Ukuqonda Isimiso Samasheke Nokulinganisela

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States umisa uhulumeni wemibuso ehlukene, uhlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho, aphethe, nawakwahlulela. Loluhlelo lwaklanyelwa ngamabomu ukuvimbela noma yiliphi igatsha elilodwa ekubutheni ukulawulwa okudlulele. Lolu hlelo lokuFunyekwa koFata, ikakhulukazi uJames Madison kuFederalist No. 51, lwaphikisa ngokuthi “isikhundla kumelwe siqhutshwe ukuze kulwiwe ukuvelela.” Igatsha ngalinye alinayo imisebenzi yalo kuphela ehlukile kodwa futhi nezindlela zokumelana nokungenela ezinye. Lesimiso sokuhlolwa nokulinganisa asisona isimiso semithetho esiqinile; kuyisihloko esishukumisayo esiye savela ngomlando, izinqumo, nokusebenza kwezombangazwe. Ukuqonda indlela igatsha ngalinye elingalinganisela ngayo amandla abanye abalulekile ekuqondeni ukulawulwa kwentando yentando yeningi yaseMelika.

UMthetho-sisekelo unika igatsha ngalinye amandla akhethekile, kodwa futhi unikeza iziphathimandla ezisebenzisanayo ezibambisanayo nomongameli, ngokwesibonelo, igatsha lenza imithetho, kodwa umphathi angawacindezela, futhi ijaji lingawabulala njengelungelo elingekho emthethweni. Ngokuphambene, igatsha lemithetho lingawahlukanisa futhi likhiphe abahluleli nomongameli, liqinisekise ama-mineine, futhi lilawule ukuxhaswa kwezinhlangano zezikhulu. La masheke awayona nje incazelo ecatshangelwayo; asetshenziswa njalo enkambweni yokubusa. Ngezansi kuhlola okuningi kokuthi igatsha ngalinye lingawalinganisa kanjani amandla abanye, ngezibonelo ezingokomlando nomthetho.

Igatsha Elinomthetho: Ingqungquthela Njengenhlolo - vo Esiqondisweni Nesigungu

Igatsha lemithetho, elakhiwa yiNdlu yabameleli neSigele, linamathuluzi amaningana anamandla okucindezela amanye amagatsha amabili.

Ukugada Nokuphenya

UKhomishane unegunya elikhulu lokuhlola imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe. Lo msebenzi wokwengamela ubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho ifeziwe ngokwethembeka futhi amanxusa asebenza ngokwemithetho yawo. Amakomiti e-Congregational angamisa imibhalo ye-poena, abize ofakazi, futhi abambe izimemezelo zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, [ i-SATE WAtergate Committee [[FLT] [[FLT]] kuma-1970] ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla eNixon, kuholela ekuphenyeni kukamongameli. Futhi muva nje, ukuphenyanisa umongameli.

Ukulwela Nokususa

Indlu yabameleli inamandla okuphela (ikhiphela amacala kuziphathimandla zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nomongameli, isekela likamongameli, kanye namajaji kahulumeni. Khona - ke iSigele siqunga icala futhi singasusa isikhulu ngevoti elingu-3 ezintathu. Lokhu kungomunye wemihlola enamandla kakhulu ngoba ingasiqeda ngokuqondile isigaba sikamongameli noma ikhiphe ijaji ebhentshini. Ngokomlando, amongameli uAndrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump balahlwa yindlu, nakuba kungekho muntu owalahlwa yiSigele. Nokho, usongo lokungagunyazwa lungavimbela ukuziphatha okubi okungathi sína. Abagwebi besifunda baye basuswa ngenxa yokufumbathisa nokudla izimali.

Iseluleko Nokuvuma: Ukuqinisekiswa Kokunqunyelwa

ISigele kumelwe siqinisekise izimpi eziningi zikamongameli, kuhlanganise namalungu ekhathektha, amanxusa, amajaji ombuso, namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. Lokhu kuvumela igatsha lezemithetho ukuba limise amagatsha aphetheyo namajaji ngokuvumela noma ukuvimbela abantu. Izimpi zokuqinisekisa ziye zaqina kakhulu, ikakhulukazi eNkantolo Ephakeme. Ukunqaba kweSishayamthetho ukuba kuvinjwe [i-FL: 0] [i-Murrick Garland ngo-2016 kanye nokuqinisekiswa kukaNeil Gormoth, u-Brett Kavaugh, no-Ammey Barrett kubonisa indlela lokhu kuhlola okungaguqula ngayo ukulinganisela kwezizukulwane ze-judia. Ngokufanayo, i-Gastrian ingawena i-omgarcence ephethe i-moneyo efuna ukukhetha umongameli noma ofanelekayo.

Amandla Okudla

ISiphakamiso I sinikeza iSishaya-Mkhandlu amandla akhethekile emali efanelekile. Igatsha eliphethe lingasebenzisa imali ngaphandle kokushaya indiva. Le “gunya lesikhwama” liyi-cheke eliyisisekelo: UKhongolo lungalinganisela noma luqede izinhlelo ezingathandeki: lungabeka izimo ekusebenziseni imali, futhi luphikelele ukuxhaswa kwemali yemizamo kamongameli. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Congress iye yasebenzisa abagibeli be-appropria ukuze inqande ukusetshenziswa kwezimali ezithile zemisebenzi yezempi noma ukuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa kweziqondiso zezempathiwe. Usongo lukahulumeni wokuvala izikhali, njengoba kuboniswe ngo-1995966 no-2018,19, lubonisa ukumiswa kwe-Bhunga komphathi.

I - Legislative Veto Nezinqumo Zokungamnaki

Nakuba iNkantolo ePhakeme yanquma i-partical council-partional Act S v. Chaha [1983], uMkhandlu usasebenzisa ezinye izinqubo ezifana [ Congational Review Act [CRA] izinqumo zokugumbula iziqondiso ezingokomthetho. Ngaphansi kwe-CRA, i-Congress ingadlulisa isinqumo esihlangene sokungavumelani nomthetho omusha; uma isayiniwe ngumongameli (noma nge-veto enhve), umthetho uncishisiwe. Le mithetho inikeza indlela yokuzilungisa inkampani efuna ukuthatha i-mpatho ngaphandle kokudlulisa umthetho., i-Bresdund i-All albund i-produrence i-transsion.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Umongameli Uhlola Isishaya - mthetho Nesimiso Somkhandlu

Umongameli, oyinhloko yegatsha eliphethe, uphethe amathuluzi amaningana omthetho - sisekelo nawusizo ukuze alinganisele imibuso yeSishaya - mthetho neyamajaji.

Amandla E - Veto

Umongameli angakhipha noma isiphi isikweleti esidluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. I-veto ivimbela umthetho ukuba ungabi umthetho ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu uwunqande ngobukhulu obubili obuyisithathu emagumbini womabili. I-veto iyisihlolo esiqondile emsebenzini wegatsha lomthetho. Abaholi abasuka kuGeorge Washington ukuya kulokhu manje baye basebenzisa umthetho wamanje abawubheka njengowungahlakaniphile noma ongawukhonzi. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Franklinlin D. Rooselt i-velt i-toto izindleko ezingaphezu kwezingu-600 , nakuba ababusi bamuva baye basebenzisa umthetho wokuvimbela ukukhokhwa kwemiwa kwemishosho noma ushintsho. Usongo lwemithetho lungabuye lwenze umthetho ovunyelwe ukuqondisa izigwebo

Ukuhleleka Kwezisebenzi Nokukhankaswa

Umongameli angakhipha iziyalo eziphethe zokuqondisa ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Lemiyalo inamandla omthetho kodwa ingaphansi kokubukezwa komthetho futhi ingaqedwa yisishaya-mthetho. Isiyalo esiphetheyo sivumela umongameli ukuba athathe isinyathelo ngaphandle kwesikhathi lapho uKhongolo-mbuso ubekwa noma lapho kuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo. Izibonelo ezingenakungakholeki zihlanganisa u-Accomplin’s Expropect [[[FLT:] [1863] [ii), ememezela ukuthi izigqila ziseqediswe ngenkululeko, futhi [[FLT] uHarryman] umlawuli wesikhulu wezomkhosi [FLT] ungekho umphakelele, (198]). Nokho, iziyalezo zezikhulu ziye zashaya iNkadensi yeNkadeli yeNkadengu enguPrimeli e-Trule.[5] ku-Foglet .[2]

Ukumiswa Nokususwa Kwezikhulu

Umongameli umisa amajaji, amanxusa, nezikhulu eziphethe, kodwa lokhu kumisa kudinga ukuqinisekiswa kweSigele. Nokho, umongameli angasusa futhi izikhulu eziningi zegatsha ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwe-counion (ngaphandle kwabaphathi bezenkampane abangasuswa kuphela ngenxa yesizathu). Lomandla anqumayo aqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphetheyo lithembekile ezimisweni zikamongameli futhi lingasetshenziswa ukuphoqelela ukulandisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umongameli angamisa ikhefu lapho iSigelethi siseqephu, adlulise inqubo yokuqinisekisa okwesikhashana (h_35) leligunya lamiswa yiNLB eSihlabweni esiphezulu [[FLT]. Noel Canning[FLD:1] (2014]

Ukubiza Izingxenye Ezikhethekile Zomkhandlu

ISiphakamiso II, iSiqeshana sesi-3 sivumela umongameli ukuba ahlanganise zombili izindlu zoMkhandlu ngezikhathi ezingavamile. Nakuba kungavamile ukuba lo mbuso usebenziseke namuhla, ungenza umongameli abophe umongameli ukuba akhulume ngesimo esiphuthumayo sesizwe noma aphule i-pactick. Umongameli uThomas Jefferson wabiza isiqephu esikhethekile ngo-1803 ukuba acabangele iLouisiana Purchase, kanye noMongameli uFranklinlinment D. Rooselt wabiza isiqephu esikhethekile ngo-1933 ukuze axoxe nge Great Depressure. Ngezinye izikhathi amongameli basebenzisa usongo lwesimiso esikhethekile ukuze bacindezele amaKhomishana ukuze benze umthetho.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamazwe Angaphandle Nezivumelwano

Umongameli uyinhloko yezomthetho futhi umholi wamabutho ahlomile. Nakuba iSigele kumelwe sivume izivumelwano zokugunyaza ngokuvota okubili-mithathu, umongameli angangena ezivumelwaneni zokuphatha amazwe angaphandle ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yisivumelwano. Izivumelwano ezinjalo zinamandla omthetho futhi zisetshenziswa kaningi ekuqhubeni umthetho wangaphandle. Umongameli futhi unamandla okuqaphela ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe nokuxoxa ngezivumelwano ezingadingi ukuvunyelwa kweSishaya-mthetho. Nokho, iSivumelwane singalinganisela la mandla ngokumisa imithetho evimbela ukusetshenziswa kwebutho lempi noma ngokwenqabela ukukhokhwanywa kwezizwe zonke. ISigqi seMpi seMpi sonyaka ka-19734, esimiswa phezu komongameli uNixon’s toto, sifuna ukuba umongameli azimemeze lapho ekhipha izivumelwano zempi futhi amabutho angazibophe imingcele.

Ukwahlulela Kuyahlola: Umqondisi Ophethe Njengommeli Nomsizi

Igatsha eliphethe liphoqelela ukuba kuthathwe izinqumo zenkantolo, kodwa futhi linenkululeko ethile endleleni ezenza ngayo. Umongameli angacela uMnyango wobulungisa ukuba abeke inselele yesinqumo senkantolo, noma umongameli anganqaba ukuvikela umthetho enkantolo, aphikisa ngokuthi awugunyazi. Umphathi futhi angakhipha intethelelo emacala kahulumeni, angathinta imiphumela yomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umongameli angamisa izinto eziza kuqala, ezingaqeda imithetho ethile uma umphathi ekhetha ukungamangaleli ukuphula umthetho.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Izinkantolo Njengenhlolo - vo Enkantolo Nesikhulu

Igatsha lokwahlulela, eliholwa iNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi, lichaza uMthetho - sisekelo nomthetho kahulumeni.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukuhlola okunamandla kakhulu izinkantolo ezinakho yigunya lokumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha ezingagunyaziwe. La mandla awashiwo ngokuqondile eMthethweni kodwa amiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme [FLT]][FLT]][[FLT]].[FLT][12] [183] [183] [izenzo zokuphatha]. [Izimo ze-FLT] [[FLT] [i-FLT] [i] [i-v].[4] ISikhulu uJohn Marshall wabhala ukuthi “kuqinisekile isifunda nesibopho somnyango wezehlulelo ukuba usho ukuthi umthetho uyini.[Foggnome] kusukela ngalesosikhathi, iNkakhulu lishalele phansi amakhulu emithetho kahulumeni nemithetho.[Ft] Izifundazwe eliphansi leNuni) iphinde iqaphele i-Expect, futhi i-tountstionsss.[194] lapho ihlola impountsssss ....[aunt, ilandela ilandela impoumpha

Ukuchazwa Kwemithetho

Izinkantolo zivame ukuchaza imithetho engacacile noma engaqondakali, futhi izincazelo zazo zingaguqula inqubo. IziKhomishane zingayidlulisa incazelo yokwahlulela ngokudlulisa umthetho omusha, kodwa lenqubo idinga ukuvunyelwa komongameli noma i-veto kusuka phambili. Nokho, ukuchazwa kwezinkantolo kungama iminyaka eminingi, kuthonya indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuchazwa kwezentengiselwano zeCentury Court uClaus e ] [Wackard v. Filburn[ [1942]) yanikeza i-Congress Congress Relatedreareant amandla okulawula, kodwa kamuva njengecala [FLD:] United States. Loct:95] (195]) yabuyisela amandla angemva kwalokho. Lendlela yokuchaza i-exalow echaza amandla anamandla ngenxa yegunya eliphethe.

Ukunqunywa Kwesikhathi Sokuphila Nokuzimela

Amajaji ahlangene, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, amiswe ukuze aphile “ephethe kahle.” Lokhu ukuzibusa kuwenza angabi nokucindezela kwezombangazwe kwamanye amagatsha. Ngokungafani namongameli namalungu eSishaya-mthetho, abahluleli ababhekene nokukhethwa futhi abangekwazi ukususwa kalula (kuphela ngokunganaki). Lokhu kuwenza akwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezingathandeki ezivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye noma umngcele wamandla kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo seNkantolo ngenkululeko yenkululeko yenkolo, kanye nenqubo yobugebengu ngokuvamile ivimbela ukumiswa kwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho kanye nezimiso zegunya.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Izinkantolo ziyizimemezelo zokugcina zamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Uma igatsha lomthetho noma eliphethe liphula amalungelo avikelwe yi-Bill of Rights noma ukulungisa okulandelayo, izinkantolo zingangenela. Icala elinjenga Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963] [ilungelo lokuyaluza) [icala], [ilungelo lokushada]. [[FLT] [[FLT] r.[FLT] [73])] [ilungelo], kusukela ekugumbukeni), futhi [i Foct:] "iwillsbergefell] [br] [ig] [indlela ephakathi] (imishado] ) (i-externamedmic]) iveza kanjani amanye amalungelo amaqembu ezombangazwe (ir.[i] [i] [i Gavig.] Amalungelo ayizignontic) angenza inqubo enzile, futhi angenza ihlelwe ngokuncili

Ukubukeza Izenzo Nemithetho Ephethe

Ngokumangalelana, izinkantolo zihlola ukufaneleka kwezenzo zobuphathi, kuhlanganise nezimiso zezinhlangano. I-Administrative Procedure Act (APA) ivumela abantu nezinhlangano ukuba baphikise imithetho yezinhlangano njengemithetho engekho emthethweni, eguquguqukayo, noma edlulayo. Izinkantolo zingabekela eceleni imithetho engekho emthethweni, iziqondiso zezikhulu, futhi zifune izinhlangano ukuba zilandele izinqubo ezifanele. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT: 0] Kuyi-West Virginia v. EPA, [2022], iNkantolo Ephakeme yalinganisela igunya lokubeka izindinganiso zokukhipha indleko ngaphansi kwe-Ceacwork Act, iphethe ukuthi imibuzo emikhulu idinga ukugunya elicacile lokumiswa kwenhlangano. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha aliyidluli amandla anikezwa yi-Bhungabond.

Ukusebenzisana Nemishini Yezingcingo Nokulinganisela

Uma kusetshenziswa inqubo, amasheke nama-cheke namasilinganiso akunasikhathi kuhlukene kahle. Amagatsha ngokuvamile ahlangana ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho uMkhandlu udlulisa umthetho umongameli azimisele ukuwenza, angase awugunyaze. Uma iSishaya-mthetho ulawula i-veto, umthetho ungabe usabekelwa inselele enkantolo. Ngokuphambene, uma iNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu ishaya umthetho, uMkhandlu ungasabela ngokuqinisekisa umthetho wokuhlangabezana nomthetho-mthethwe-sisekelo noma ngokufaka inguquko yomthetho-mthetho. Inqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisa i-galelo ingaba i-kenzi, ngokusunduza nokudonsa igatsha ngalinye ukuze ulondoloze igunya layo.

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zibonisa lokhu kudlala. Phakathi neNew Deal, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wahlongoza “icala-” lokunezela amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme ngemva kokugawula izinhlelo zakhe eziningi. Ekuphenduleni, iSigele senqaba icebo, kodwa iNkantolo yaqala ukusekela umthetho weNew Deal , kodwa isibonelo esivelele sokucindezela kwezombangazwe okuthonya ukuziphatha kokwahlulela. Ngokufanayo, iNxube yamanzi yabonisa indlela ingxubevange yokuhlola i-constivation, ikhiphe ngayo isahlulelo, futhi umbono womphakathi uphoqe umongameli ukuba ashiye. Muva nje, isinqumo seNkanto ePhakakhulu [FLT: 0] ihluleka ukukhipha ikhambiso leNkathi yeNkathili.

Lesimiso sixhomeke futhi ekuzimiseleni kwegatsha ngalinye ukuqinisa amagunya alo. IKhomishane engasivumeli isiphathi ukuba sandise amandla aso ngeziqondiso zezikhulu nangezenzo zokuqondisa. Umongameli ononya angahlola imingcele yegunya, ashukumisele izinkantolo ukuba zingene. I-jadicary ngokwayo ixhomeke ekuhloleni: I-Congress ingaguqula ukulawula kweNkanto ePhakeme (ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso III), futhi umongameli angabeka imingcele yamajaji amashadi amashashandawo amashandala lapho kuvela izimvume. Ngakho, ukulinganisela kwamandla kuxhomekekalela esikhathini esithile, kodwa izakhiwo zisekhona.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kokuhlola Nokulinganisela

Ikhono legatsha ngalinye likahulumeni lokulinganisela amandla abanye aliwona nje umqondo wemfundo; liyindlela ephilayo, yokuphefumula eye yavikela idemokrasi yaseMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Abasunguli baqonda ukuthi amandla agxiliswe aholela ekubuseni ngonya, ngakho badala isimiso lapho ukuvelela kungamelana khona nokuvelela. Igatsha lezemithetho lihlola umphathi ngokuqondisa, ukungathotshelwa, amandla esikhwama, nokuqinisekiswa kokumiswa. Isikhulu sihlola isishaya umthetho ngoveto, iziyalezo zezikhulu, nangokuqondisa.

Lokhu kuhlola akusebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi; kungaholela ekuxazululeni i-gripbock nokuhlukanisa. Nokho ukuthi ukuzimisela kuyiphutha elisemthethweni − kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko ezinkulu zidinga ukuvumelana okubanzi. Njengoba uJacob Madison abhaliwe kuFederalist No.[1], “Inhloso eqhubekayo iwukuhlukanisa nokuhlela amahhovisi amaningana ngendlela yokuthi ngalinye lingase libe i-chezukiswa kwenye. Ukuqonda lolu hlelo kubalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi, nezakhamuzi ezifisa ukuhileleka ngokubaluleka kukahulumeni wabo. Isimiso siyaqhubeka siguqula, kodwa izimiso zaso zesisekelo zisalokhu zibalulekile namuhla njengango 1787. Ngokuqhubekayo, hlola [FLT:] umehluko [FFF] [3] [FT], [FFFF] emandleni emandla ahlukene], [Fogcode] [5] [5],[5] [uhlu lomthetho ophakeme]