Ukubuyisela Imibuso Engaphansi Kuphela: Imibuso Engekho Ebukhoneni Bezindela Enkathini Yanamuhla

Uma sicabanga ngemibuso yentando yeningi yanamuhla, ngokuvamile sicabanga ngezimiso ezakhelwe ekubuseni okuthandwayo, ekuhlukaneni kwemibuso, nakumthetho - sisekelo ohlangene. Nokho, amazwe ambalwa awawufuni lo mbuso, asebenza njengemibuso yenkosi ephelele noma engekhona eyabalawuli bemibuso yentando yeningi ngesikhathi esasebenzelana nezinhlangano zentando yeningi. Lemibuso [1] ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi “imibuso yenkosi ewumbuso wefa eliwujuqu”.

Lesi sihloko sihlola isimo semibuso engekho ngaphansi kwemibuso, izinga lokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi ezilivumelayo, ukuzinza ezithi ziyakunikeza, kanye nokucindezela okuphakamayo lapho isiko lobushiqela lihlangabezana nezimfuneko zendinganiso yentando yeningi yembulunga yonke.

Uyini Umbusi Ongekho Owesifazane?

Kumbuso - mbuso ongewona ozimele, obizwa nangokuthi ubukhosi obuphelele . . . i - monarch iphethe igunya elingaphezu komphathi omkhulu, i-conostic, futhi ngokuvamile imisebenzi yokwahlulela kazwelonke. Alikho ibhukwana elingokomthetho (isivumelwano) elilinganisela amandla obukhosi, noma noma ilungu elikhethiwe elingadlula izinqumo zenkosi. Umbusi udla ifa lesihlalo sobukhosi ngohlu lozalo, futhi igama lakhe liphethe amandla omthetho.

Qhathanisa lokhu nombuso womthetho-sisekelo, njenge-United Kingdom noma iJapane, lapho inkosi isebenza khona njengenhloko kahulumeni yesiko lapho ikhethwa isebenzisa amandla ezombangazwe angempela ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho olotshiwe noma ongabhalwanga. Kumbuso wezwe ongekho ngokomthetho, i-monarch ihlala iyi-chateo ne-de jure[FLT] inhloko kahulumeni, ngokuvamile imisa izikhonzi, ukwangamela imikhandlu, futhi ilawula imithombo eyinhloko njengemali yezempi neyombuso.

Namuhla, izibonelo ezivelele kakhulu zihlanganisa iSaudi Arabia, iBrunei, iOman (kuze kube nezinguquko zamuva zeSultan), iQatar neEswatini. Ngalinye lalamazwe liye lahlanganisa izici ezikhethelwe zentando yeningi — imikhandlu ekhethiwe, imihlangano emikhulu, noma amaphepha azimele ahluleli (kodwa inkosi igcina isisho kuzo zonke izindaba ezinkulu.)

Umlando Ogciniwe: Isizathu Sokuba Imibuso Yamakhosi Iphokophele

Ukusinda kwemibuso ye-monarchy engeyobuzwe ekhulwini lama-21 leminyaka akunangozi. Ezimweni eziningi, lemibuso yavela ezisekelweni zesizwe noma zenkolo ezaqala ngaphambi kwezwe lanamuhla. Inkosi ivame ukubhekwa njengenkosi yezombangazwe kodwa njengelungu elingokomfanekiso elingekho ngokwezombangazwe (ngokunye izikhathi) njengenkosi yeSaudi Arabia ebizwa ngokuthi “uCustodian weMibili Holysques." Lo mfakelaniso wegunya elingokomoya nesikhashana uveza ilungelo elinamandla lentando yeningi elingasenziwa yizinhlangano zentando yeningi kuphela.

Phakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, imibuso eminingi ephelele yawa ngaphansi kokucindezela kwesimiso sobukhomanisi, izinhlangano zesizwe, noma ukuphazamiseka kwezomnotho. Nokho leyo eyasinda yakwenza lokhu ngokwamukela izakhiwo zesimanje zikahulumeni ngokukhethayo, imithetho engokomthetho, futhi ngisho namaphalamende (nesikhathi) elondoloza ilungelo lenkosi lokungenela. Umphumela yisimiso esibonakala ngokwengxenye sibusa ngentando yeningi kubantu bangaphandle kodwa sihlala sinobushiqela ngokuyisisekelo.

Ngokwesibonelo, iSici esiqinile soMthetho weSaudi Arabia ka-1992 sisebenza njenge-quasi-constitution, kodwa isho ngokucacile ukuthi igunya leNkosi lisuka eQuran naseSunnah, futhi linelungelo lokumisa nokulahla uMkhandlu Wezikhonzi. Ngokufanayo, umthetho-sisekelo kaBrunei ka-1995 wamiswa ngo-1969 ngemva kokuhlubuka, futhi i-Sultan iye yabusa ngesinqumo kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kungekho sishaya-mthetho esimisiwe sokubekela inselele izinqumo zayo inselele.

Izici Ezibusa Ngentando Yeningi Ezindaweni Ezingezona Izifebe

Nakuba imibuso yamakhosi aphelele igxilisa amandla kumuntu oyedwa, eminingi iye yasungula izinqubo ezivumela ukuhileleka okulinganiselwe komphakathi. Lezizinhlangano zingasebenza njengama - valve okuphepha, zinikeze izakhamuzi izwi kuyilapho zigwema noma iyiphi inselele yangempela yokuphakama ebukhosini.

Imikhandlu Ekhuthazayo Nemihlangano Ehlolwayo

Mhlawumbe isici esivame kakhulu sentando yeningi kula mibuso yi-demokrasi emisiwe noma ekhethwe ngokwengxenye umkhandlu wezobuzwe. ESaudi Arabia, i-Shura Council (iMajlis al-Shura) inezingxenye ezingu 150 ezimiswe yiNkosi. Umkhandlu ungaveza imithetho kanye nemibuzo yabefundisi, kodwa izinqumo zawo azibopheki, kodwa izinqumo zawo azikhonzi amandla eveto futhi zingacima umkhandlu ngentando yentando. Ngokufanayo, i-Qatar’Advisory Council (Malis al-Shura) ibunjwe amalungu angu-45, akhethwa abefundisi abangu-30 nangu-15, kodwa wonke umthetho udinga ukuvunyelwa kwe-Emir.

E-Oman, ngemva kokufa kukaSultan Qobaos ngo-2020, uSultan Haitam bin Tariq waletha izinguquko ezilinganiselwe, kuhlanganise nokunikeza i-Cunitive Council (Majlis al-Shura) amandla okubuza abefundisi nokumisa imithetho. Nokho, i-Sultan isalokhu iyigunya eliphethe isikhulu nesikhulu somthetho.

Imithetho Eqoshiwe Enamandla Alinganiselwe

Amanye amamonarch aphelele aye amisa amaphalamende akhethwe ngokwengxenye, nakuba imisebenzi yawo iqiniswa kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, uEswatini (eyayiyiSwazini) unephalamende le-bidamaral: Indlu yoMhlangano yamalungu akhethiwe angu-65 (ihlanganisa i-Athorney General ne 10 amiswe yiNkosi), futhi iSigele simiswe kakhulu. Nakuba iphalamende lingaphikisana ngezikweletu futhi livumele uhlelo lwemali, iNkosi ingasho noma yimuphi umthetho, iphalamende elincibilizayo, futhi ibusa ngesinqumo. Isikhulu simiswa yiNkosi futhi sikhonza ngokwenjabulo yayo.

EBrunei, i-Legislative Council (Majlis Mesyuarat Negara) yavuselelwa ngo-2004 ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka yokuthuthwa kwezindawo, kodwa ilokhu imiswe ngokuphelele yi-Sultan. Ihlangana ngokwethukela futhi ayinawo amandla okumisa umthetho [1] imane ivumela imithetho yeSultan. Njengoba esinye ingqapheli saphawula, isebenza kakhulu “njengesitembu senjoloba senjoloba” kunesenzi somthetho seqiniso.

Iqembu Elizimele ElinoMkhandlu Wasebukhosini

Isibonakaliso sokubusa kwentando yeningi yisigebengu esizimele, kodwa ezindaweni ezingekho hulumeni, inkosi ivame ukugcina amandla okumisa nokuxosha abahluleli, inikeze ukuthethelelwa, futhi ngisho nokugumbuqela izinqumo zenkantolo. ESaudi Arabia, isimiso sokwahlulela sisekelwe emthethweni weSharia, futhi iNkosi isebenza njengenkantolo ephethe yokudlulisa icala.

INkantolo Yomthetho, eyamiswa ngo - 2008, ibukeza imithetho yokuvumelana nomthetho - sisekelo (owawenziwa ngo - 2004), kodwa imibuso ye - Emir ibhalwe kulo mthetho ngokwawo, yenza ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kube ngokomfanekiso.

Ukukhethwa Kwasikhathi Sonke Ezingeni Eliphansi Lesizwe

Enye indawo lapho eminye imikhandlu ephelele ivumela khona ukuthatha isinyathelo sobudemokrasi kwangempela isezingeni likamasipala noma lendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, iSaudi Arabia yasungula ukhetho lukamasipala ngo 2005, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zivote ingxenye yamalungu emikhandlu kamasipala (enye ingxenye imisiwe). Nokho, le mikhandlu inegunya elilinganiselwe ezinkonzweni zendawo futhi ayinakulawula izinqumo zezomnotho ezibanzi noma zezombangazwe. I-Turnout iye yancipha, futhi abesifazane bathola ilungelo lokuvota ngo-2015.

Ngokufanayo, uOman wenza ukhetho loMkhandlu Ohlolayo ezingeni lobubusi, kodwa abazobhapathizwa kumelwe bavunyelwe uhulumeni, futhi imibuso yomkhandlu isho imvume.

Ukuhlola Icala: Indlela Imibuso Ethathu Ephelele YaseNavigate Ewukucindezela Kwentando Yeningi Ngayo

ISaudi Arabia: Umfanekiso Wenkosi Ephelele Nesimanje

ISaudi Arabia ivame ukucashunwa njengenkosi yokugcina yomhlaba ephelele ngempela. Naphezu kwalokhu kubekwa kombuso, inhloko kahulumeni, undunankulu (kuze kube ngu-2022), nomphathi-nhloko. Umkhaya wasebukhosini, ubala izinkulungwane, ulawula izikhundla eziphezulu zikahulumeni, ibutho lezempi, kanye nezomnotho. Naphezu kwalokhu kubekwa amandla ombuso, lombuso uye waqala ukuthatha ijubane lesimanje ngaphansi kukaHulumeni uHulumeni Mohammed Bin Salman (MBS). Umbono 2030 uhlose ukuhlanganisa ukukhuliswa kwezomnotho nowoyela, futhi izinguquko zezenhlalo ziye zahlanganisa abesifazane ukuvumela ukushayela nokunciphisa amandla amaphoyisa enkolo.

Nokho lezinguquko aziwuthathi udemokrati lohlelo. UMkhandlu we-Shura uhlala umisiwe, imikhandlu kamasipala ilinganiselwe, futhi amaqembu ezombangazwe avinjelwe. Imishini yokulondeka kahulumeni iqhekeka ngokuphikisana, njengoba kubonakala ekubulaweni kuka 2018 kwentatheli Jamal Khashogi. NgokweDemocratic Index ye-Economist Intelligence Unity, Saudi Arabia ihlala ibekwe ngokwesilinganiso njengenye yemibuso engcono kakhulu yomhlaba. I-democralicracy ibona izinguquko njengosongo lwayo, njengoba ikhetha ukuthatha isinyathelo ngemihume yezemishi enjengemijaho enjengemijaho enjenge- [FLT]]

Brunei: Ukubusa KweSultan Ngokuphelele Ngaphansi Komthetho - sisekelo Omisiwe

Brunei ungumbhishobhi omncane, ocebile kawoyela esiqhingini saseBorneo. USultan Hassanal Bolkiah uye wabusa kusukela ngo-1967 futhi uphethe itheku lomphathi omkhulu we-Sultan, ungqongqo wezokuzivikela, ungqongqo wezezimali, nongqongqo wezobufundisi wangaphandle. Umthetho-sisekelo ka-19595 wamiswa ngemva kokuhlubuka ngo-1962, futhi i-Sultan iye yabusa ngomthetho ophuthumayo kusukela ngo-19462. Ngo-200, umthetho-mthetho omusha wamiswa, kodwa uqinisa futhi igunya eliphakeme le-Sultan le-Sultan. I-Giglative imiswe ngokuphelele, futhi akukho zinhlangano zezombangazwe. I-Equastigations ayizange iqhutshwe kusukela ngo-1962222.

Isimiso somthetho sikaBrunei siyingxubevange yomthetho wesiNgisi nomthetho we-Sharia, kodwa i-Sultan ingasilawula noma isiphi isinqumo senkantolo. Ngo-2019, uBrunei wasebenzisa umthetho oqinile ohlanganisa ukufa ngokukhandwa ngamatshe ngenxa yokuphinga nangokunqunywa, ngokubangela ukukhala kwezizwe zonke. ISultan yavikela ukunyakaza njengenzaliseko yezibopho zamaSulumane, futhi lomthetho uyaqhubeka usebenza naphezu kokubulawa. Isimo esiphelele sombuso sivumela izinqubo ezinjalo ngaphandle kwemithetho yephalamende noma imishini yokwahlulela.

U - Eswatini: Inkosi Yokugcina YaseAfrika

U-Eswatini (eyayiyiSwazini) uwukuphela kombuso ophelele e-Afrika. INkosi uMswati III, eyathatha isihlalo sobukhosi ngo-1986, ishaya umthetho. Izwe linomthetho - sisekelo owamukelwa ngo-2005, kodwa linika iNkosi amandla athatha indawo yonke: imisa undunankulu, abasizi abaningi, futhi iyakwazi ukukhipha noma yimuphi umthetho. Amaqembu ezombangazwe avinjelwa ukuba angahlanganyeli okhethweni, futhi abafuni ukuthatha iziqu kumelwe bame njengabantu ngabanye. Indlu yoMhlangano inezicukume ekhethelwe amalungu angu-65, kodwa ikhethwa ngesimiso sezikhulu zendawo i-dom ezihlukanisa amabutho aphikisayo.

Ngo-2021, kwaqubuka imibhikisho ye-pro-democracy e-Eswatini, ifuna ukuba iNkosi ihle futhi ivumele ukhetho olubanzi. Uhulumeni waphendula ngokulahla okukhulu okubulala ababhikishi abaningi. INkosi ithembise izinguquko, kuhlanganise nokuvula indawo yezombangazwe, kodwa kuze kube manje isiye sakwazi ukulawula ngokuphelele. Icala lika-Eswatini libonisa ukuwohloka kwezimiso zenhlanganisela: lapho imfuno yedemokrati ikhula kakhulu, umbusi uvame ukuphendukela ekusebenzeni esikhundleni sokulawula.

Izinzuzo Ezithi Ziyimibuso Engekho Emkhakheni Wezindela

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi imibuso ephelele yenkosi inikeza ukuzinza, ukuqhubekela phambili, nokwenza izinqumo ezisheshayo ezizama ukufinyelela. Emazweni anobuzwe, ubuzwe, noma ubuzwe, noma inkolo, i-monarch engathathi hlangothi ingasebenza njengomphakathi ohlanganisayo ngaphezu kwengxabano ehlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, inkosi yase Saudi Arabia ibhekwa njengomvikeli wokholo lwamaSulumane, hhayi nje umholi wezombangazwe. Ngokufanayo, umbusi kaBrunei uhlanganisa i-Malay nezindinganiso zesizwe.

Enye impikiswano iwukuthi ama-monarch aphelele angaletha izinguquko zesikhathi eside ngaphandle kweziphazamiso zemijikelezo yokukhetha. Ngokwesibonelo, iSaudi View 2030, yaklanywa njengecebo elithatha iminyaka engu-15 elinemigomo ecacile, futhi i-monement iye yayiqhubela phambili naphezu kokumelana nokubusa. Ngokungafani, ohulumeni bentando yeningi endaweni (njenge Lebanon) ngokuvamile bahlushwa ukukhubazeka ngenxa yokulwa kwezizwe.

Impumelelo yezomnotho kwezinye imibuso ephelele iye yaba namandla, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yengcebo kawoyela. Izakhamuzi zikaBrunei zijabulela ukunakekelwa kwempilo okukhululekile, imfundo yamahhala (kuhlanganise nemfundo yamazwe angaphandle), futhi azikho intela yeholo. ISaudi Arabia iye yafaka imali eningi ezinhlanganweni zemisebenzi, ezobuchwepheshe, nezokuzijabulisa. Nokho, lezinzuzo zisekelwe ngokuthola inzuzo, hhayi ukulandisa ngentando yeningi, futhi abagxeki baveza ukuthi ziletha ekulahlekelweni kwamalungelo nenkululeko yezombangazwe.

Izinselele Nokugxeka

Umbango phakathi kwesimiso sokubusa ngokuphelele nezimiso zentando yeningi uyabonakala.

  • Icala lobuningi bezombangazwe:[ amaqembu ezombangazwe avinjelwe noma avinjelwe kakhulu, avimbele ukuphikiswa okuhleliwe. Izindawo zokukhetha, uma zikhona, zilawulwa noma zilawulwa. Izakhamuzi azinandlela engokomthetho yokuthatha indawo yenkosi noma umkhaya obusayo.
  • Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamalungelo abantu: I-Censorship, ukuvalelwa okungenaluzwela, nemingcele ekhululekile enkululekoni yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana, nenkolo kuvamile. I-Jamal Khashoggi yokubulala nemithetho yokujezisa iBrunei iyizibonelo ezeqisayo zokuthi amandla aphelele angasetshenziswa kanjani kabi.
  • Izinkinga zokwehluleka: ngaphandle kwenqubo ecacile yomthetho-sisekelo, ukulandelana kungaba umthombo wokungantengi. Ukudluliselwa kwegunya kuSaudi Arabia kusuka kuNkosi Salman kuyisa kuChorn Prince Mohammed bin Salman kuhilela ukusekela amanye amalungu enkosi, okuholela emasondweni esigodlo. E-Eswatini, imishado yetshe yenkosi iveze izindlalifa eziningi, kwadala ukungaqiniseki.
  • Ukungasebenzi kahle kwezomnotho: Nakuba ingcebo kawoyela ifihla izinkinga, imibuso ephelele ivame ukuhlushwa yisithuthi sobudoda nenkohlakalo ngenxa yokwenza izinqumo okungasho lutho. Izimpawu ze-World Bank yoLawulo zibonisa ukuthi lamazwe awakwazi ukubhekana nezwi nokulandisa, ukubusa umthetho, nokulawula ukonakala.
  • Ukungavumelani nokushintshwa: Lona kanye uhlelo lwe-monarch ephelele lumelana nokubekwa kwedemokrasi ngenxa yokuthi noma ikuphi ukudluliselwa kwamandla ezimisweni ezikhethiwe kungalulaza isikhundla senkosi. Izinguquko zithambekele ekulungiseni, njengokudala imikhandlu engenawo amandla angempela.

Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zeFreedom House zibheka iSaudi Arabia, iBrunei, iQatar, neEswatini ngokuthi “azikhululekile.” IZizwe Ezihlangene ziye zacela lemibuso ukuba ihloniphe amalungelo abantu futhi ithathe izinguquko zeqiniso zentando yeningi, kodwa intuthuko ayisheshi.

Ikusasa: Ingabe Imibuso Ebusayo Ingancipha?

Umlando usikisela ukuthi ama-monarch aphelele awavamile ukushintshela embusweni wentando yeningi ogcwele ngokuthula. Imibuso eminingi yaseYurophu yaqala kancane kancane, ithathe amandla asuka kumbusi emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka idlula izinguquko, izimpi, noma imithetho enqunyiweyo. Kulenkathi yanamuhla, ukuphela kokushintshwa okuphumelelayo ukusuka embusweni wenkosi ephelele kuya embusweni wentando yeningi esizukulwaneni esisodwa eBhutan, lapho inkosi yesine yademocracy eyadeusla khona ngokuzithandela ngo-2006 futhi kwamukelwa umthetho-mthetho-siseko omusha, iguqula izwe laba idemocracy nendaba ekhethekile yeBhutan. Nokho, i-Butan [1] inkosi yayithandwa kakhulu futhi ayizange ibe noshintsho olulula olufanayo kwezinye izindawo.

Ezifundazweni zase-Gulf, ukuncishiselwa kwezomnotho kude nowoyela kungase kubangele ukuba kube lula ukukhanga ukutshala imali nethalenta lakwamanye amazwe. Kodwa kuze kube manje, imikhaya ebusayo ayizange ibonise isifiso sokudela amandla. Ukubhikisha kwe-Arabia Spring ngo-2011 kwawisa amaRiphabliki (iGibithe, iTunisia) kodwa kwathinta ama-monarchy, asebenzisa ukuxubana kokucindezela, ukusekela, nezinguquko ezilinganiselwe ukuze aqhubeke.

Abanye abahlaziyi baphikisa ngokuthi imibuso yenkosi ephelele ingaphenduka ibe “izikhulu zezikhulu” lapho inkosi ihlala khona inamandla kodwa inika indikimba ekhethiwe engekhona ubukhosi obuphelele. Isimiso saseSingapore, esinesikhulu esinamandla kodwa esingukhetho oluvamile, singaba isibonelo esibhekene naso. Nokho, iSingapore iyirepublic, hhayi i-monarch, futhi impumelelo yayo ixhomeke ekukhuleni kwezomnotho nokubusa okuphumelelayo, okungakho ezindaweni eziphethe imibuso yamakhosi.

Ukucindezela kwangaphandle okuvela eUnited States, e - European Union, nezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu nakho kungase kube nengxenye, kodwa imibuso ephelele ngokuvamile isebenzisa ukubaluleka kwayo okungokwesimiso (ikakhulukazi igesi yemvelo yaseSaudi Arabia neyaseQatar) ukuze izivikele emiphumeleni engathi sína. iNtshonalanga ibimanqikanqika ukuphoqelela ukuncishiswa kwesimiso sokubusa ngokwentando yeningi kulamazwe ngenxa yokwesaba ukuntengantenga noma ukuphazamisa amandla.

Isiphetho: I - Equilibrium Ewumbala Ofiphele

Imibuso engekho hulumeni esebenzayo phakathi kwesimiso sentando yeningi sanamuhla imelela ukuzivumelanisa okuphawulekayo kodwa okuyingozi. Inikeza izakhamuzi zazo izinga lokuzinza, ukuzazi okungokwesiko, nezinzuzo zezomnotho lezo idemokrasi eziningi ezingenakuziqinisekisa, kodwa zikwenza lokhu ngezindleko zenkululeko eyisisekelo yezombangazwe. Izibonelo zezinhlobonhlobo ezibonwa eSaudi Arabia, Brunei, Qatar, ne-Eswatini azinakwenzeka ukuba ziphendukele ekubusweni ngentando yeningi ngokushesha ngenxa yokuthi amakhosi awanaso isisusa sokukhipha umthombo oyinhloko wamandla awo. Kunalokho, ziyoqhubeka zilawula ukucindezela kwentando yeningi okulawulwayo okulawula lapho zinikeza ukubonakala kokuhlanganyela.

Njengoba inqubo yembulunga yonke ishintshela emalungelweni abantu nasekubuseni kwentando yeningi, lemibuso ephelele ibhekene nezinselele ezikhulayo zangaphakathi nangaphandle. Ingcebo kawoyela eye yasekela ukuzinza kwayo ilinganiselwe; imiphakathi yentsha ehlangene kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili ifuna amazwi; futhi isimo sezwe sezombangazwe ngeke sisakwazi ukubekezelela ababusi bezinto ezizimele ngokungenasiphelo. Nokho, manje, amamonarchy azimele aye azibonakalisa eqinile ngokuphawulekayo futhi eqinile, futhi esekela idemocricial ngaphandle kokushintshwa yiyo. Ikhono lawo lokulawula ukungezwana phakathi kwesiko nokwesimanje liyo liyonquma ukuthi ayaqhubeka yini namakhosi abusa imibuso ehlukahlukene kuze kube yiminyaka eyikhulu ezayo, noma ekugcineni aphumele ekubusweni kwentando yentando yeningi.

[[Ukwenyuka:0] ukufunda okuphindaphindiwe:[[Ukwehlela:1]