Ukushintsha Okukhulayo Komthetho Wokuphoqelelwa Nokungabi Nakhaya

Kuyo yonke i-United States, ubuhlobo phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho nabantu abangenamakhaya buchazwa kakhulu umthetho wezwe. Lemithetho ayishicileli nje kuphela isimo sezenzakalo zansuku zonke zomgwaqo kodwa futhi nezimiso zezimiso ezibanzi ezilandela izinhlangano. Njengoba inani labangahlaliyo linyuka ezindaweni eziningi.Njengoba uMnyango Wezindlwana ne-Urban Development ufaka imibiko yokungabi namakhaya kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-650 000 abahlushwa ukulahlekelwa ikhaya ngobusuku obubodwa ngo-2023.Nkathi impikiswano yokuthi imibuso yezobuchwepheshe yamazwe iyaqhubeka futhi iphoqelela lemithetho iyaphuthuma. Amanye amazwe ancike ekuphanyeni kobugebengu, ukuphatha imisa izakhiwo zomphakathi noma ukulala njengezehlule. Abanye balandela izingxeko ezisekela izikhulu ezihlangene nezinkonzo zomphakathi. Ukuqonda lolubala kanye nemiphumela emikhakhelweni yamaphoyisa ingaqondisa futhi ikhiphe izinhlelo ezingabantu.

Indlela Imithetho Kahulumeni Ethonya Ngayo Imithetho Yamaphoyisa Nezinto Eziza Kuqala

Iminyango yamaphoyisa isebenza ngaphansi kwezimiso zikahulumeni, imithetho yendawo, nezimiso zomnyango. Umthetho kahulumeni ufeza indima enamandla kakhulu ngoba ubeka isisekelo esingokomthetho salokho izikhulu ezingakwenza futhi ezingenakukwenza. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho kahulumeni owenqabela ngokucacile ukulala emigwaqweni yomphakathi unikeza izikhulu igunya elicacile lokuphoqelela lowomthetho, ngokuvamile ngokufaka izimemezelo noma ngokuboshwa. Ngokuphambene, umthetho kahulumeni onciphisa ukulala empahleni yomphakathi ngaphandle kokuba indawo yokukhosela ukhuthaza izikhulu ukuba zihlole kuqala indawo yokukhosela nokunikeza izinto zokuhamba.

Ukuchaza izenzo ezikhombayo

Umehluko phakathi kwezenzo ezivunyelwe nezokujezisa uxhomeke ekwakheni imithetho kazwelonke. Imithetho enqabela ukwenziwa "ukugawulwa" ngengubo nobhantshi, noma "ukugwedla" ezindaweni zomphakathi, ngokuphumelelayo yenza ukungabi namakhaya kube ubugebengu. i-National Homess Beasy Comment Center [[[FLLD:1]] ilandele ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwemithetho enjalo kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2024. Uma izikhulu zidingeka ngemithetho ukukhipha izingcaphuzo zale zenzo, azikwazi ukuqondisa abantu ngabanye ezinkonzweni. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, njengaseWashington i-Washington idlulise imithetho ehlela "ukubophezela" futhi ifuna ukuba kunikezwe ukwaziswa ngaphambi kokugcinwa kwezenzo. Le komiti ishintsha indima yayo i-mfashini enziswayo ukuba ihambisane ne-mfa yento ngayinye.

Ukuxhasa Imithombo Nemithetho

Uhlelo lwemali luka-2023 lwase California luhlanganisa amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-2023 ngenxa yokungena komhlala-khaya nezinhlelo zokusebenzisa imali exhasa amaqembu angenamakhaya, izinhlangano zempilo yengqondo, noma izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ezikhethekile zingaguqula indlela iminyango esebenza ngayo. Ngokwesibonelo, imali ye-computer yaseCalifornia engenisa amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-50 ngenxa yokungena ngaphandle komakhaya nezinhlelo zokuzihlela ezihambisana nomthetho. Uma ukuxhasa okunjalo kuhlangene nemithetho, izikhulu zinikezwa ukuba zisebenzise izindlela ezihambelanayo kunokusebenzisana nabasebenzi. Ngaphandle kwalezi zindawo, ngisho nezikhulu ezinezibophakamelane kahle zingabuya emuva ekuqashelweni ngenxa yokugcinwa kwemithetho ngenxa yokungatholi amathuluzi okungasetshenziswa.

Ihlaya Lombuso: Ubugebengu, Ukuvuselelwa, Nokusekelwa

Izwe lamanje lomthetho kahulumeni lingahlukaniswa cishe ngokwezigaba ezintathu: ubugebengu, umthetho ohlangene nenkonzo, nokususa ubugebengu ngokusekela. Izibonelo zezwe langempela zibonisa indlela indlela ngayinye ethinta ngayo ukusebenzelana kwamaphoyisa nemiphumelo.

Ubugebengu: Isibonelo Sesijeziso

Izifundazwe eziningi, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu nase-Southwest, ziye zamisa imithetho ekwenza ngamabomu ukuziphatha okungathandeki okubangelwa ukungabi namakhaya. Ngokwesibonelo, iTexas, igcina imithetho emelene nokumisa amatende ezindaweni zomphakathi nokulala ezimotweni, ngokuvamile iqiniswa ngemicaba ephethe amahlazo anezimfuneko ezilindelekile. E-Oklahoma, i-2024 yayenza ibe yisigebengu sokuhlala ezindaweni zomphakathi uma imibhede yokukhosela ikhona. Abaphathi balezi zikhundla babika ukuthi bavame ukuchitha ingxenye enkulu yemithetho yabo ebhalisa ukugcinwa okuhlobene nendawo engenamakhaya. Ngokwezintshumayelo ze-Pultice Agencement Forum (PERF), izikhulu ezigawula ezihambelani ezinjalo zilinganisela ukuthi abantu abangenamakhaya, abahoxiweyo abaningi ababoshelwayo, ababoshwe ngenkathi yokuboshwa, futhi baphinde batholakale ngokusebenza kweminyaza izindlu.

Ngaphandle kwemiphumela, ukuhlanganisa amaphoyisa ngobugebengu. Abantu abangenamakhaya baba abangathembi izikhulu, benciphisa ukuzimisela kwabo ukubika ubugebengu noma ukwamukela usizo. Okwamanje, izikhulu zingakhungatheka ngenxa yokugcinwa kabusha kwamaphoyisa ngaphandle komkhakha wesikhathi eside. Inhlangano yeJaji [[FLT:] iphawula ukuthi ubugebengu buvame ukubuya ngokungemthetho, kwandisa umthwalo wezisebenzi emaphoyiseni kuyilapho ihluleka ukunciphisa ukungabi namakhaya.

Ukuvuselela Izindawo Ezihlotshaniswa Nenkonzo: Izwe Eliphakathi Nezwe

Ezinye izigodi ziye zakhetha indlela ephakathi: zivimbela ukuziphatha okuthile kodwa zifuna izikhulu ukuba ziqale zizame ukuxhumanisa abantu ngezinkonzo. Indlela yeCalifornia iyisibonelo esivelele. Nakuba umbuso wenqabela ukumisa amatende kwezinye izindawo zomphakathi (njengezikole noma izikhungo zokuthutha), futhi izimali ezinkulu zokuhlala nezinhlelo zezempilo zengqondo. Izikhulu ze-Los Angeles Police Department, ngokwesibonelo, ziqeqeshelwe ukukhipha izixwayiso ngamazwi futhi zinikeze izikhoselo zokukhosela ngaphambi kokukhipha umlomo. Icala leNkantolo ePhakathi yaseCalifornia lingu-201 [[FLT:] Maritin v. City of Boise ithonya lesilinganiso ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi amadolobha awana awana awana ukulala ngaphandle uma eswele indawo yokuhlala. Njengomphumela, isikhulu sesikhulu sesikhulu sesikhulu sesikhulu sesikhulu sesikhulu sesikhulu sesikhulu sesizwe esitholakalayo.

Uma sisebenza, lesi sibonelo sisebenza kuphela lapho isakhiwo senkonzo siqinile. Abaphathi-mikhosi kumelwe babe nezindawo zokukhosela ezikhona manje, izindlela zokuhamba, nesisekelo somsebenzi wezenhlalakahle ukuze benze indlela engcono. Uma lezo zici zihluleka − njengalapho kuswelakala indawo yokukhosela noma lapho kusetshenziswa imali exhasayo ngokwezimali. Noma kunjalo, izikhulu zeColorado neWashington ziye zazama lokhu kulinganisela, ngokuxubana kodwa ngokuvamile kuveza imiphumela emihle kuwo womabili amaphoyisa namaqembu alwa namaqembu esizwe.

Ukukhohliswa Okusekelayo: Ukudlulisela Igunya Ezinhlanganweni

I-Oregon ime esiphethweni esisekela kakhulu. Kusukela iSigqebhezana samaLungelo esingahlali Ekhaya ngo-2013, isifundazwe siye sawavimbela ngokuqondile amadolobha ukuba angangeni emathikithini noma ukuboshela abantu ukulala ngaphandle uma kungekho ngendawo yokukhosela. I-2023 House Bill 3195 iqinisa ngokwengeziwe ngokunqabela ohulumeni bendawo ekuhlaseleni amatende ngokuphamba nokufuna ukuba ukugcinwa kube yiyona ndlela yokugcina ngemva kokuphuma nokukhosela. Izimali zezisebenzi ezihamba ngezimoto kanye nochwepheshe abasebenza emaphoyiseni. Le ndawo yemithetho ikhuthaza izikhulu ukuba zikhonze ngokuyinhloko njengezisebenzi ze-partry phoidsss.

Imininingwane yePortland Police Bureau ibonisa ukuthi ngemva kokusebenzisa ukuxhumana okubambisana, isikhulu esisebenza nabantu abangenamakhaya esiye sancipha ngamaphesenti angu-30 kusukela ku-2021 kuya ku-2023, kuyilapho ukubophela izinkonzo zomphakathi ngokuzithandela kwanda. Abaphathi babika ukwaneliseka okuphezulu komsebenzi nokucindezeleka okunciphile kule misebenzi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuyeka ngokuphelele ukulala ngempoqo kungaholela ezingozini zempilo yomphakathi, kodwa i-Oregon ikhuluma ngale ndlela ngesimiso sokukhucumisa indleka okuqinile. Ibhizinisi liwukuthi umbuso kumelwe uthengenze imali eqolo ezinkonzweni, into okungakholeki kuyo yonke imibuso noma okuzoyilandela.

Imiphumela Eqondile Ekusebenzelaneni Namaphoyisa: Ukuqeqesha, Ukuhlakanipha Nemiphumela

Isimiso somthetho silolonga ngokuqondile izinga lanoma ikuphi ukuphoqelelwa komthetho nabantu abangenamakhaya.

Ukuqeqesha Abantu Ngaphansi Kwezigwegwe Ezihlukene Zezomthetho

Imithetho yoMbuso ivame ukuphoqelela amaphoyisa ukuba aqhube izikole kanye nokuqeqesha okungokwezentengiselwano ukuba kuhlanganise ukwaneliswa ngokungabi namakhaya, impilo engokwengqondo, nokuncishiswa kwemithetho. Ezizweni zobugebengu, ukuqeqeshwa kungagxila ezicini ezingokomthetho zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwezindawo − Hho ukuba abhekisele ngokufanele kumuntu ozomisa itende, ukuthi angamgwema kanjani umcimbi. Ezizweni ezisekelayo, ukuqeqesha kugcizelela ukuxhumana okubuhlungu, ulwazi lwemithombo yomphakathi, kanye namasu okuthembisa ngokuzithandela. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho kaWashington udinga zonke izikhulu ukuba ziqede izifundo “zokungaqapheli nokungatholi lutho nokukhokha izinto. ” IFlorida, ngokuphikisana, akukho gunyaza okunjalo, futhi izikhulu zayo zithola isiqondiso esincane ngaphandle kwezimiso ezivamile. Inqubo i - profecegen isho ukuhlukana okukhulu.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuyisikhulu: Ukwahlulela Komuntu Okuguquguqukayo

Ngisho naphakathi kwesifundazwe, izikhulu ngazinye zisebenzisa ukuhlakanipha okukhulu ukuthi ziqinisekise umthetho noma zinikeze usizo. Imithetho imisa imingcele, kodwa isimo esisheshayo `````FLD','isimilo somuntu, izinkonzo ezikhona, umsebenzi wesikhulu ngokwaso,) umnini ngokomthetho owenziwe ngempumelelo. Ucwaningo lwa 2024 olwakhishwa [[FLD:0] i-Cristology & Lamp; uPriclicy[[ [i] uthola ukuthi izikhulu ezisezizweni ezinemithetho esekelayo zazingakhomba kakhulu ekunikezeni isikhoselo (28% yemibango) kunalezo ezisemcimbisweni zobugebengu). Nokho, ngisho nakusho okusekelayo, ukucushwa kungathonywa yi-mfacelo noma ukungaqondani kwemithombo. Lokhu kugcizelela okuhambisana nokuzinziwa ngokuqhubekayo; umthetho okumelwe kuqinisekiswe ngokusebenza nokuzinziswa ngokuqhubekayo.

Ukulinganisa Imiphumela: Ukuboshwa, Ukucaciswa, Nezihlongozo Zenkonzo

Imininingwane ephathelene nokusebenzelana kwamaphoyisa nabantu abangenamakhaya ivame ukuhlukana, kodwa kuvela izindlela ezinkulu zobugebengu. Izwe elinemithetho yobugebengu livame ukuveza amazinga aphakeme okuboshwa nokucatshulwa kwamacala amancane. Ngokwesibonelo, eTexas, amaphesenti acishe abe ngu-40 abo bonke abantu abangenamakhaya eHouston aphumela ekuhlonyeni, ngokwengxelo yedolobha lama 2023. Ezifundazweni ezisekelayo, aveza amaqembu ahlukene aveza izigwedlo zokuhamba ezindlini noma ezinkingeni zempilo zengqondo. Umsebenzisi [FLT] isimiso senkonzo semida sinqamula izifunda zamazwe, kubonisa ukuthi abantu abangenamakhaya abaxhunyiwe ngemisebenzi yamaphoyisa banethuba eliphakeme lama - 20% lokuphuma ngaphandle kwezindawo ezisekwezini ezisemnyango zezenzweni zamaphoyisa. Ezweni lezo ezisezingenisezingeni lokuphumelela ngisho nezinhlelo zezinhlelo zezokukhampatho ezingcono kakhulu.

Ukuhlola Icala: Ukuqhathanisa Imiphumela Yemithetho Ezweni Langempela

Ukuhlola amadolobha nezifunda ezithile kwembula indlela umthetho oholela ngayo kokuhlangenwe nakho kokubili kwamaphoyisa nabantu abangenamakhaya.

ILos Angeles, eCalifornia: Ukulinganisela Izindawo Zokufuya Nezokuhlala

I-Los Angeles isebenza ngaphansi kwe-mfashini exubile. Imithetho yedolobha iyanqabela ukumisa amatende ezindaweni ezithile, njengasezindaweni eziseduze nezikole nasemaphethelweni, kodwa umthetho wezwe nemithetho yenkantolo ilinganisela ukugcinwa kwamandla uma indawo yokukhosela ingekho. I-Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) isebenzisa “isikhulu sokuxhumana okungenamakhaya” uhlelo lwezikhulu ezihamba ngezikhathi ezimbili nezisebenzi zezenhlalakahle. Ngo-2023, idolobha elibikwe ukuxhumana kwamacala angu-75 000 aphumele ezinkonzweni, okunombhalo owehluleka kuphela. Nokho, ukuntuleka okungapheli kwemibhede yezikhundla zokukhongo (igebe yemikhawulo engu-10 000) kusho ukuthi ukugcinwa kwemithetho elandelwa yize ukuba igcinwe ngemithetho engenakusekelwa ngokugcwele ngezinkonzo. Lendaba ibonisa ukuthi ngisho naleyo ezindaweni ezikhona lapho izivumelwano zemali ziwohloka.

IHouston, ETexas: Ithonya Lokwenziwa Kwesigebengu Emgwaqweni

Houston uyisibonelo sokuthatha indawo yobugebengu. Leli dolobha liphoqelela ukuvinjelwa kokuhlala ematendeni okuvame ukuphumela ekukhonjweni ngo-R100-500 (R180). Abantu abangakwazi ukukhokha imvume kanye nesikhathi sokuboshwa. I Houston Police Department ineqembu elinikezelwe “elingenamakhaya,” kodwa lincane futhi alikho ngokomthetho. Izikhulu eziningi zokuqondisa azikuqeqeshelwa ukukhokha. Izifundo zekhokha lokukhokha iMaliti zithola ukuthi cishe ingxenye yabantu abangenamakhaya ababoshelwe ukulala bebengenamakhaya isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, futhi abangu-90% abangazange banikezwa indawo yokuhlala. Ukuxhumana okuneminyango, ukuvalelwa okungekho nkonzo. Izikhulu zeze zezentengiselwano zamazwe ziye zabiza umthetho osekelayo, kodwa izikhundla zezombangazwe ezinamandla kakhulu.

Portland, Oregon: Ukubhuntshiswa Kobugebengu Nezinkampani Zomphakathi

Indlela yePortland, esekelwe emithethweni esekelayo ka-Oregon, incike kakhulu ekuhlanganeni komphakathi. Isikhungo sezemisebenzi yezezimali saseStreet Services Coonatiation Center sedolobha” sithumela amaqembu ahambayo ezisebenzi eziqashayo namaphoyisa njengalokho okudingekayo. Abaphathi bathola umugqa onikezelwe wokuya emthola-malini owenzelwe ukunikeza izinto ongahlela indawo yokukhosela noma usizo lwezokwelapha. Ngokwe-2024 yedolobha ukuhlola izakhiwo zomphakathi, 82% yabantu abangenamakhaya abahlangabene namaphoyisa bamukela inkonzo lapho bekhona. Ukubekwa kwezindawo zokumisa amaphoyisa amaqembu athatha isibopho sokuzithandela. Nokho, imboni ayikho ngaphandle kokugxeka: abanye abanikazi nezakhamuzi bakhononda ngokuthi ikamu elibonakalayo liyaqhubeka, futhi idolobha liye lasebenzisa imali ekwandleni nasekulungiseni udoti.

Izindlela Zokushaya Indiva Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziqaphela kakhulu ithonya imithetho yazo enalo ebuhlotsheni bamaphoyisa nama-common. Izimo eziningi zithonya ikusasa.

Ukuqala “Kwencwadi Yamalungelo Ezakhamuzi Ezingenamakhaya” Umthetho

Ilandela isibonelo sika-Oregon, i-Maine, Connecticut, ne-Colorado isho noma idlulise izikweletu eziqinisekisa amalungelo ayisisekelo kubantu abangenamakhaya, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuhlala ezindaweni zomphakathi nesivikelo sokucwasa. Lemithetho ilinganisela amaphoyisa futhi iphoqelela iminyango ekubopheni isithembiso somshado kunokuba iqiniswe. Kusukela ngo-2025, okungenani amazwe ayishumi nambili anezikwelethi ezicatshangelwayo. Umfutho wezombangazwe usikisela ukuthi umthetho osekelayo ungakhuphunyuka, kodwa ubhekene nokuphikiswa okunzima kwamaqembu alawula ukuhleleka komphakathi kanye nempahla.

Umthetho-Drive-Alandul

Amazwe namadolobha futhi asebenzisa ukwaziswa ukuze ahlole ukuthi ukusebenzelana kwamaphoyisa kuthinta kanjani izinga lokungabi namakhaya nokuphepha komphakathi. Lokhu kubika okuphathelene nomphakathi ohlangene nezikhulu, amazinga okuncelisa, kanye nemiphumela yokusebenza kuya ngokuvame kakhulu. Umthetho ka-2024 waseCalifornia ufuna ukuba yonke iminyango yamaphoyisa ibike imininingwane yokuxhumana ngaphandle komakhaya minyaka yonke, okuzosiza abenzi bezimiso ukuba balungise ukuxhaswa kwezimali nokuqeqeshwa. Lokhu kungaqeda ukuhlelwa kwemali futhi kukhuthaze ukwabiwa kwempahla engcono.

Indima Yethonya Lomphakathi

Nakuba izifundazwe zingabadlali abayinhloko, isiqondiso sikahulumeni sibuye silolonge indawo. U.S. Intergancy Council on Homehassiss (USICH) itusa ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kube “umsizi oqeda ukungabi namakhaya, hhayi isithiyo.” Imvume yosizo lokungahlali ivame ukudinga ukuba amazwe amukele imikhuba ethile esekelayo. Nokho, uhulumeni ngeke ususe imithetho yobugebengu, ngakho ushintsho luhlala lungalingani.

Ukutuswa Kwabenzi Bomthetho Nabaholi Bamaphoyisa

Ngokwalokho bufakazi, izinyathelo eziningana zikakhonkolo zingathuthukisa ukusebenzelana kwamaphoyisa nabantu abangenamakhaya.

  • [[[QT:0] Imithetho ejezisa isidingo esiyisisekelo sokuphumula samaphoyisa angenasidingo futhi uphumule ezindaweni zomphakathi lapho ingekho indawo yokukhosela.
  • Ingene phambili kwezinye izimiso zokuphendula. Amaqembu angenawo anamandla, amaqembu engqondo asebenza ngengqondo, kanye nama-mousellar angakwazi ukusingatha izingcingo eziningi eziya emaphoyiseni manje. Lokhu kunciphisa umthwalo kubaphathi kuyilapho kunikeza ukunakekela okungcono.
  • Izwe elifuna ukuqeqeshwa okuyisibopho ngokuphikiswana ngengozi ebangelwa ukukhubazeka, imithombo yendawo, namalungelo angokomthetho abantu abangenamakhaya. Izwe elenza lokhu libona ukuhlangana okuncane kwezehlakalo zosizo nokwamukelwa kwenkonzo okukhulu.
  • Isakhiwo esihlala njalo nezinkonzo zokusekela ngokuqondile. Ukusebenzelana kwamaphoyisa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi anesihawu kangakanani, ngeke kuthathe indawo yezindlu eziqinile. Umthetho kufanele uhlanganise ukugcinwa kwemithetho nezimali zokuxhasa indawo yokuhlala kunokujezisa ukungabi namakhaya.
  • Ukwaziswa nokunyathelisa ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokuhlangana kwamaphoyisa nabantu abangenamakhaya. Ukuthatha isivinini sokubona ngaphaya kwecala futhi kusiza ekuboneni ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo eziphumelelayo neziyingozi.

Isiphetho: UMthetho njengesisekelo Semithetho

Umthetho woMbuso awuyona isisekelo esikude; isisekelo lapho amaphoyisa ehlangana khona nomuntu ongenamakhaya kwakhiwa khona. Imithetho eveza ukuma kwemijikelezo yokuboshwa, amafa, nokuhoxa ngaphandle kokuxazulula inkinga eyisisekelo. Imithetho egcizelela ukubophana ngokusekelana, ukuhlanganisana kwenkonzo, nokususa ubandlululo iholela ekuxhumaneni okungcono, imiphumela engcono kubantu ngabanye, nokungakhathazeki kakhulu ngemithombo yamaphoyisa. Ubufakazi busobala: indlela ephumelela kakhulu iwukusuka esijezisweni sokusebenzisana. Njengoba isho ukuthi, ubuhlobo phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho nokungahlali kwezindawo nokungahlali makhaya bungashintsha ekubeni kube yingxabano. Abenzi bemithetho abasekela imithetho evikelayo, imiphakathi yezentengo elondekile, imiphakathini enempilo, nesimiso sobulungisa esiphatha isimilo.