalini Yomkhankaso

I-Political Action Committes (PACs) ingenye yezimoto ezibonakala kakhulu ekusebenziseni ezombangazwe e-United States. Nakuba i-PACs ihlangene ngokusemthethweni nenhlangano yezisebenzi, noma inhlangano yezentengiselwano, i-PACs ezixhumeneyo[[[[FLLC:1]] zisebenza ngaphandle kwanoma yimuphi umjovo, umbutha, noma isekela inhlangano. Lenkululeko inikeza indinganiso ebanzi ukuze inyuse imali echibini leminikelo elihlukene futhi ichithe leyo mali ekwakheni kwezentengiselwano, izikhangiso, nezikhungo zotshalo zotshalo. Ukuqonda ukuthi injani i-PaCCs ezingezona ezingekho e-659 zixhaswe — nendlela ukuxubana nokwakheka kwezenzo zabo ezinkulu — kubalulekile ngenxa yethonya langempela lethonya lemisebenzi yaseMelika ezindaweni zokuvondayo.

Isihloko sokuqala siphawula kahle ukuthi ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe aphakamisa izimali ezivela kubo bobabili abanikeli abancane nabakhulu, kodwa umfanekiso ucebe kakhulu. Imingcele yomnikelo, izimfuneko zokwambula, nokukhetha okuhleliwe kuyahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi i-PAC incike emfuleni wezipho ezilinganiselwe noma ezinhlolweni ezimbalwa ezinkulu. Lokhu kuhlola okukhudlwana kunyukela kakhulu eMbusweni ongokomthetho, ukugobeka kwemali ngayinye, kanye nokunyuka kwesinqumo se-CCS enkulu, nogqaba phakathi “komdlandla] kanye nenkokhelo enkulu.

Yini i-PAC exhunyiwe? Ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni (52 U.S.C. 76101, i-PAC engekho ngokomthetho iyikomiti yezombangazwe engekhona ikomiti egunyaziwe, futhi ayiyona ikomiti yeqembu ehlangeneyo, futhi ayimiswanga noma igcinwe yinhlangano noma inhlangano yomsebenzi. Le PIC kumele ibhalise ne-Federal Evolution Commission (FEC) nemibiko yehele yezindaba ezivamile. Bangamukela iminikelo evela kubantu ngabanye, abanye abangamaPaC, futhi — ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile — eziphuma enkampanini noma emalini yokukhokha (ngeniswa kwezinhlangano ze-69 ezimele noma inhlangano yezisebenzi), i-PCC, i-paC. Uhlobo olukhulu lwezentengo yezindaba ze-odollay: I-R35 000 ngonyaka ongayinindwayo yonke, kodwa ingamukela i-mali ephuma ngokungena ematheni.

Umsebenzi Ongokomthetho: Imingcele Yomnikelo Nokuphakama Kwezigebengu Eziphambili

I - PAC Exhunyiwe Nemingcele YamaRandi Angu - 5 000

I-PAC eyisiko elingaxhunyiwe (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi “PAC”) ingaphansi kwemingcele eqinile yomnikelo. Umuntu anganikela u-$5 000 (R150) ngonyaka kuyi-PAC; i-PAC ebanzi inganikezela kuze kube ngu-R250 ngonyaka. Lemingcele ibekwa ekunyukeni kwamandla emali njalo eminyakeni emibili (njengoba ingu-2025, umkhawulo u-R250 ngonyaka kubantu ngabanye). Kunomkhawulo olinganayo olinganayo ongase unikeze wonke ama-PAC ehlangene, kodwa nge-33PAC ivimbela noma isiphi isinikeleli esisodwa ukuba silawule izimali zekomiti. Lesimiso sadalwa yi-Federa Econstation Actal Act (FEC) ka-1971) kanye ne-A.

Ngenxa yokuthi uphahla lwe-perōnor luphansi kakhulu, ama-PAC avamile kumelwe athembele eminikelweni eminingi emincane nephakathi ukuze kwakhiwe amabhokisi empi anenjongo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC efuna ukuphakamisa amaR150 000 ngonyaka ingadinga okungenani iminikelo engama-50 000 ngonyaka — kodwa abanikeli abambalwa abanikelayo abanikeza inani eligcwele. Ama-PAC amaningi athola umsila omude wezipho ngaphansi kuka-R220. Imali yawo engaphansi kwe-200% i-FEC ichaza “umuntu omncane” onikela ngengqikithi yakhe ekomitini ngonyaka ayidluli R6000. I-DC i-osethi ephuma emjikelezweni wokhetho wama-20222, isilinganiso esingatholangakhokhwa i-PAC emalini elingu-40% ku-R2202000 (R66,5, noma ngaphansi kwe-60) futhi iminikelo emikhulu kakhulu (60).

AmaPapice Aphakeme: Awalinganiselwe Iminikelo, Amandla Aphakeme

Lo mdlalo washintsha kakhulu ngemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-2010 ebusa. Lezi zinqumo zivumela izinhlangano nezinhlangano ukuba zisebenzise imali engenakulinganiswa ezinhlanganweni zezombangazwe ezizimele, futhi zazala i-PACs enkulu — eyaziwayo njengekhothamo elikhulu. i-PACS inganyusa futhi ichithe imali engaphelele evela kubantu ngabanye, ezinhlanganweni, ezinhlanganweni, nezinye izinhlangano, zilungiselele ukuba zingahlangani nabaphini namalungu. Ku-PAC, i-PC engaphezulu yesigidi esizinziwayo.

Lokhu kuhluka phakathi kwama-PAC nama-PAC amakhulu angenamkhawulo kubalulekile. Ingxoxo yokuqala ‘ yabanikeli abakhulu” ihlanganisa kokubili, kodwa amaqiniso angokomthetho ahlukile. I-PAC yasendulo ayinakwamukela iminikelo yenkampani engenamkhawulo; ama-PAC amakhulu kakhulu. Uma sikhuluma nge-PACs namuhla, sivame ukusho zombili izinhlobo, kodwa amandla axhasa imali acishe ahluke kakhulu.

Indlela Abanikazi Abancane Abaxhasa Ngayo Izincwadi Ezingaxhunyiwe

I - Grasroots Engine: I - Internet Platforms Nemiyalezo Eqondile

Abanikelayo abancane — abantu abanikela ngo-R120 noma ngaphansi ngonyaka — bayingxenye yegazi yama-PAC amaningi angaxhunyiwe, ikakhulukazi lawo aneso eliqondene nentuthuko noma i-impikiswano. Laba abanikelayo bahlakulelwa ngemishini enika i-tekthi enjenge-Act Blue ne-Win Red, eyenza i-PCs ukuba ilungise izinkulungwane zentengiselwano encane elinganiselwe. I-Mail, imikhankaso yezokuxhumana, kanye nezinhlelo zombhalo ze-6to624one zenza isithiyo sokuthatha isinyathelo. I-agrafy ekhathazekile ingenza isakhamuzi esinikela ngokuphindaphindeka ka-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phindayoR5.

I-Cream profection compaimer Office Committee (PCC). Ngonyaka ka-2016, umjikelezo wama-2020 wabona inqubo ye-Act Blue, iminikelo kamongameli kaBrinie Sanders ibonise amandla abanikeleyo abancane, futhi lawomandla adlulela e-PACs njenge-Thieur Revolution ne-PCentury Face Canged Change Ittentine (PCC). Umjikelezo wama-202020 wabona inqubo ye-Act Blue engaphezulu kwama-dollarce (awungu-R6,4,25 000 000 000) ngeminikelo, iningi laleyo yangena ngokuqondile kwabanizinikezi, u-PACs nalo lazuza. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC engazange i-PAC ehlangene i-PAC yahlanganisa i-60% yemali ehlangene i-60% evela kubantu abanikela ngo-202202, 000 000, noma ngaphansi kwe-202222222222222.20%.

Okwenza Imali Yemali Encane Ibaluleke Kuma - paC

Ukungaguquguquki nokwehla kwemali: Isisekelo esibanzi sabanikeli abancane sivikela i-PAC ngokufuna kwabaxhasi abambalwa abacebile. Uma umniniyo omkhulu ephuma, i-PAC ethembele kakhulu kulowo onikelayo ibhekene nenkinga engokwezimali. Abanikeli abancane, ngokungafani, banikeza umsele ocacile, wemali etholakalayo nyanga zonke. Lokhu kuqina kuvumela u-PAC ukuba ahlele imikhankankatho ende ye-19666 ye-dvocacy futhi amelane ukucindezela ukulinganisela isigijimi sabo nge-ke ukuhlola okukodwa.

I-PACS engowona mbuso we-democratic Legastimacy: I-PAC eziqhosha amashumi ezinkulungwane zezisebenzi ezincane ezingathola ukusekelwa kotshani. Leli ithuluzi elinamandla lokuphendula. Ezitatimensweni zomphakathi nakumazwi angokomthetho, le-PAC iphikisa ukuthi imelela izwi lamaMelika ansuku zonke, hhayi nje abantu abaphezulu. “impatho encane” incazelo futhi ibalulekile yezinhlelo ezithile ezihambelanayo nomthetho womphakathi wokuvumelana ne-PAC nemithetho emelene ne-projectal.

[[NTLT:0] Intengo ye-Lower PerÍ Donor: [inani elincane elinikelayo lidinga ukutshala izakhiwo zobuchwepheshe nohlu lwe-projekthi, izindleko zokwengeziwe kwemali engu-10. Intengo yemali engaphezulu ye-10(10] cishe ingunozu. Act Blue ikhokhela imali elinganiselwe (cishe i-3,9% kuthengiselwa) kodwa leyo incishibhile kakhulu kunenani lemali ye-[3:94] ebhanki ebhanki, engabiza u-0 kuya ku-R1,00 ngengxenye yemali. i-R1. i-PNUN.2020,nondonolars isibizize kakhulu (inani elibiza mali elingeyonke) lokunyusa imali eshicishisiwe engaphezulu (inani elingaphezulu) ngenani elingeyo-6)

Izinselele Zokwethembela Kwabafezi Abancane

Naphezu kwezinzuzo, i-stuping encane empompolor conranraia ayiyona i-panace. Ichibi elinikelayo lihlotshiswe kakhulu kubantu abafuna ukuthathelwa i-applix futhi abathembisene, okusho ukuthi i-PACC ingaba yimbi kakhulu ukudonsa izinkinobho. umjaho wezikhali omncane [1] futhi uholela ekufuneni i-imeyili njalo, ngokuvamile usebenzisa ulimi olune-alamus. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-29donor ayizinombolo ze-dollar ayizinga — zenzeka phakathi nezenzakalo ezinkulu zezindaba zase-PNGprofile, kodwa zingaba nezingaqinile. Inqwaba engaxweli kakhulu yeminikelo emincane ephakathi kwe-PACCC) yokugeleza.

Indlela Abanikazi Abakhulu Ngayo Abangawahwebi Ama - paC Axhunyiwe

Ukudla Okungu - R1 500 Kuqhathaniswa Neminikelo Engenamingcele

Kubantu abangaxhunyiwe ngokwesiko ama-PAC (non̆super), abanikela kakhulu yilabo abanikela ngemali engaphezu kuka-R120 000 kodwa abaphaswe ngemali engu-R1000 ngonyaka. Uma kusetshenziswa, “umnikelo omkhulu” we-PAC angase anikeze u-R120 000,R2 500, noma ingqikithi egcwele i-R2 500. Laba banikeleyo ngokuvamile bangabaholi bezebhizinisi, abaholi abathathe umhlalaphansi, noma abashisekeli abacebile abahambisana nemali e-PAC engaphezulu engaphezulu ka-5 000 ngonyaka. Nakuba umnikelo ngamunye omkhulu usanesizo oluncane kakhulu uma uqhathaniswa neminikelo emikhulu ye-PAC, iminikelo emikhulu inganikeza njengengxenye ebalulekile yemali ye-PAC. Imininingwane engu-20222. Imininingwane esukela emjikelezweni ka-20222, ibonisa ukuthi abanikela abangaphezulu kwabangu-10% abanikelayodwa abangekho abaholi abavamile abanikezwa cishe babe yimali engu-5%, inzuzo enkulu kakhulu, nakuba incane kakhulu.

Ku-PC enkulu, isilinganiso somnikelo awukho. Abanikeli abaningi bangabhala amasheke ezigidini. Ngo-2020, abanikela ngekhulu eliyikhulu kuma-PAC banike ama-PAC ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-R22 zihlangene — cishe ingxenye yayo yonke imali enkulu kakhulu ye-PAC. Abantu ngabanye abanikelayo abafana noMichael Bloomberg, uSheldon Adelson, noRichard Uihlein banikele ngokunenzuzo engaphezu kwamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-100 ePC eziphambili emijikeleni yamuva. Laba bangabangezona nje abantu abacebile; futhi bahlanganisa izinyunyana zemisebenzi, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, kanye “nemali engafaki inzuzo engaphuzi i-diloss.

Okwenza Izisebenzi Ezinkulu Zinikele: Ithonya Nokutholakala Kwazo

Izisusa zabathekelisi abaningi zihlukahlukene. Abanye bafuna ithonya lesimiso — bafuna i-PAC ukuba iqhube izikhangiso ezisekela ibhizinisi le-proprecial noma i-productive. Abanye bayazijabulela i-aspecter: i-authon yezigidi ezingu-R2, i-PAC, ingavula iminyango yezikhulu ezikhethiwe ezizuzayo kuleyo mali. Abanye banikeza ngenxa yezizathu zemibono, bekholelwa ngokujulile ukuthi inhloso ikhona. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isiphi isisusa, abantu abaningi abanikela ngemishini ye-PAC. I-PAC ethola imali ewuhlwe ngemali engaphezulu ka-80% esetshenziswa yizisebenzi ezinikelayo, cishe iyohlanganisa ukuxhumana nokuthanda kwayo kanye nenkonziwayo.

Ingozi yequid proproququo incishisiwe ngoba amakomiti azimele ezindleko awakwazi ukuhlanganisa nabazohlolwa. Nokho, umugqa phakathi “ithonya elikhulu lomnikelo” nenkohlakalo eqondile awubonakali. INkantolo Ephakeme Mccheon v. FEC[FLT] [[FLT] [2014] [ihla imingcele yomnikelo owenziwe ngokungenasihloko, yanika iziphiwo ezinye iziphiwo ezinkulu izakhiwo ukuze zisakazeke izigidi nge-PACs eziningi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi le nqubo yenza isimiso lapho izithakazelo ezicebile zingabusa khona izingxoxo zezombangazwe, ziminyaza ngaphandle kwemizwa yezisebenzi ezincane.

Ukubona Kahle Nezinto Ezingasetshenziswa Ezinkulu

I-FEC idinga ama-PAC angokwesiko kanye nama-PAC amakhulu ukuze kuvezwe igama, ikheli, umqashi, nomsebenzi wanoma yimuphi onikelayo onikeza ama-dollar angaphezu kuka-200 (R1 000) ngonyaka wekhalenda. La marekhodi abekwe obala kuyi-intanethi, avumela izintatheli nabacwaningi ukuba balandele ukugeleza kwemali. Nokho, kunendingala enkulu: iminikelo ebekwe phakathi “kwemali engaqondakali” izinhlangano ezinjengezi - 501 (c) (4) amaqembu enhlalakahle yezenhlalo noma ama-LLLC. Umniniyo anganikeza i-501(c)(4), futhi anikeze imali enkulu kakhulu esetshenziswayo, kodwa isimemezelo sokuqala sembulayo. Lokhu kuvezwe kakhulu kusukela [FLD:0] [5] [5]

Ukuqhathanisa iMifula Exhasayo: Amabhukwana Amancane.

Aspect Small Donors (<$200) Large Donors (>$200, up to $5,000 for traditional) Mega‑Donors (>$5,000, super PAC only)
Contribution Limit No per‑donor limit; aggregate counts toward $200 threshold $5,000/year per PAC (traditional); unlimited (super PAC) Unlimited
Number of Donors Thousands or tens of thousands Dozens to hundreds Fewer than 100 often make up majority of funds
Steadiness of Revenue Recurring, but seasonal Lumpy, dependent on donor relationships Concentrated, can be pulled at any time
PAC Autonomy High — diffuse donor base reduces pressure Moderate — a few large donors can steer strategy Very low — one or two donors can dictate direction
Transparency Full disclosure (name, address, employer) for gifts >$200 Full disclosure for traditional PACs; sometimes hidden via dark money in super PACs Often hidden via LLCs or 501(c)(4) conduits

Lelitafula libonisa isimo esibucayi: abanikela ngeminikelo emincane banikeza ububanzi bentando yeningi, kuyilapho ama - PAC amaningi angaxhunyiwe enikeza amandla aphakeme, kodwa ukulinganisela kumelela yonke into kusukela ezimpikiswaneni abaza kuqala kuzo kuya kulabo abazozisekela.

Imisebenzi Ewusizo Yezincwadi Ezingaxhunyiwe

Indlela Umqashi Axuba Ngayo Ithonya Lobuthakathi

I-PAC exhaswe ngokuyinhloko yizisebenzi ezincane ezinikelayo ithambekele ekusekeleni i-populist noma inguquko yezimbangela — izimali zomkhankaso ezishibhile, ukuvikela abathengi, ubulungisa bendawo ezungezile — ngoba lezo yizindaba ezithintana nesisekelo somshisekeli we-intanethi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC ehlangene ne-PAC “ i-Democracy PC[ (ifakelwe i-aire glorillare George Soros, kodwa futhi idweba nenqwaba yabani abanikelayo) igxila ekupheliseni i-gerrymandering nelungelo lokwenza umsebenzi wokuvota. Ngokungafani, i-PAC exhaswe yizinhlangano ezinkulu ezingase-intengo noma intengi, ngokuvamile izimemezelo zokukhangisa ezizweni ze-octive George Somiester.

Izwi elicushwayo elihlotshisweyo nalo liyahluka: I-PCs ehambayo ivame ukusebenzisa izikhalo ezingokomzwelo, ukwesaba “munye umkhakha,” kanye nokuphuthuma. Ama-PAC avame ukusebenza ngendlela ecwebezelayo, izikhangiso ezisekelwe kuyi-projectus purective (ukuvikela isikhala somnikeli). Nokho, lokhu kuwukunxusa okuvamile — abanye abanikeli be-bhiliyo, njengenethi le-Koch, ifaka kakhulu ezingenisi ezinde zezimiso zokusebenza ngaphandle kokuhlasela okumfilibazisa i-62.

Imishini Ekhokhela Imali: Ubuciko Bokubuza

Nonon 76C i-PAC ifanele ivumelane nendlela yayo yokubhala ngokufaka. Kubantu abancane abanikelayo, isihluthulelo singu ukuhlelwa kwezihloko : ukuhlola izinhlu zezihloko, ukuhlukanisa izinhlu ngokunikeza, nokusebenzisa ama-ontanga (propeiling). I-PACs eziningi zinikeza futhi ngokuphiwa ngokuzenzakalelayo amakhetho (“yenze nyanga zonke”) ukuze ishelele ukugeleza kwemali. Kubantu abaningi abanikelayo, indlela ihambisana: ubuso obungalé, ukufinyezwa okukhethekile nemithetho, nezenzakalo zezokuxhumana. I-PACs ngokuvamile yenza“omkhandlu noma imikhandlu" lapho iminyango emikhulu ithola khona indlela eqondileyo.

Enye indlela entsha i- “hybrid PAC,” egcina kokubili i-PAC engokwesiko (nemingcele eqinile) ne-PAC enkulu (engenamingcele). Lokhu kuvumela ikomiti ukuba icele iminikelo emincane ye-akhawunti egciniwe ngesikhathi esifanayo ithandana ne-megazonadoners ye-PC enkulu. Izibonelo zihlanganisa Club ye-Growth Action kanye ne-Majotatity P. Phrid PaCs ingajabulela izinzuzo eziyinzuzo yotshani yotshani lapho isamukela ukuhlola okuyisishiya u-9.

Ukubona Izindawo, Ukuthola Imishini, Nempikiswano Yentando Yeningi

Ukuphoqeleka Kwemishini Engcono

Ucwaningo lomphakathi lubonisa ngokungaguquki ukusekela okunamandla kokuba bonke abanikela ngezombangazwe — kuhlanganise nalabo abafuna ama-PACC — ukuba bachazelwe ngokugcwele. I-DISCLOSE Act, ebekwe ngokuphindaphindiwe eKhongomeni, ingaphoqelela ukuba i-PAC kanye namaqembu amnyama emali ukuba abonise abanikelayo abanikela ngemali engaphezu kuka-R1 000. Abaphikisayo baphikisa ngokuthi ukuthululwa kungabangela ukuthuntula inkulumo ekhululekile futhi kuvimbele abanikelayo ukuba bangahlanganyeli, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni eziphikisanayo. INkantolo Ephakeme ibilokhu isekela izimfuneko zokwembula njengomthetho, uma nje bengenawo umthwalo osinda kakhulu.

I-Nonlandic exhunyaniswe kubantu abancane abanikelayo ngokuvamile ivumelana nephuzu lokubonana. Ishicilela iminikelo yabo ngokuthanda, iphikisa ngokuthi ukukhanya kwelanga kuyisibulala - magciwane esingcono kakhulu. Ngokuphambene, ama-PAC amakhulu ancike kubantu abambalwa abanikela ngenkampani avame ukulwa nokwembulwa, besaba ukuthi abathengi noma ababambi bemali bakhona bayakwazi ukubulala iziphene.

Imali Emnyama Nokuncipha Kokwethembana

Ukwanda kwemali emnyama — ukusetshenziswa kwezombangazwe ngokungazikhandi abanikelayo — kululaza wonke umqondo wombuso we-FEC wokwambula. Ngo-2022, i-PAC enkulu kakhulu “ Isizwe esisodwa” [ (ihlangene neSigele seNguquko seNkantolo))) yaphakamisa amashumi ezigidi zemithombo engashiwongo nge-501 (c). Lokhu kwenza ukuba kungabi nakwenzeka emphakathini ukwazi ukuthi ubani ngempela oxhasa izikhangiso ze-PAC. I-FEC i-FYC iboshwe ngemigqa elandela imithetho yokuthola imvume, ishiya isimiso sesimiso sezemthetho esingekho emthethweni.

Ku-PAC oxhaswe yi-acs encane, igebe lokubona liyinkinga yokuncintisana. Ngeke zikwazi ukufihla isisekelo sazo sezimali, kanti i-PAC enkulu ye-assodonor enkulu ingaholela ekufuneni inguquko, kuhlanganise nokufuna ukuba zonke izinhlangano zisebenzise imali engaphezu kuka-R1 000 ezikhangisweni zezombangazwe ukuze zembule abanikeli bazo abaphezulu.

Izicelo Zentando Yeningi: Ukulinganisela Ukuhlanganyela Namandla

Uhulumeni Wentando Yeningi Omncane: Ithemba Noma I - Hype?

Abasekeli bezimali ezincane zemali baphikisa ngokuthi inganciphisa ithonya elonakalisayo lemali enkulu. Isibonelo ngezinye izikhathi sibizwa ngokuthi “isimiso esinemivundla”. Izinhlelo ezifana nesimiso somphakathi sezimali (nakuba impela ziphelelwe amandla) nezinhlelo zokuqondisa izindiza ezisezindaweni ezinjengeMaine neConnecticut zibonisa ukuthi i-29donor encane efanayo ingahlanganyela kakhulu. Kuwo wonke uhulumeni, “i-Emingligist quences Act” ingenza iminikelo emincane yemali ehambisana nemali yomphakathi efana nayo — kodwa ayidlulangadlulanga.

Abagxeki baveza ukuthi ukuqoqa iqoqo elincane lokuthumela imali akulona igebe elimsulwa ngokwemvelo. Kungavuza ukuthumelelana imiyalezo ngokweqile futhi kungaxhashazwa abantu abacebile abanikela “banezinto eziningi ezincane” ezivela kubangane nozakwabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaPUC amancane asabusa amapulatifomu e-Internet asebenza njengabagcini besango — into ehlekisayo kulabo abakhathazekile ngamandla kaSilicon Valley.

Ukuthonywa Kwethonya Elikhulu Labathandi Bosizo

Kusukela i-Citaisens United, ama-PAC amakhulu aseye aba imoto eyinhloko kubantu abacebile kanye nezinkampani ukuba afake ithonya elingcono. Kukhetho lomongameli lwama 2020, abanikele ngekhulu banikeza imali eyizigidi ezingu-3,8 abanikelayo abancane bahlangene. Lokhu kubekwa kwamandla kuphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nokumelelwa. Uma umuntu anganika i-C eyizigidi ezingu-50, lowo mniniyo angafihla imibono yezinkulungwane zeminikelo emincane. Umbono weNkanto Ephakeme — ukuthi imali iyinkulumo — kusho ukuthi abacebile banezwi elikhulisiwe.

UNonngavepia C oxhunyaniswe ozama ukulinganisela kokubili abanikelayo abancane nabakhulu ngokuvamile babhekene nempi yangaphakathi. Ibhodi lingase liphikise: Ingabe kufanele silinganisele isigijimi sethu ukuze sikhange i-megałdonior yenkampani, noma sihlale sifana nesisekelo sethu esincane? Lokhu kucindezeleka kubonakala ezinhlanganweni ezifana noHlalu lwe-EMILY noma iNational Rifle’s Desicial Fund (kubili okungaxhunyaniswanga ne-PAC), okuhamba intambo eqinile phakathi kokwethembeka nezimali zenhlangano yotshani.

Isiphetho: Ukuziphendukela Kwemali Okuqhubekayo Kwe - PAC

I-PAC exhunyaniswe ayiwona ama-PAC awenziwa ngokuncishiswayo. Imithombo yabo yezimali inquma indlela abakhe ngayo, icebo, nethonya labo. Abanikeli abancane banikeza ukufaneleka kwentando yeningi, inzuzo eqinile, kanye nenkululeko yokuzilawula — kodwa badinga ukufinyelelwa okuqhubekayo kwemishini futhi bangasunduza ama-PAC eqophelweni ephezulu kakhulu e-populist. Abanikazi banikeza amandla amakhulu angokwezimali okusebenzisa imikhankanti enkulu yemikha nezimpikiswano zesizwe — kodwa ngezindleko zethonya elingase libe khona kanye nezici ze-ocerbles. I-Megaàdondoners kumhlaba omkhulu we-paC ingaveza amazinga amavotime emali, akhudwtaywonga e-plutocracy.

Isihloko sokuqala saqokomisa ngokunembile lemifula emibili exhasa imali, kodwa isimo sanamuhla sihluke kakhulu. Izinguquko ezingokomthetho, intuthuko yobuchwepheshe, nokukhula kwemali emnyama kuye kwenza umehluko phakathi kwemali encane neyabaningi abanikelayo wanda ngokungabi nalusizo. Ukuqonda lezi zindlela ezinamandla kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhamba ngezinyawo — noma ukulungisa — isimiso sezezimali saseMelika. Njengoba imijikelezo yezezimali yaseMelika isondela, i-PAC engaxhunyiwe iyaqhubeka ivumelana, futhi impikiswano ichaza ukuthi imali yakhe iyokwenza zombangazwe zethu zikhule kakhulu.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka iziqondiso ze-FTY FEC ekubhaliseni i-PAC; opensets’s PAC's short[ yemininingwane engokomlando; ne Brenan Center’s ukuhlaziya kwe-proxygentary .[FLT]]