Amandla Ahlala Njalo Esikweni Ekushintsheni Imithetho Yomshado

Umshado ungenye yezinhlangano zezenhlalayenza yasendulo nezomphakathi jikelele. Nokho, incazelo engokomthetho nengokwenhlalo ayikaze ishintshe. Ukuphoqelelwa kwamalungelo omshado anamuhla − kuhlanganise nomshado owesilisa, izinhlanga ezihlukene, nokususwa kwezimiso ezisekelwe ebulilini , kuvame ukungqubuzana namasiko akudala kakhulu. Lamasiko awawona nje amasiko avamile; ayizimiso zenkolelo eziqinile ezithonya imithetho, izimpikiswano zezombangazwe, nombono womphakathi. Ukuqonda indlela amasiko athinta ngayo amalungelo omshado kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuthatha isinyathelo noma ukuthuthukisa ushintsho emphakathini.

Ukunciphisa lokhu kuxabana okulula phakathi "kwentuthuko" no"ukuqhubekeka" kushalazela ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwendlela amasiko avumelana ngayo. Amasiko aguquka, futhi izinhlangano zamalungelo omshado zona ngokwazo ziba yingxenye yendlela yokuhlobanisa amasiko omphakathi. Izinhlangano eziphumelela kakhulu azizami ukuqeda isiko kodwa kunalokho ziwuchaza ngezindlela ezisekela kokubili isithunzi somuntu nokuqhubekela phambili kwempucuko. Lesihloko sihlola indima yenkolo, izindinganiso zobufana, ubukhomani, nezakhiwo zobuhlanga ekulolongeniseni amalungelo omphakathi, bese sihlola izindlela eziphumelelayo ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha ukwamukelwa okungokomthetho nomphakathi.

Izimfundiso Ezingokwenkolo Nethonya Lazo Ekulinganiseni Komshado

Amasiko enkolo anezici ezinamandla kakhulu emithethweni yomshado. Emazweni amaningi, incazelo engokomthetho yomshado isuka ngokuqondile emasontweni angokwenkolo. Ngokwesibonelo, ezingxenyeni ezithile zeMpumalanga Ephakathi nase-Afrika, umthetho womkhaya ulawulwa izinkantolo zenkolo. Ngisho nasezizweni zezwe, igunya lokuziphatha lezinhlangano zenkolo livame ukuhlela imiphumela yemithetho.

Nakuba amahlelo amaningi manje esekela ukulingana komshado, amanye asekela ukuthi umshado uyisibopho esingcwele esilinganiselwe endodeni nabesifazane. Ngokwesibonelo, iSonto lamaKatolika lifundisa ukuthi umshado uyisibopho esingalungiseki phakathi kwendoda nowesifazane abathambekele ekuzaleni. Lemfundiso iye yaba isithiyo esikhulu ekushadeni okungokobulili obufanayo emazweni anabantu abaningi abangamaKatolika, njenge-Italy, iPoland, ne-Latin America. Kulezi zindawo, umzabalazo womshado uye wahileleka ezingxoxweni ezindeni abaholi benkolo noma, ngokunye, ibeka impikiswano njengamalungelo omphakathi ahlukene nezezezenkolo.

Ngokuphambene, amanye amahlelo obuProthestani − njengeUnited Church of Christ nesonto lamaLuthela eMelika − aye amukela ukulingana komshado. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi amasiko enkolo awawona ama-lolithic; angachazwa kabusha noma ashintshwe. Abashisekeli bomshado ngokuvamile baye basebenzisa lemibango yangaphakathi, bacaphuna izimpikiswano zemfundiso yenkolo zokufakwa, njengesimiso sothando nobulungisa. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT: 0] Inkampani yamaLungelo e-Humanism ithatha izikhundla zemiphakathi yokholo [, inikeza usizo oluwusizo kubasekeli.

Indima yabaholi benkolo ezinhlanganweni zamalungelo omshado iye yaba nencazelo. E-United States, isinqumo sonyaka ka-2015 i-Obergefell v. Hodges sasekelwa amakhulu abefundisi abagcina i-amicus kafushane. Ngokufanayo, eNingizimu Afrika, i-pasttheid commental sclectal isiqinisekiso sokulinganisa i-LGBTQ + abantu ngabanye sabunjwa ngokwengxenye yimpikiswano engokwenkolo ngesithunzi sabantu. Nokho, ukuphikisa kuhlala kunamandla lapho amasiko enkolo egcizelela khona ukuphelelisa ubulili noma ukubheka ubungqingili njengesono. Kule mongosimongo, abashisekeli umthetho-mthetho kumelwe basebenze ngokucophelela, ngokuvamile bathole isiqinisekiso sezwe lapho inhlonipho yezindawo ezingokwenkolo zokuchaza imikhosi yabo siqu.

Izindima Ezingokwesiko Zokuba Umfana Nethonya Lazo Ngamalungelo Omshado

Umshado uye waba ithuluzi lokuhlela indima yobulili. Emazweni amaningi, indoda kulindeleke ukuba ibe umnakekeli nomholi wekhaya, kuyilapho inkosikazi iyinakekeli nomgcini wekhaya. Lezi zindima ziqiniswa ngamasiko anjengamadoli, intengo yelobolo, nendawo yokuhlala yasekhaya (lapho umfazi ehamba eya ekhaya lomyeni). Izinhlangano zamalungelo omshado zanamuhla ezibekela lezi zindima inselele, ngokukhuthaza amalungelo alinganayo obuzali, ubuni bempahla, noma ilungelo lokushada kungakhathaliseki ubulili.

Ngokwesibonelo, ezingxenyeni ze-South Asia ne-Saharan engaphansi kwe-Afrika, abashisekeli bamalungelo abesifazane baye balwa ukuze balungise imithetho yomshado ephatha abafazi njengempahla. ENdiya, uMthetho we-Hindu Frandsion Act wavuselelwa ngo-2005 ukuze unike amadodakazi amalungelo alinganayo efa, kodwa umkhuba welobolo uyaqhubeka, ngokuvamile uholela ebudloveni. Ukumiswa kwamalungelo omshado kanye nobulungisa bungasho ukuthi izinhlangano kumelwe zikhulume ngokuthi ubani ongashada kodwa futhi zenzeni emshadweni. Abesifazane baye bafaka izimpawu ngendlela imikhuba yomshado engokwesiko ekhuthaza ngayo ukungalingani .

Ngokufanayo, ukuqashelwa komshado ofanayo wobulili kubangela izinselele eziqondene ngqo nezindima zobulili. Emiphakathini lapho ubudoda nobufazi kuchazwa ngokuqinile, ukuvumela amadoda amabili noma abesifazane ababili ukuba bashade kuphazamise umbono wokuthi umshado uhlobene kakhulu nobulili. Yingakho, emazweni anjengeJapane ne-South Korea, lapho amathemba angokwesiko obufanayo, ukushada okungokwabesilisa nabesifazane kuqhubekela phambili kancane kakhulu, ngisho noma ukusekela komphakathi kukhula.

Imithetho Yamakoloni Nemininingwane Yawo Yangemva Kwekoloni

Amasiko amasiko awami ndawonye; aye alolongwa ukunqoba, ukuhlanganisa amakoloni, nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Emiphakathini eminingi yangemva kwezindawo zobukoloni, imithetho yomshado iyingxubevange yamasiko abomdabu, imithetho engokomthetho yamazwe akhona, nezinguquko zangemva kokukhomba. Le nqubo exubile ingadala kokubili izithiyo namathuba ezinhlangano zamalungelo omshado.

Ngokwesibonelo, amakoloni amaningi aseBrithani ayezuza ifa lemithetho esekelwe embonweni womthetho ovamile womshado njengaphakathi kwendoda nomfazi oyedwa. Nokho, ayenemithetho engokwesiko ngezinye izikhathi eyayiqaphela isithembu noma ezinye izinhlobo zomshado. Uma abashisekeli befuna ukushada okuxekethile, ngokuvamile bamangalelwa ngokungenisa "inani elihlangene nesonto, isigwebo esithatha imingcele emelene nomzwelo womshado. Emazweni anjenge-Uganda ne-Nigeria, imithetho evimbela ukuthatha izithembu noma ezinye izinhlobo zomshado iye yathethelelwa njengokuvikela izindinganiso ezingokwesiko zase-Afrika ngokumelene neNtshonalanga yeshumi leminyaka. Kodwa izazi zendabuko ziye zaphawula ukuthi izivumelwano ezifanayo zobuhlobo obungokwesilisa ubulili nobulili zikhona emiphakathini eminingi yangaphambi kwe-Afrika. Imibuso yamazwe ngokwawo yakha imithetho enqabela le mikhuba.

Abathathi-nxaxheba baye bafunda ukuvuselela ingxoxo ngokuphinde bavule amasiko abomdabu. ENingizimu Afrika, ukufakwa komthetho-sisekelo we-partheid wenkambo yobulili kwavezwa kungeyiwo njengokwethula kodwa njengokubuyela emazingeni ahlukene u-ubuntu[FLT][1] ifilosofi, egcizelela ukuhlangana nesithunzi sobuntu. Ngokufanayo, izizwe zamaMelika oMdabu zinezinyunyana ezizimele zabantu ababili abaMkhundla kanye nezinyunyana ezifanayo. Ngokususa amalungelo omshado anamuhla asho ukuthi akhona kula masiki, izinhlangano zinganciphisa ukubekwa kwecala kwempucuko.

Izimiso Ze - Kinship Nezakhiwo Ezandisiwe Zomkhaya

Akubona bonke abantu abachaza umshado njengesibopho sabantu ababili. Ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, umshado uwubunye phakathi kwemikhaya, amaqembu, noma uhlu lozalo. Lokhu kuhlobene kakhulu nezinhlangano zamalungelo omshado. Ngokwesibonelo, ukushada okuhleliwe kuvamile e-South Asia, eMpumalanga Ephakathi, nasezingxenyeni ze-Afrika. Ukugcizelela kugcizelelwa kokufanelana kwezenhlalo, ukuqina kwezomnotho, nodumo lomkhaya kunokuthandana. Ezimisweni ezinjalo, umqondo wokukhetha umngane womshado osekelwe othandweni kuphela.

ENdiya, impi yokulingana komshado iye yalolongwa yisici sokuzikhethela komuntu ngamunye nomkhaya. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iguqulelwe ekusondelaneni okufanayo okungokobulili ngo-2018, isekhona ukubhalisa umshado olinganayo. Isithiyo esikhulu ingumbono wokuthi umshado uyindaba yomkhaya, hhayi nje impikiswano ephephile. Lemiklamo eshintshayo idinga ukuguqula imithetho yomkhaya, hhayi ukudlulisa imithetho yomkhaya.

Emiphakathini egcwele abantu abafayo, ukulahlekelwa indodana emshadweni ofanayo kungabhekwa njengosongo ohlwini lozalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emiphakathini ehlala abafilikazi njengeMinangkabau yase-Indonesia noma i-Mosuo yaseChina, ifa nempahla edlula ngabesifazane, futhi imikhuba yomshado isivumelana kakhulu. Abacwaningi baye bathola ukuthi imiphakathi enjalo ivame ukubonisa ukuvuleka okukhulu ebuhlotsheni obungebona obungokwesiko.

Ukuhlola Icala: Indlela Izinhlangano Eziye Zaphumelela Ngayo Noma Zachukuluzwa Ngayo

E - United States: Ukusuka Emakoloni Asebukweni Kuya Ekuvikelweni Komthetho - sisekelo

Uhambo oluholela ekulinganani komshado e-United States luyisibonelo esinamandla sendlela isiko elingaguqulwa ngayo kancane kancane. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, umthetho womshado waseMelika wawusekelwe kakhulu esikweni lobuKristu nasebuthweni lesigaba sobuhlanga. Umshado we-interracial wavinjelwa emazweni amaningi kwaze kwaba ngo1967 Long Long v. Virginia. Umshado olinganayo wesilisa nowesinye wabhekana nokumelana okukhulu. Nokho, lenhlangano yathola amandla ngokwakha amasiko omshado ngokwawo: ngokuphikisa ukuthi imibhangqwana efanayo efuna ukuthatha isigaba esifanayo, ukuzuza ukuqina nokuqaphela komphakathi okuhambisana nomshado. Impumelelo yenhlangano ixhomeke futhi ekushintsheni umbono womphakathi ngemibuzwelo yezindaba, ukulandisa, nokusekela okubonakalayo komphakathi, kuhlanganise nabaholi benkolo, kuhlanganise nabaho benkolo benkolo. Ngo- 2015, iNkakhulu iNkakhulu yeNkakhulu yenkolo eqaphela ukuphatha isigaba esifanayo somthetho wenkolo, kodwa iyaqhubeka kwezinye izinkolo.

ENingizimu Afrika: Inguquko Yomthetho - sisekelo

I-South Africa iwukuphela kwezwe lase-Afrika lapho umshado ofanayo usemthethweni khona. Lokhu kwafezwa ngokwengxenye ngoba umthetho-sisekelo wangemva kwe-apartheid ulunqabela ngokuqondile ubandlululo ngesisekelo sokuthambekela kwabantu ngokobulili. Lenhlangano yasebenzisa ulimi lwamalungelo abantu, olwaqala ngemva kokulwa nobandlululo. Kodwa amasiko amasiko, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabansundu baseNingizimu Afrika, aye asho ukuthi ukukhohliswa kwabantu ngenxa yokuqashelwa okungokomthetho. Activivas uyaqhubeka esebenza phakathi kweziphathimandla namasonto amasiko ukuze athuthukise ukuqonda.

IJapane: Isiko njenge - Brake Ehamba Kancane

IJapane ayinawo umthetho wesizwe wokulingana kwemishado, ngisho noma ukusekela komphakathi kuphakeme (cishe ngo 68% ngokweziphetho zamuva). Izithiyo eziyinhloko azikho ezingokwenkolo (iSinto nobuBuddha zinokuphikisa okuncane kwemfundiso) kodwa kunalokho isiko eliqinile lesimiso sokwenza amanani emali (koseki). Lesimiso sichaza imikhaya engokomthetho njengehlanganisa indoda eyodwa nowesifazane oyedwa. Ukuyiguqula idinga ukuvuseliswa kakhulu kwemiphakathi nezimiso zomphakathi. Amapulaneti asendaweni aqala ukunikeza iziqinisekiso zobuhlobo obunye, kodwa lendlela yokungaqashelwa okungokomthetho. Inhlangano iye yasebenza ngokusebenza, ngezikhathi ezithile, ngenkathi ikha iqembu lotshani.

ENigeria: Ukusetshenziswa Kwezikhali Ngokwesiko

ENigeria, i-Safana Sexmeth Marriage (Isivumelwano Sokubulalana) ngo-2014 iveza ubuhlobo obufanayo bobulili nokusekela komphakathi. Umthetho wamiswa ngokusekela okukhulu, wabekwa njengokuvikela amasiko amasiko nezindinganiso ezingokwenkolo zase-Afrika ethonyeni laseNtshonalanga. Lapha, abameleli bamalungelo omshado basebenza ngokuhlakanipha, bagxile ekusindeni nasekulweni kwamalungelo abantu kunasekushintsheni ngokomthetho. Inkolelo yesiko iye yaphumelela kakhulu kangangokuba ngisho nabezombangazwe abalinganiselayo bagwema le ndaba. Icebo lenhlangano liwukunikeza ukusekela komphakathi kanye nosizo olungokomthetho kulabo ababhekene nethonya ngaphansi komthetho, kuyilapho futhi besebenzela ukubhala izivumelwano ezingokomlando zobulili namasiko.

Izinqubo Ezisebenzayo: Umkhuba Wokuzitika Ngaphandle Kokuwubhubhisa

Izinhlangano zanamuhla zamalungelo omshado ezifinyelela ushintsho oluhlala njalo azimane nje zihlasele isiko, kunalokho, zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene eziyinkimbinkimbi.

  • Ukuhlela Umshado njenge-Evoring Institution: Izazi zemithetho zikhumbuza imiphakathi ukuthi umshado ubulokhu ushintsha(kusuka ekuthunyelweni kwempahla kuya ebuhlotsheni, kusukela ekuhlelweni kuya othandweni. Lombono ongokomlando usiza ekushintsheni ushintsho oluvamile.
  • [ Abaholi bezenkolo nomphakathi: Izinhlangano zakha ubuhlobo nabefundisi abanozwela, abadala, nababusi abavamile. Ngokwesibonelo, eTaiwan amaqembu amaBuddha namaTao ahlukaniswa, futhi abashisekeli bazuza ngokuphumelelayo ukusekelwa emathempelini amakhulu phambi komthetho omthetho owenziwe ngo-2017-2017.
  • Ukusebenzisa uLimi lwamalungelo Abantu:[ lwamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke lunikeza amagama adlula amasiko endawo. iZizwe Ezihlangene Free & Umkhankaso olinganayo [ uyinto eyinhloko enikeza ukulingana njengomthetho welungelo lomhlaba wonke.
  • Inguquko engokomthetho engokwemfashini: Emazweni amaningi, ukulingana okugcwele emshadweni kwandulelwa ukuqashelwa okuncane njengokuhlangana kwasekhaya, ukuhlangana komphakathi, noma ukubhalisana. Lokhu kuthatha izinyathelo ezijwayelana nomphakathi futhi kuvumele izimiso zomthetho ukuba zilungise.
  • Ukulandisa nokubonakala: Ukulandisa komuntu siqu kuveza indaba ngendlela engokoqobo. Uma imikhaya, omakhelwane, nosebenza nabo behlanganyela izindaba zabo, izimpikiswano ezifiphele ziba sobala. Lokhu kuphumelela kakhulu ekuqoqeni amasiko omphakathi lapho ubuhlobo bomuntu siqu bubaluleke kakhulu kunezimiso ezifiphele.
  • Ukuvikela iNkululeko Engokwenkolo:[ Imithetho eminingi ephumelelayo ihlanganisa ukukhulula ezinhlanganweni zenkolo ezingafuni ukuhlukanisa ubulili obufanayo. Lokhu kuhlehlisa inhlonipho ngesiko kuyilapho kunikeza ukulingana okungokomthetho.

Indima Yemfundo Nemithombo Yezindaba

Amasiko angokwesiko adluliselwa ngemindeni, izikole, nangemithombo yezindaba. Ngakho ukuguqula amalungelo omshado kudinga ukushintsha lemikhondo yokulandisa. Emazweni amaningi, imfundo ngezindlela zomkhaya ezihlukene kanye nendlela yobulili iphikisana. Nokho, ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ukuchayeka emibonweni ehlukahlukene yezokuxhumana (telewn), amabhayisikobho, imithombo yezindaba yezenhlalo . Ngokwesibonelo, ukumiswa ngokomthetho komshado ofanayo oxhunyiwe eIreland ngo 2015 kwaqala ngengxoxo enkulu yomphakathi yezokuxhumana kwezenhlalakahle nezindaba, lapho izinkulungwane zabantu zavela khona kubangane nasemindekweni.

Emiphakathini engokwesiko, imikhankaso yemfundo kumelwe ibe nesizotha ngokwesiko. EThailand, ukubonakala kwabobulili obufanayo kuqondwa phakathi kwemikhakha ehlanganisa kathoey (ngokuvamile ehunyushwa ngokuthi "umfowenu"). Activosss baye basebenzisa leliqembu elikhona lezempucuko ukuze balwe ngamalungelo omshado ahlanganisa ukwahlukahlukana kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Ngokufanayo, eBrazil, isiko ascandomblé[ kanye nezinye izinkolo ze-Brazil esezamukelekile kakade ubuhlobo obufanayo-exxène, obunikeza isisekelo somthetho soshintsho.

Isiphetho: Isiko Eliyi - Bogarrier Nebhuloho

Amasiko angokwesiko awasona nje isithiyo ezinhlanganweni zamalungelo omshado zanamuhla; futhi ayimithombo engachazwa kabusha. Wonke umphakathi unezibonelo zothando, ukuzinikela, nobudlelwane eziphikisana nezincazelo eziqinile. Izinhlangano eziphumelela kakhulu yilezo ezihlonipha ukubaluleka okujulile okungokomzwelo nokungokwenhlalo kuyilapho ziphikelela ekuhlonishweni kwesithunzi esilinganayo sabo bonke abantu. Ngokuhlanganyela esikweni [1] Ngokulilahla ngokomthetho, `izisebenzi ezingakha izibophini eziqinile futhi zifinyelele ushintsho olujulile noluhlala njalo.

Ikusasa lamalungelo omshado liyoxhomeka ekutheni imiphakathi ingathola yini izindlela zokuhlonipha ifa layo lezempucuko kuyilapho imukela isidingo esiyisisekelo somuntu sokwakha imikhaya nokukhulisa abantwana ngothando nokulondeka. Ikhambi ngeke litholakale esifanekisweni esisodwa esilinganayo, kodwa enqubeni yokuxoxa, ukujwayela, nokufaka isibindi.