Isingeniso: Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Uhulumeni we-United States usebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso semibuso ehlukene, ehlukaniswe yaba amagatsha amathathu ahlukene: ukumiswa kwemithetho, ukulawulwa, nokwahlulela. Lesi sakhiwo, esakhiwa nguMthetho-sisekelo, sivimbela noma iyiphi into eyodwa ukuba ithole igunya elinganqandwa. Igatsha ngalinye lifeza indima eyingqayizivele nebalulekile enqubweni yokushaya umthetho, kusukela ekubhaleni nasekuchazeni umthetho ogunyazweni nasekuwuchazeni. Ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zindima zibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imithetho ebumbeke ngayo, ibekelwe inselele, futhi isetshenziswe. Abalawuli boMthetho-sisekelo basungula isimiso lapho ukuvelela ngamabomu, kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwenza umthetho kuzoba yinqubo yamabomu, yokubambisana, futhi kuvame ukuphikisana. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela igatsha ngalinye elisiza ngayo ekudaleni, ekuhleleni, nasekusekeleni imithetho ebusa isizwe.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Umenzi Womthetho Oyinhloko

Igatsha lemithetho, elihlanganiswe neSishaya-mthetho sase-United States, liyindikimba eyinhloko yomthetho kahulumeni kahulumeni. Njengoba kuchazwe eSigabeni I soMthetho-sisekelo, uMkhandlu uphethe amandla okuthatha ifomu, impikiswano, i-antenate, futhi udlulise umthetho. Iyinhlangano ye-bidamaral, enezindlwana ezimbili: iNdlu yabameleli neSishaya-mthetho. Igumbi ngalinye linemibuso ehlukile nezindlela ezimisa inqubo yomthetho. ISishaya-Hulumeni sibuye sibe negunya eliphawulekayo lokuqondisa phezu kwegatsha elikhulu, siqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isebenza ngendlela ehloselwe ngayo.

Indlu Yabameleli

Indlu yabameleli iyigumbi elikhulu, enamalungu ovota angu-435 ahlukaniswa phakathi kwezifunda ezisekelwe emphakathini. Abameleli basebenzisa izimemo zeminyaka emibili, bebenza balandise ngokuqondile ezikhundleni zabo zendawo. Indlu inezindima eziningana ezikhethekile zokushaya umthetho:

  • [[FLT: 0] Isiqalo: Zonke izikweletu zokuphakamisa inzuzo kumelwe zivele endluni, njengakuwo wonke umthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kwenza i Home ilawule ngokuyinhloko ukukhokhwa kwentela nokusetshenziswa kwayo.
  • [ Indlu inamandla okungagcononyelwa izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nomongameli, isekela likamongameli, nabahluleli. Ukuqashwa kuyisimangalo esingokomthetho sokuziphatha okubi, esifana necala.
  • Ukumelelwa kwenani labantu:[ ngoba izihlalo zisekelwe emphakathini, indlu iklanyelwe ukubonisa intando yeningi. Izifunda ezinkulu zinethonya elikhulu kuleligumbi.
  • Isimiso seKommittee: Indlu isebenzisa isimiso sekomiti esiqinile (umzk., Izindlela no-Fract, Iziphakamiso, Iziphakamiso) ukuhlolisisa umthetho ngokuningiliziwe. Imali eningi ifa ekomitini, yenza lezizidumbu zibe abagcini-sango abanamandla.

ISigele

ISigele siyigumbi elincane, linezigele eziyikhulu, ezimbili ezivela esifundazweni ngasinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyini izakhamuzi. Ama-Senator asebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha, nengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zeSigele esi phezulu ukuze kukhethwe njalo eminyakeni emibili.

  • I-Advice kanye ne-connect: ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, kuhlanganise namalungu ekhathektha, amajaji kahulumeni, amanxusa, namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. Ihlanganisa futhi izivumelwano neziningi ezingamashumi amathathu.
  • [[[INTLA]] Imithetho: Ngemva kwendlu ibeka isikhulu, iSigele siqulisa icala. Kudingeka amavoti amabili-ntathu ukuze abophe futhi asuse isikhulu.
  • : Abaholi bangahlanganyela empikiswaneni engenamkhawulo ukubambezela noma ukuvala ivoti engokomthetho. Nakuba i-palbuster ishintshwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (umz., umthetho wehlulelo odinga amavota angu-60 ukuze iqedwe impikiswano), ihlala iyithuluzi elinamandla kwabambalwa.
  • Umelelo wezwe: Zonke izifundazwe zinamandla okuvota alinganayo eSigeqeni, ukuvikela izithakazelo zezifunda ezingaziningi kangako.

Inqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka Kuyibhili Kuya EMthethweni

Ukwenza umthetho eKhongolose kulandela inqubo eningiliziwe, enezinyathelo eziningi:

  1. Intengiselwano: Icala lingasungulwa yilungu lelungu loMkhandlu kunoma yiliphi igumbi (ngaphandle kwezindleko zemali, eziqala endluni). Umthetho wabelwe inombolo futhi ubhekiswe ekomitini ehlobene nayo.
  2. [ Isenzo se-committee: Ikomiti ihlola, ifaka uphawu, futhi ingalungisa izindleko. Ikomiti yangasese ingabamba ukuqulwa futhi iqoqe ubufakazi obungochwepheshe. Ikomiti iphinde ivote ukuthi ingabika yini imvume egunjini eligcwele.
  3. Impikiswano ye-Floor ne Vote: Izimpikiswano ezigcwele zaleli gumbi, ukubheka ukulunga, nokuvota. Endlini, impikiswano ilinganiselwe ngemithetho; eSigeqeni, ingaba nempikiswano engenamkhawulo (i-flibuster) ngaphandle kokuba kucelwe i-gallery.
  4. Ezinye izingqungquthela Izenzo: Imali kumelwe idlulise womabili amagumbi ngendlela efanayo. Ngokuvamile, ikomiti yengqungquthela yamalungu avela kuzo zombili izindlu ivumelanisa umehluko.
  5. IPressidential Action: Isivumelwano sokugcina sithunyelwa kumongameli, ongasayina umthetho, i-veto, noma awuvumele ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kokusayina ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi (lapho kusekhona iziKhongolo). Uma iziKhomishane phakathi naleyonkathi yosuku oluyishumi, igebe aliwubeki umthetho (i-pocket to).
  6. Umzamo wokunganambitha: Isikhongozeli singadlula i-veto kamongameli ngevoti enkulu yama-3-3 ezindaweni zombili, nakuba lokhu kuyivelakancane.

Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe ngenqubo yomthetho, vakashela isikhulu .Gov inqubo yokuhlola inqubo yemithetho ye-'province'.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukusebenzisa Nokwenza Umthetho Usebenze

Igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa umongameli, linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho emiswe uMkhandlu.

Amandla E - Veto

Isigaba I, isiqephu 7, sifuna ukuba zonke izikweletu zidluliselwe uMkhandlu zidluliselwe kumongameli. Umongameli unezinsuku eziyishumi (izinsuku zamasonto adlulisa umthetho) zokunquma:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Uphawu lwemali [[[Umthetho:1] emthethweni.
  • Ukukhomba umlomo [ bese uwubuyisela eSixukwini ngemibango. IziKhongolo zingazama ukudunyazwa.
  • ungathathi nyathelo [-uma uMkhandlu useqenjini, isigwebo siba umthetho ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi ngaphandle kwesignesha kamongameli. Uma izishaya-mthetho phakathi naleyonkathi, igebe aliba ngumthetho (i-pocket ivato).

Iveto iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuthengiselana. Usongo nje lweveto lungaphoqelela uMkhandlu ukuba ulungise umthetho ukuze uhlangabezane nezicelo zikamongameli. Umongameli akanawo umugqa-ofithi wito (ikhono lokuveza izingxenye ezithile zemali), ngaphandle kwemali edingwayo ngaphansi komthetho ka-1996 owathi kamuva iNkantolo Ephakeme ayizange isho ukuthi ingokomthetho ewumthetho CTNCton v. City of New York.

Izimiso Neziqondiso Eziphethe

Umongameli anganikeza iziyalo eziphethe ukuba ziqondise izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezikhulu ekukhipheni kwazo umthetho okhona. Nakuba iziyalezo zezikhulu zingawubeki umthetho, ziphethe umthetho wegatsha eliphethe. Kumelwe zibekwe ngokomthetho wegunya lomongameli noma lobungqongqo bemithetho futhi zingaphansi kokuhlola kokwahlulela. Iziqondiso eziphethe ziye zasetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa imithetho yokufuduka, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, ukulondeka kwesizwe, namalungelo omphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wesikhulu sikamongameli uTruman udedededededa iziyalezo zempi noMongameli Biden ngenguquko yesimo sezulu zisetshenziswa kakhulu.

I - agenda Ewumthetho Nethonya

Umongameli uvame ukuhlela uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho ekhelini laminyaka yonke leSizwe se-Union, efaka izikweletu eziqondile nezimiso. Igatsha eliphethe lingase lilungise futhi lisebenze namanxusa ahlangene ukuze lizise. Umongameli futhi usebenzisa isiphakamiso semali, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, kanye nemithetho yomphakathi ukuze kuhlelwe impikiswano yezomthetho. Iwebhusayithi yendlu yabese-White ilondoloza iziphakamiso nezenzo zesikhulu.

Umongameli Oyisekela Nekhabethe

Isekela likamongameli likhonza njengoMongameli weSigele, livota ngokuphula isibopho. Ikhabethe (umz., iZwe, iDefense, iNdawo) (iSizwe, iSikhungo sezokuvikela) ) .Isekela umongameli futhi ifeza indima eyinhloko ekusebenziseni imithetho. Obebekhobhinethi bavame ukufakazela phambi kweSishaya-mthetho, ukusekela ukuhlelwa kwezimali zomnyango, nokunikeza ubuchwepheshe phakathi nenqubo yomthetho.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Nokubukeza Umthetho

Igatsha lokwahlulela, elihlanganisa iNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni, lichaza imithetho futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi iyavumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. Ijaji alisunguli umthetho kodwa linethonya elikhulu ngamandla okwahlulela. Izinkantolo zamaFrederal zinquma amacala nezimpikiswano, zisebenzisa imithetho namalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo emaqinisweni aqondile.

Izakhiwo Zamankantolo AseFederal

Ijaji likahulumeni lihlanganisa nezinga ezintathu:

  • [[IQUMT:0] Izinkantolo zezesifunda: izinkantolo zecala ezilalela amacala kahulumeni amaningi. Kukhona izigodi ezingu-94.
  • [[Izikhangiso:0] Izikhombo zokudlulisa: futhi zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zesifunda, zibukeza izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zesigodi. Kukhona izifunda eziyi 13 (12 zesifunda nesinye isifunda).
  • Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu: Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu, ehlanganisa amajaji ayisishiyagalolunye. Izwa ngokuyinhloko izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda noma ziveza izinkantolo eziphezulu uma kuhileleke umbuzo kahulumeni. INkantolo ikhetha ukuthi yimaphi amacala okuzwa (ukudlulisa i-certiorari).

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kungamandla ezinkantolo okumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ezingavumelani nemithetho. Leligunya lamiswa ecaleni eliphawulayo Marbury v. Madison, lapho uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall abhala khona ukuthi "kuyisifundazwe nesibopho somnyango wokwahlulela ukuthi uyini umthetho. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme idelele uhulumeni nemithetho eminingi. Uma iNkanto yeNkantolo ishaya umthetho, iyachithwa, futhi igatsha lomthetho kumelwe liqede umthetho noma linqume ukukhipha umthetho.

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kusebenza kokubili ezinzweni zomthetho nasezinzweni zokuphatha. Ngokwesibonelo, entsheni eshaye u-Chell & Tube Co. v. Sayeyer (1952), iNkantolo yashaya umthetho kaMongameli Truman wokuphatha izinsimbi phakathi neMpi yaseKorea, inquma ukuthi umongameli wayelidlule igunya lakhe elingokomthetho.

Ukuchaza Imithetho

Ngisho noma imithetho iwumthetho-mthetho, izinkantolo kumelwe zichaze incazelo yazo. Ukuphikisana ngolimi olungokomthetho kungadinga izinkantolo ukuba zihlole izinhloso zomthetho, umlando wezomthetho, nemithetho yemithetho ehleliwe. Lezincazelo zibeka iziqondiso eziqondisa ukugcinwa nokugcinwa kwesikhathi esizayo. IziKhongolo zingasabela ekuchazeni umthetho ngokucacisa injongo yawo, ngokuphumelelayo ukugumbuqela ukufundwa kwenkantolo (kungezona isinqumo kulelocala).

Indima YeNkantolo Ephakeme Ekubekeni Imithetho

Nakuba ingeyena ummisi-mthetho ngomqondo ongokwesiko, iNkantolo Ephakeme ihlela inkambiso yomphakathi ngezinqumo zayo zamalungelo omphakathi, amandla kahulumeni, inkululeko yokukhuluma, nezinye izindawo. Isinqumo seNkantolo ngokuvamile siphoqelela uMkhandlu ukuba wenze noma ulungise imithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokushaya kweNkantolo Act of the Council Act [Izinqumo] [FLT v. [FLT:] [FLT]] [2013] [2017], iSivumelwano seNkathi siqhube umthetho omusha wokubuyisela umthetho.[5] [4] [5]

Funda okwengeziwe ngenqubo yokwahlulela e- ingosi ye-website esemthethweni yeNkantolo ye-'ARD' .

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela: Indlela Amagatsha Alinganisela Ngamanye Ngayo

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sibalulekile kuhulumeni wase-U.S. igatsha ngalinye linemibuso ekhethekile elivumela ukuba licindezele elinye, livimbele noma iliphi igatsha ukuba lingabuswa. Ngezansi kunezibonelo eziyinhloko zendlela amagatsha asebenza ngayo phakathi nenqubo yokwenza imithetho nokugcinwa.

Izinhlolo - vo Zenhlangano Kumongameli

  • O ukunganambitha i-Vto: UKhongolo-kanye lungagumbuqela i-veto engumongameli nge-31 ye-mayes emagumbini womabili.
  • Isivumelwano:[[FLT:] Indlu ingamnqanda umongameli; iSigele singabopha futhi sisuse.
  • Amandla okuqinisekisa: ISigele kumelwe siqinisekise ama-mine aphethe amagatsha namajaji.
  • amandla entengo:[ ulawula ukuxhasa ngemali zonke izinhlangano eziphethe nezinhlelo. Inqaba ukukhokha imali ezizothathwa ngezifundo zikamongameli.
  • [[[UMTL:0] I-Alegistry: Amakomiti angahlola izenzo zobuphathi, amabhukwana angaphansi, futhi aphoqelele ubufakazi.

Umongameli Uhlola Izishaya - mthetho

  • I-VEto Power: Umongameli angakwenqaba ukumiswa kwemithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho.
  • I-Exect Direct Directions:[ Umongameli angaqondisa indlela imithetho ephoqelelwa ngayo, ngezinye izikhathi ngezindlela ezivumelana nemigomo yayo yezimiso.
  • Actrication Power: umongameli umisa amajaji nezikhulu eziphethe, ethonya ukuhola kwejaji nezinhlangano.
  • Pradon Power:[ Umongameli anganikeza ukuthethelelwa kobugebengu bukahulumeni, obungalinganisela ikhono loMkhandlu lokuphoqelela imithetho yobugebengu kubantu ngabanye.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Izishaya - mthetho Nomongameli

  • [ Ukubukeza okubalulekile: Izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha eziphula uMthetho-sisekelo.
  • [ Ukufakwa kwemithetho: Izinkantolo zichaza incazelo yezimiso, zithonya indlela ezisetshenziswa ngayo.
  • I-Tenure: amajaji e-Federal amiswe ukuze aphile (ezingeni lokuziphatha okuhle), awavikele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi awavumele ukuba ahlole amanye amagatsha ngokuzimele.

Amasheke Esibhakabhakeni

  • Ukulawula kwe Juriscion: Izikhomishane zingaguqula ukubusa kweNkantolo Ephakeme (nemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo) futhi zinqume isimo sezinkantolo eziphansi.
  • [ Ukuhlobisa nokususa: Abahluleli bangayekwa yindlu futhi basuswe iSigele ngenxa yobugebengu obukhulu kanye namaphutha.
  • Isichibiyeli somthetho-mthetho: Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ichaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngendlela ephikisana ngayo, uMkhandlu ungahlongoza ukulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo ukuze uguqule incazelo. Lokhu kudinga izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zombili izindlu nokuhlanzwa ngezindawo ezintathu kwezine.
  • Ukumisa nokuqinisekisa: Umongameli umisa amajaji, futhi iSigele siyawaqinisekisa. Lokhu kunikeza amagatsha ezombangazwe ithonya phezu kohlelo lwejaji.

Ukuze uthole uhlu olubanzi lwezihlolo nezilinganiso, bheka SUSA.gov ukucubungula amagatsha kahulumeni.

Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Zokwenza Imithetho Ehambisanayo

Isinyathelo Sokunakekela Esingafinyeleleki

Ukudlula kwe-Affordble Care Act (ACA) ngo-2010 kubonisa ukudlala okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwamagatsha. UKhomishane wamisa futhi wanikeza umthetho ngemva kwenkulumo-mpikiswano enkulu, umongameli wawusayina, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yawusekela kakhulu ku- National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202) u-202) kuyilapho futhi kulinganiselwa ukwanda kwe-Medicaid. Izenzo zomphathi kanye nabagibeli bemali ye-athonionment ziye zayiguqula i-AA, ibonisa i-internalbranch Resocietion eqhubekayo.

Umthetho Wokufuduka

Abameli baye basebenzisa iziyalo eziphethe ukuze bamise ukugcinwa kokugcinwa kwezokufuduka, njengeDeserred Action for Childhood Agewals (DACA) uhlelo. Umbuso uye wazama ukudlulisa inguquko yokufuduka ebanzi kodwa uhlulekile kakhulu. INkantolo Ephakeme, e-Homeland Security v. Regents of University of California[FLT] [FLT] [2020], yanquma ukuthi umzamo wokuphathwa kwe-DACA unephutha elisobala, ithumela umagazini emuva egatsheni lesikhulu. Lokhu kubonisa ukushukumagagasi phakathi kwamagatsha.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kokuqonda

Inqubo yokwenza umthetho eUnited States iyinkimbinkimbi ngamabomu, ihlanganisa wonke amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni engxoxo eqhubekayo. Izimiso zemithetho, izikhulu zezikhulu nezokuthonya, kanye nejaji iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ihlale ingekho phakathi kwemithetho engokomthetho. Lesimiso samagunya ahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuhlola nokulinganisela, kuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi kuvimbele ubushiqela. Abafundi, abafundisi, nezakhamuzi zansuku zonke, ukuqonda lemisebenzi ikhuthaza ukungenela kolwazi lwezentando yeningi. Ngokuhlanganyela ngenqubo yemithetho yezemithetho, ukuvota, nokuhlala benolwazi ngezinqumo zokwahlulela, abantu ngabanye bangagcina imithetho yabo iboshelwa futhi bahlele imithetho ebusa isizwe. Imishini eklanyelwe isimiso esidinga ukuhileleka kwemisebenzi yomphakathi esaba impumelelo yegatsha ngalinye.