Imibuso ehleliwe, eyaziwa futhi njengezimiso zentando yeningi ezincintisanayo noma eziwumbuso wedemokrasi, imelela uhlobo oluhlukile lokubusa kwezombangazwe okuhlanganisa ngamabomu izinhlangano ezingokomthetho zentando yeningi nemikhuba engaphansi kwe-ocracy. Lemibuso yenza ukhetho oluvamile, ilondoloza imithetho eqinisekisa amalungelo, futhi isebenzisa izishaya-mthetho zomthetho-mthetho kanye nezinkantolo zenza kanjalo ngaphansi kwezimo ezenza ukuba inkundla yokudlala ithande izinhlangano zentando yeningi. Umphumela uyisimiso sezombangazwe esibonakala sibudemo-demokhrasi phezulu kodwa sihlala sibuswa ngokuphelele. Ukuqonda indlela imibuso yemibuncube esekela ngayo amalungelo nokulawula imibuso yentando yeningi lapho ilondoloza ukulawula isayensi yezezombangazwe, abacwaningi, nanoma ubani okhathalela impilo yezinhlangano zezentando yentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke.

Umklamo Wezinhlayiya Ezihwamukile: Ukuhlolisisa

Imibuso elawulwa ngemibhobho ayikona nje ukuphelela kwentando yeningi noma izimiso zoshintsho ezilindele ukubuswa kwedemokrasi okugcwele. Kunalokho, imelela ukuhleleka okungaguquguquki lapho ababusi besebenzisa khona izakhiwo zedemokrasi ukuze bazuze ngokomthetho kuyilapho besebenzisa izindlela zobushiqela zokwenqabela ukuphikiswa. Lendalo ehlukene idinga ukuklanywa ngokucophelela nokuzivumelanisa okuqhubekayo.

Izindawo Ezibusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ukuze kugcinwe ukuthembeka kwezizwe zonke nokuhoxa, imibuso exubile yamukela izici eziningi ezibonakalayo zentando yeningi. Bancintisana njalo-kaningi ukuze babangele ukunakwa nokuhlanganyela, kodwa bangafaki engozini yokudluliselwa kwamandla okuqotho. Bamisa izikhomishane zokukhetha ezizimele, iziqu zabantu, neziqu ezimelene nokungalungi, kodwa abasebenza nabo ngemifantu ethembekile noma abaqinisekisa ukuthi abanawo amandla okugcinwa. Imithetho yenkulumo yemithetho yenkulumo engokomthetho, kodwa iqembu elibusayo lifaka umthetho obalulekile odingekayo ukuze lithathe noma isiphi i-veto. Izinkantolo zimisa imithetho yokuzibusa, kodwa izindaba ezibucayi zezombangazwe ziphathwa buthule obambise izikhulu zezomthetho. Isigaba sentando yeningi sigcinwa ngokucophelela sisebenza ngendlela evamile, kodwa zonke izikhungo ezisemthethweni ezisembusweni zombusoni.

Izinkinga Ezibangelwa Ukuzilawula

Ngaphansi, imibuso exubile ithembele ezimisweni ze-autocratic ezingabonakali kakhulu izibukeli ezivamile. Amabutho ezokuvikela anikezwa ukuqonda okukhulu nezimiso zokuvikela. Imithetho engokomthetho ihlanganisa amalungiselelo angacacile amelene namadlambi, ubuphekula, noma ukuhlanjalazwa okungasetshenziswa ngokukhethayo. Umbuso ulawula noma uthonye kakhulu izimemezelo zemithombo yezindaba, izikhungo zezemisebenzi ye-inthaneti, kanye nezindawo zomphakathi ezibhekene nezimfuneko zokubhalisa nokuxhasa izimali. Amalungelo empahla alondekile, njengoba nje umbuso ungaqeda amabhizinisi amelene nezivumelwano zezwe futhi uvusekuphe izivumelwano zezivumelwano zesifundazwe. Lezi ziqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu ezibusayo zingasebenzisa amandla ngaphandle kokuzibopha icala okulawula.

Imishini Yokulawula: Ukushintsha Izici Zentando Yeningi

Indida eyinhloko yemibuso exubile iyindlela asebenzisa ngayo izici zentando yeningi — imishini, amaqembu, izishaya - mthetho, inkululeko yomphakathi — ngaphandle kokuvumela lezozici ukuba zinciphise ukulawula kwayo. Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, izazi ziye zathola isimiso esiphindaphindiwe sezimiso ezisetshenziswa imibuso ukuze kulawule lokhu kucindezeleka.

Ukusebenzisa I - Electoral Maniption

Ukukhetha kuyisici esibonakalayo kakhulu sentando yeningi okumelwe kusingathwe yimibuso exubile. Kunokukhohlisa okusobala. Okubangela ukubhikisha kwasekhaya nokulahlwa kwezizwe ngezizwe. . Imibuso yanamuhla exubile isebenzisa izindlela ezicashile zokusebenzisa izithiyo zokuphatha ezinjengokuhlanza kovota, izimfuneko ze-ID ezivimbelayo, nezinguquko zokugcina ukuze kuhloliswe izindawo zokuhlola ngokudabukisayo phakathi kwezindawo zokuphikisa nokuphikisa. Izindawo eziwumbuso zisebenzisa izifunda ezizimele ukuze zikhohlise imingcele yasemaphandleni ezithanda umbuso. Zilawula izikhundla zokuvota zokuvota ukuze zingakuvumeli ukuphikisa ochwepheshe noma ukuguqula izithobozi ezisobala ngokwaneleyo ukuba zihlale ngaphansi komnyango ongaba nenkinga. Imibuso ethile, njengeyaseRussia, ithembele ku-Flainst:[0] futhi ivuse ezindaweni ezivunyiwe kakhulu.[Foct:[1]

Ukulawula imithombo yezindaba nolwazi

Enkathini yokwaziswa, ukulawula ukulandisa kubaluleke njengokulawula ibhokisi le-collet. Imibuso ye-hybrid iye yasungula izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuqondisa inkulumo yomphakathi kuyilapho isathi ihlonipha inkululeko yokukhuluma. Abayivaleli imithombo yezindaba ezimele ngokuqondile − kodwa iyokwenza ukuba intengo yezezimali ikhiphe izikhangiso eziyingozi ngokwezomnotho. Izikhulu zikahulumeni ziwafake ekuzithobeni. Abanini bemithetho ehlangeneyo bawathenge amaphephandaba azimele futhi bawaguqulele ekubeni abe yimithethombo ethembekile. Okwamanje, imithombo yezindaba yezombuso ikhipha inqwaba yezindaba ethembekile, ngokuvamile ihlanganisa izindaba eziqinisa ukwethembeka. I-Online, isebenzisa amabutho abahlazindisiyo (iqeke) ukuze inciphe ematheni futhi ikhiphe imithetho engokwezezenhlalo.[3][10]

Ikhofi kanye nePatronage

Kunokuba kuncishiswe wonke umphikisi, imibuso exubile ikhetha ukubambisana nabo. Izinhlangano zezombangazwe, izikhulu zezebhizinisi, abaholi bezifunda, ngisho nezinhlangano zomphakathi zingangeniswa ekwabiweni kwezindawo ngokubambisana kwemithombo kahulumeni, izivumelwano, ukumiswa, namalungelo. ERussia, iqembu lase-United States lisebenza njenge-[FLD:0] ulwembutho olubanzi [[Foliglat] [[FLT] olungenisa amaqembu aphezulu akhona futhi luqinisekise ukwethembeka kwawo ekuhwebelaneni ngezimali zikahulumeni. EHungary, e-Orbán Fisdesz eqentini liye lasebenzisa imali ye-EURR, nemfutho yesizwe ukucebisa inxanxanxala yeqembu elingubo embusweni yemithombo yezindaba. UPatronaza isimiso esinamandla sokubambisana nokwehlukana kwezimiso zezentengoso. Ngokungangoso , leli qembu elikhonzile kakhulu lezisebenzi zezombangazwe livumela ukusekela inzuzo yemibuso eziningi kuphela.

Ukululaza Ukubusa KoMthetho

Ukubusa komthetho kuyinsika yentando yeningi, kodwa imibuso exubile ikwenza buthaka ukugcina imibuso. Ayifezeki lokhu ngokuqeda izinkantolo − ngokusobala − kodwa ngokumisa abalandeli abaqotho emacaleni okwahlulela, ngokushintsha iminyaka yokuthatha umhlalaphansi ukuze basuse abahluleli abazimele, ukushintsha imithetho yokulawula ukuze bavikele izimpikiswano ezibucayi, futhi benqabe ukuphoqelela ukubusa okumelene nezithakazelo zombuso. EPoland, uMthetho neSigebengu (Pisi) wasebenzisa umthetho ukuze ukhiphe abahluleli abakhulu futhi ubafake esikhundleni sabo ngezivumelwano ezihlangene, kubangele inhlekelele engokomthetho nge-European Union. EVenezuela, iNkanto ephakeme yayigcwele amaChavez athembekile agcina imithetho esongela uhulumeni. Ngezikhathi ezithile, i-FFlactive ingenza ngisho nezindlela ezingokomthetho zokuvikela uhulumeni. [enye i-"[3] Izindlela ezingokomthetho zokuvikela umthetho] [enye] [ngendlela], uma kusetshenziswa ngisho nezimiso zomthetho ezingokomthetho: [injini zombuso]] [ezingokomthetho] [ezi]] [ezi] [ezingunyuko

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo: Indlela I - Hybrid Regimes Esebenza Ngayo Isikhathi Esiningi

Ukuvumelana kwazo nezimo kuyisizathu esiyinhloko esenza abaningi baphile amashumi eminyaka ngaphandle kokushintshela ekubuseni ngentando yeningi noma ekushintsheni ngokuphelele.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Ezingokwezimo

Lapho amanani aphikisayo efunda ukusebenzisa iqoqo elilodwa lokulawula, umbuso udala elisha. Ngemva kokubhikisha kweRussia ngo-2011-2012, imithetho kahulumeni eqinile eqoqweni komphakathi, yasungula amafa "ekuhleleni imithetho engaxoxiwayo," futhi kwadingeka amaNNGO athole imali yangaphandle ukuze abhalise njenge "izithunywa zesizwe" i-arefaces enezici zeSoviet". EHungary, ngemva kokuba ukuphikiswa kungene e-2018, u-Orbán ushicilo lwemithetho eshintshile ukuze enze kube nzima kakhulu ukuba amaqembu amancane avukele futhi aphinde ahlukane ukuze ahlule ukuphikiswa. Lenqubo [[FOLD:] e-Soviet-eraythingtina. [FLD] eHungary, ngemva kokuba uhulumeni we-Orblan] uvumela ukuba uhulumeni ohlukene athathe isigaba esithile sombuso ukuba ubeke phambili ngaphandle komthetho wokuzimongame.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo

Ulimi luyisikhali esisenqolobaneni yombuso we-hydrome. Ama-Regime avame ukusekela amagama entando yeningi ukuze athethelele izinyathelo zobuphoqeli. Bakhuluma nge "intando yeningi" (Russia), "intando yeningi" (iHungary), noma "intando yeningi yabantu" (i-Vezuela) ukuphikisa ukuthi isimiso sabo sifanelekile kunenkululeko yaseNtshonalanga, hhayi ukuphambuka kuyo. Baveza abamelene nabo njengabaxhashazi bangaphandle noma njengezinsongodo zokuvikela izwe, kanjalo badelela ukumelana nenkululeko kuyilapho bethi bavikela isizwe. Bamukela futhi ukukhulumela amalungelo abantu ngokungakhethi ngokukhohlisa kwezenzisa eNtshonalanga ngezindaba zokufuduka noma ukungana kwezomnotho. Le diski isiza ukuhlukanisa izilaleli zezizwe zonke, futhi ikwazi ukuhlukanisa izikhulu zezizwe ngezindawo zezwe.

Ukufuna Imithetho Yomhlaba Wonke

Imibuso ye-hybrid iqaphela kahle kakhulu incazelo yayo kwamanye amazwe. Abaningi bafuna ngentshiseko ukufaneleka kwezizwe ngezindawo ngokufaka izingqungquthela, ukujoyina izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, ukusayina izivumelwano, nokuhlanganyela ezimisweni zosizo zakwamanye amazwe. IRussia iyilungu elihlala njalo le-UN Security Council; iHungary iphethe i-consouncial ejikelezayo ye-EUUBriance; i-Turkey iyilungu le-NATO . La malungu anikeza isivikelo: ukugxeka ilungu lezwe ngokwalo. Futhi i-Regimes ihlakulela ubuhlobo nezinye izifunda ze-protection noma i-athorine, ihlanganyela imisebenzi emihle kakhulu futhi inikeza isivikelo esihlangeneyo njengezinhlangano ze-Shanglain Coovation noma i-Unity Commentation Congmentation e-Atlantine of America (EC). Ngezikhundla izifunda zezindawo zayo zomphakathi, i-odwa, i-oglobushade i-ogculogod

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ekubuseni Okuxutshiwe

Ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zinqubo zisebenza kanjani kudinga ukuba ubheke amazwe athile.

ERussia: Intando yeningi Elawulwa

Ngaphansi kwe-Vladimir Putin mhlawumbe iyisibonelo esifundwa kakhulu sokubusa okuxubile. Izikhungo zentando yeningi ze-codemokrase zikhona − ademokrati (a commonment, ipalamende (i-Duma), ukhetho oluvamile lukamongameli (kodwa zonke izici zilawulwa ngokunamandla. I-202020 cogrand indementments zobushelezi ze-Putin, ezimvumela ukuba ahlale egunyeni kuze kube ngu-2036. Umholi we-Credial u-Aleia uboshwa ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi ekugcineni wafa ejele; inhlangano yakhe yezombangazwe yabekwa isholo olunamandla futhi ivinjelwe kakhulu. Izimiso zezokuxhumana zibuswa ngezindlela ezithile zikahulumeni ezidluliselwe ukudingiswa kwezezezomthetho noma ukuncitshiswa. [F1] Ngokuvumelana nombiko othembekile, u-Foff3] [uthode, umbiko owe-ose-ose-yodwa] [ku.[20]]

IHungary: Intando yeningi Yase - Illibary

I-Hungary ngaphansi kukaViktor Orbán isiye yaba uhlobo oluyinhloko lwentando yeningi . Kusukela i-Fidesz yaqala ukubusa ngo-2010, i-Fidesz iqediwe ngokulandelana. Umthetho-sisekelo omusha udluliswe yi-Fidesz’s egrandmagedry ngaphandle komfakela obalulekile. INkantolo yeSizwe yabekwa abaqotho futhi yaphucwa amandla okubukeza imithetho ehlobene. Izindawo zezokuxhumana zibuswa inkampani ephethe (CEG), futhi izimpikiswa ngokumelene nokuthola isikhathi somoya. Imithetho engaphakathi kwe-Elmeordea iphinde ibhalwe ukusekela ukubusa, futhi i-german ibuye iphumelele engxenyeni ye-Fiz. I-Fiz. I-demidiya, i-odvolunterce ka-1964, i-E.[4] I-E.[ede org i-E org i-E org i-e, i-E org i-E org, i-e, i-ev.

ITurkey: I - contitudentiumism

I-Turkey ngaphansi kwe-Recep Tayyip Erdogan ilingana nohlobo lwe- oluvumelanayo nombuso wempoqo . Eminyakeni eminingi, i-AKP yawina ukhetho olulandelanayo ngempumelelo, nakuba ihluleka, ukusekela okuthandwayo. Kodwa ngemva kokuba u-2016 wehluleka ukuzama ukubusa, u-Erdogan wawa phansi kakhulu: amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu ababoshwa, iziteshi zavalwa, futhi i-jadicards zasuswa, futhi i-jadicadiary yakwazi ukukhipha i-Turkey ngokulandelana kwe-paltaplement, nakuba ihluleka, i-exexhunyuselwa kakhulu kusetshenziswa i-palmeam kusetshenziswa izinhlelo ezimbalwa zegunya leze. [impoqophiso yombuso u-EFo ayaqhubeka enziwa, futhi umbangophiswa umbango wokwayo noma umbalo oluqinile.[ikhulu]

EVenezuela: I - Electoral Authoritarianism

IVenezuela ngaphansi kweHugo Chávez futhi kamuva iNicolás Maduro iyisibonelo se-operacyism ye-Ectiveism eye yashelela ekubuseni ngempoqo. Umbuso ekuqaleni wasebenzisa ukuthandwa kwawo ukuze ubhale umthetho-sisekelo futhi ugxilise amandla. Ngalesosikhathi wagcwalisa iNkantolo ePhakeme neNational Electoral Council kanye nabasekeli abaqotho. Ukuphikiswa kwaqhubeka, kodwa ukuphikiswa kwakuwukungaqiniseki: abathathiwe, abadayiswa, futhi uhulumeni wasebenzisa amafutha awo ukuze uthenge ukwethembeka nokusakaza. Ngo-201818, uMaduro waphinde wabekwa evotini ekwa kakhulu, abaholi abaningi ababoshiwe noma abadingisiwe. I-Focento ehoshov, futhi eholayo, futhi enziswa ukubusa kweze kakhulu kwezentengo yombuso wamazwe amazwe angaphandle.[3]

Izicelo Zokubusa Ngentando Yeningi Nokuhleleka Kwembulunga Yonke

Ukuphikelela nokuvumelana nezimo kwemibuso eyingxube kunemiphumela ephawulekayo yokubusa kwentando yeningi, kokubili kulamazwe nakwamanye amazwe.

Ukuncipha Kwemibuso Ebusa Ngentando Yeningi

Imibuso ye-hybrid idala ithonya eliwumphumela wobudemokhrasi elivamile ukuguqula ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlangano zentando yeningi. Njengoba amanye amazwe ebona ukuthi uhulumeni ungathatha ukhetho, uzibiza ngokuthi idemokrasi, futhi usabopha abaphikisi, amandla okuziphatha ezindinganiso zedemokratistiki ancitshiwe. Lokhu kukhukhuleka kuyingozi ikakhulukazi emongweni wendawo lapho ukuvela kwedemocralicism kubheka khona emandleni aseduze ukuze kufanekiswe khona. Ukuphakama kwe-bibiaber democracy ePhakathi neMpuma Yurophu, ngokwesibonelo, kuye kwaqinisa ukuthambekela kwezokulawula izikhali emazweni anjenge Serbia, iPoland, futhi ngisho nezigodlo ze-Baltic zime kakhulu khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibuso ehlukahlukene ivame ukukhipha imingceleni ezindaweni zokuzinhlalisa imibuso. I-evolution iyanda inguevent, ingunday idla ingunda ewukubhili: ingekhona kakhulu kunayo, i-e

Izinselele Kwabafeli Bomhlaba Wonke

Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njenge-European Union, iZizwe Ezihlangene, nenhlangano Yezokuphepha nokusebenzisana kwe-cooperation e-Europe (OSCE) zibhekene nenkinga lapho zisebenzelana nemibuso exubile. Imibuso ingamalungu amile kahle kakhulu kulemikhakha; ukuyixosha kungadinga ukuvumelana okungekho. Ukungavumelani njalo kusetshenziswa ngoba imibuso yentando yeningi ingakhomba izinhlangano zayo njengobufakazi bokulalela. Ukusabela kwe-EU ye-Hungary ne-Poland bekulokhu kunqamuka, kuncikelwe iSiphakamiso 7 esingakaze sisetshenziswe ngempumelelo. I-United States igxeka iRussia ne-Venezuela kodwa iyaqhubeka ithatha ukhetho lwezomthetho. Lokhu kuqeda ukuthembeka kwemibandela yentando yentando yeningi. [FLD] [5] [5] [FLT] [1]

Isiphetho

Imibuso ye-hybrid imelela enye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu yezombangazwe yasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 lokuqala. Ziye zabonisa ikhono elingavamile lokwamukela nokushintsha izici zentando yeningi . .Izishayamthetho, izishayamthetho, izinkantolo, (ngoba zilondoloza ukulawula kwe-autocratecrate okuvikela ababusayo ekuphenduleni. Ukuzimela kwazo engxenyeni yokulawula, ukulawula kwezokuxhumana, imithombo yezindaba, usekela, nokuguqula okungokomthetho, konke ngokucophelela ukuze kunqande ukubhebhebhetheza ukuphaza iqolo kwasekhaya noma ukungenela kwezizwe ngezindawo. Njengoba imbulunga yonke imibuso yentando yeningi iqala ukuncintisana, ukuqonda lemibuso akuyona nje isikole semfundo yezemfundo. Kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zobuhlawulwa kwangempela nokuvimbela ukusakazeka kwezimiso ezithiwe ukuba kube yintando yentando yeningi kodwa kungokunye futhi kufundiswe ngokufanayo ukuba kubukele ngaphandle kwezimiso zezombangazwe.