Uhulumeni wase-United States wakhiwe emagatsheni amathathu ahlukene − i-legislative, isikhulu, neyahlulelo − ngayinye ephethe amandla akhethekile athinta ngokuqondile amalungelo esakhamuzi ngasinye. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, ebekwe kuMthetho-sisekelo, yenza isimiso esinamandla lapho amalungelo engenziwa khona, achazwe, akhuliswe, akhuliswe. Ukuqonda indlela igatsha ngalinye elisiza ngayo ekulolongeni amalungelo akho akuyona nje indaba yolwazi lwesizwe kodwa kuyithuluzi elisebenzayo lokuvikela nokuqhubekisela phambili inkululeko yakho siqu. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukusungulwa okunemininingwane, ukuvuselelwa kwethonya legatsha ngalinye, eliphelele ngomongomlando, ngezibonelo zangempela zezwe, kanye nezenzo zezenzo zezakhamuzi.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ukwenza Imithetho Echaza Amalungelo

Igatsha lemithetho, elakhiwa yiNdlu yabameleli neSigele, linamandla okubhala, ukuphikisana, nokushaya imithetho. Lemithetho yakha isisekelo samalungelo amaningi amaMelika ajabulela namuhla (_kusukela ekuvikelweni kokuvota kuya ezindinganisweni zokuphepha zasemsebenzini. Inqubo yomthetho ivumela abameleli abakhethiwe ukuba baphendule izidingo zomphakathi, iyenze ibe indlela eqondile kakhulu yokubumba amalungelo ngosizo lwezikhulu zabo ezikhethiwe.

Ukwakha Amalungelo Amasha Ngemithetho

UKhongolose lunegunya lokwakha amalungelo amasha ngokuphelele ngokudluliswa kwemithetho. Izibonelo ze-Landmark zihlanganisa i-Civil Rights Act ka-1944, eyanqabela ukucwaswa kohlanga, umbala, inkolo, ubulili, noma ubuzwe, kanye Ukubekwa i-Vation Rights Act ka-195], evimbela ukucwasana ngokohlanga ekuvotelweni. Lemithetho yasungula amalungelo omphakathi angenakuba khona eMthethweni wezomthetho wokuqala; yadalwa yigatsha lemithetho yemithetho yokulawula izingxoxo zokulingana. [[FLT]] [FLT] [FLT] [AD] kanye noMthetho ka-195] ka-19905] wesivikelo sezentebo yomphakathi, ifuna ukukhokhwazwa kwabantu, nokusetshenziswa kwezindawo zokusebenza, ukuhlanganisa izimpahla zomphakathi.

Imithetho Eqinile Nehlaziyayo

Amalungelo awasebenzi. Izishaya-mkhandlu zingahlanganisa imithetho ekhona yokwandisa noma ukunciphisa amalungelo. Ngokwesibonelo, UMthetho wamalungelo uye walungiswa kaningi, ngokuphawulekayo ngo-1975 ukuba kuhlanganise isivikelo solimi oluncane nonyaka ka-2006 ukuhlanganisa izinhlelo eziyinhloko. Ngokuphambene, uMkhandlu ungaphinde ubeke imithetho evimbela amalungelo, njengokuphinda i-Repeal of the , u-Don’t inqubo yolimi oluthiyo ngo-2010], evumela ungqingili nongqingili ukuba basebenze obala kwezempi. Umthetho wokuhlola isho ukuthi ukucindezelwa nokulungiswa kwemithetho yesizwe kungaphumela ngokuqondile ekushintsheni amalungelo akho.

Ukugada Nokuphenya

Ngaphandle kokubhala imithetho, iziKhomishane ziqondisa ukuqulwa kwecala nokuphenya ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imithetho ekhona imisiwe ngokulinganayo. AmaKomiti anjengeSigele seKomiti yoMkhandlu yeSigele noma iKomiti yeNdlu yeSishaya-mthetho noma i-House Overseast ne-Reformation zingahlola ukuthi izinhlangano eziphethe ziyawahlonipha yini amalungelo ezakhamuzi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kwemibiko yokuhluleka kwezimiso eFederal Bureaunia of Prisons, iKhomisha yalalela izimende ezaholela ekuguquleni amalungelo eziboshwa nasezimweni ezithile. Lo msebenzi wobubonisi bukadengu usebenza njengenhloli begatsha lezengameli futhi usiza ekuvikeleni amalungelo asebenzayo.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezilithonya Ngayo Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Izakhamuzi zingathonya ngokuqondile ukwenza umthetho ngokuthintana nabameleli bazo, ngokuhlanganyela ekuqulweni kwezindaba zomphakathi, nangokuvota kukhetho. Inqubo yemithetho iklanyelwe ukuba iphendule − i-Chourt.gov inikeza ukucindezela okwanele kokukhipha izikweletu, amavoti, nezenzo zekomiti, ukuvumela noma ubani ukuba ahlole ukuthi abameleli bakhe benzani ezindabeni ezihlobene namalungelo. Advocacy Congress avame ukungenela iKhongolo ukuze angenise noma aphikise izikwele, futhi imikhankanti yotshani ingaveza ukucindezela okwanele ukuze akhiphe izikwele noma avize noma amise umuntu.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukufaka Izicelo Nokwandisa Amalungelo Ngokwesenzo

Liholwa uMongameli, igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa nokumisa imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu. Leligatsha futhi linamandla aphawulekayo okuhlela amalungelo ngeziqondiso zezikhulu, ukubusa, nokumiswa kwamajaji nezikhulu. Nakuba uMongameli engenakusungula imithetho emisha kuphela, izinqumo zabo nokugcinwa kwemithetho zithinta ngokuqondile ukuthi amalungelo atholakala kanjani kubantu baseMelika.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwemithetho

Igatsha eliphethe lengamela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezifana ne Ihholo Lobulungisa (DOLT), , i-[FLT]Actal Procesworkwotion Commission (EOK)[FLT]], kanye nokuhlwisana kwezempilo nezeNkonzo yobuntu [HHS] . Lezi zinhlangano zimisa imithetho ehlobene namalungelo omphakathi, amalungelo empilo, kanye nezinye. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Doj’s Civiltion Revition ingashondment Division ishore noma imibuso ephula amalungelo okuvota, kuyilapho iEOC ihlola ukucwa kwezikhalo. Amandla noma ubuthakathaka phakathi kokwenziwayo nsuku zonke.

Iziqondiso Zesimiso Sokuqondisa: Ithuluzi Elinamandla

Abameli banganikeza iziyalo eziqondisa indlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngayo, ngokuvamile zithonya amalungelo ngaphandle kokulinda iSishaya-mthetho. Izibonelo ezingenakuphawulwa zihlanganisa uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt Umthetho owe-Ectutive Order 906[, owagunyaza ukuhlanganiswa kwamaMelika ase-Japan phakathi neMpi Yezwe II (ukulinganiselwa okukhulu kwamalungelo), kanye noMongameli Back Obama’s Isenzo se-Datected for Childhoowales [DACA] , esivikelwa okwesikhashana abafudukiswe abafudukiswe eUNIS. Njengezingane eziphumayo. Ukuthunyelwa kweze.[i-Grouption Asccuption azina ukubuyiselwa, njengoba uMongameli we-DCA ebona ezama ukuthatha iziyalezo ngokushesha ngenxa yemvume zokulawula.[F.]

Amandla Okumisa Nengoma

UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, abe eseqinisekiswa yiSigele. Laba bahluleli bafeza izincazelo zokuphila, okusho incazelo yabo yoMthetho-sisekelo ingawakha izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Ngokwesibonelo, ukumiswa kukaMongameli uRonald Reagan uAnton Scalia kwathonya inguquko engokwesiko echazayo, kuyilapho ukumiswa kukaMongameli Joe Biden iKetan Brown Jackson kwaletha umbono ohlukile ngamalungelo omphakathi. Ithonya legatsha eliphethe enkantolo lingomunye wemiphumela yalo ehlala njalo elungelweni.

Ukubusa

Izinhlangano zeFederal zinikeza imithetho enethonya lomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT: 0] i-Environal Protection Agency (EPA) imisa izindinganiso zokungcola ezithinta ilungelo lokuhlala endaweni ehlanzekile, ne ukukhishwa kwemfundo [[FLT:] kuveza imithetho yokuthi izikole kufanele zibahlasele kanjani abafundi ngokukhubazeka. Lemithetho idlula phakathi nenkathi yokuphawula obala, inikeza izakhamuzi ithuba lokuzihlela. Nokho, igatsha eliphethe lingasebenzisa futhi ukubeka imithetho emincane, njengalapho uMnyango weNyuziyanga wezentengo ishintshela ukuze wenze izinqubo zokukhoselelwa ezibhekile ukuba zifune ukuba zivikele.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Egatsheni Eliphethe

Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela enqubweni yokubeka umthetho ngokunikeza izinkulumo ezihlongozwayo ngemithetho ebekwe e .gov. Zingathintana futhi neWhite House, zinxuse uMongameli, futhi zisebenzise i Freedo of Information Act (FOIA) ukucela amabhukwana ngezenzo zobuphathi. Ukuqasha uMongameli kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuthonya isiqondiso segatsha eliphethe, kodwa ukubopha nge-accompation quents kanye nemikhankaso yomphakathi kungasunduza ukuphatha ukuphatha amalungelo athile.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Nokuvikela Amalungelo Ngomthetho Wecala

Igatsha lokwahlulela, eliholwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni, lichaza umthetho-mthetho kanye nemithetho kahulumeni. Izinkantolo zinamandla okuqeda imithetho nezenzo zokuphatha eziphula uMthetho-sisekelo, zizenze i-econe enqubweni yamagatsha amabili. Ngesimiso sokwahlulela, esisungulwe Martbury v. Madison [1803]] , izinkantolo zinquma imingcele yamandla kahulumeni kanye nezingalo zamalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Uma umthetho noma isenzo sokuphatha sibhekelwa inselele njengesithi awuvumelani nokuvimbela inzalo, izinkantolo zinquma ukuthi iphula amalungelo athile yini. Amacala ezwe ezigebengu aye achaza amalungelo ezindawo ezinjengezethu kuphela (] Griswold v.Connecticut[, 1965, iqe umlomo ovimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela inzalo), umshado ([[[[FLT]]] Obergebrev. Hodges[FLT] , 2015, isemthethweni ofanayo-expressordiat jov), nenqubo yobugebengu ([[FLT:].[FLD] Mandanda. [FLD], 1966, idinga ukunyulwa kwelungelo lawokunikezwa yilungelo lazo). Inkantolo yomthetho ophansi, ihlelwe yinqubo yokwakha umthetho.

Indima Yezandulela

Izinkantolo zilandela isibonelo (ama-stare decisis), okusho ukuthi izinqumo zesikhathi esidlule ziqondisa ezakusasa. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ingagumbuqela ezayo izenzakalo, njengoba yenza ku Brown v. Board of Education (1954), eqedile ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni, ukuguqula imfundiso “yodwa kodwa elinganayo] [kusukela ku- Pletteny v. Ferguson [18696]. Ukuzinza nokushintsha kwesibonelo kuthinta indlela amalungelo avikelwa ngayo eqekelweni, kodwa kumelwe futhi kuqaphele ukuthi ukuhlelwa kweNkanto yeNkanto.

Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni: INkantolo Njengenkundla Yamalungelo

Ijaji linikeza indawo abantu abazobekela kuyo inselele ekuphulweni kwamalungelo. Ngamacala, izakhamuzi zingafuna imiyalo yokunqanda izimiso ezilimazayo, ukulimala kwemali, noma izahlulelo zokukhipha isigwebo ezicacisa amalungelo azo. Amasudi amakhulu abantu avumela amaqembu abantu ukuba ahlanganise imithombo yemali nokuphula umthetho kwezimiso, njengaku Brown v. Board noma ezicabeni ezimelene nezinkampani zikagwayi. Izimfuneko zokuma (ukuveza ukulimala okuqinile) ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zikhuluma ngezingozi zangempela, kodwa imingcele enjengezindleko nenkimbiso.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezihlanganyela Ngayo Negatsha Lokwahlulela

Nakuba izakhamuzi eziningi zingeke zixabane ecaleni phambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme, zingahlanganyela enqubeni yokwahlulela ngokukhonza enkantolo, ngokunikeza i-acicus curiae (“umngane wenkantolo”) ishwada ngezinhlangano, noma zifake izivumelwano zazo siqu. Iwebhsayithi yeNkantolo [ inikeza ukuvunyelwa kwempikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo, imibono, nezimiso zecala. Ukuqonda igatsha lokwahlulela kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele lapho amalungelo azo ephulwe futhi zifune izijeziso.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela: Indlela Amagatsha Alinganisela Ngamanye Ngayo

Isimiso sokuhlolwa nokulinganisa soMthetho-sisekelo siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elingabusa futhi amalungelo avikelwe kuhulumeni ophathwe kabi. Igatsha ngalinye linezindlela zokuhlola amanye, lidala ukucindezeleka okunamandla okungavikela futhi kwenze amalungelo abe maningi.

Ukuhlola Imithetho Emagatsheni Aphethe Nahluleli

ISishaya-mthetho singasusa umongameli ngenani eliphindwe kathathu, uma uMongameli ephikisa −thus avikele amalungelo omphathi angazama ukuwalinganisela. ISishaya-mthetho sibuye silawule uhlelo lwemali futhi sisuse izinhlangano eziphula amalungelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMkhandlu unamandla okungagunyaza futhi ususe uMongameli noma ijaji likahulumeni wokuziphatha okubi (i-Artle II, i-gate 4). ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa kokwahlulela nezivumelwano, sinikeza i-explory onstructions.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Amagatsha Angokomthetho Nahlulele

UMongameli angamisa umthetho, avimbele imithetho ephazamisa amalungelo ukuba ingafezi. UMongameli futhi unamandla okuthethelela abantu (Artle II, Ingxenye 2), engabuyisela amalungelo alahlekile ngokuqiniseka − ukuhlola okubalulekile ngokumelene nemigwebo enzima. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagatsha aphethe asebenzisa izimemezelo zenkantolo; uMongameli ophikisana nesinqumo angathatha ijubane elithatha inselele, nakuba lokhu kungabekelwa inselele enkantolo.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Amagatsha Angokomthetho Naphethe

Izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho engekho emthethweni, njengoba yayenza ku- United States v. Windsor (2013) lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ihlasela ingxenye yoMthetho woMnyango Womshado. Zingayala futhi ukuba kuthathwe izenzo zezikhulu, njengoba zibonwa eziyalezweni eziningi zenkantolo ezivimbela ukuvinjelwa kohambo kuze kube yilapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ekugcineni isekela inguquko ebukeziwe. I-jajilo liyinhlolo olunamandla kakhulu ngoba lingasehlisa inqubo kahulumeni ephula amalungelo.

Isibonelo Sezwe Esingokoqobo: Impi Yokuphana Ngamalungelo

Cabangela umlando wamuva wamalungelo okuvota. udlulise [uMthetho wamaGosa , igatsha eliphethe (i-DOJ) liphoqelela amalungiselelo ayo, futhi izinkantolo zichaza ukuthi yimiphi imisebenzi yokuvota ephambuka. [[FLT:]] Shelby County v. [I-“Balerde (2013) , iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya ilungiselelo eliyinhloko elidinga ukuguqula uhulumeni wangaphambi kwe-crever. Lesi sinqumo sashintsha amandla abuyela emuva ezizweni, siholela ekuvinjweni kabusha. Ukusabela okusha kwemiya eqedweni kabusha (i-FLT [FL:]] [FLT] [FFF]] [FFF]]] [FFFoctive Activeive Activeive [F]]]] [Fout Activection:[5]]]

Indima Kahulumeni Nohulumeni Kumalungelo Abantu

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila emagatsheni amathathu kahulumeni, kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi amagatsha ezwe anemithetho yawo siqu, isikhulu, kanye nokwahlulela athonya amalungelo. ISichibiyelo seshumi samagunya agciniwe angayiphathi i-odoxanti, okuholela ekuvikelweni okucebeleneyo kwamalungelo ezweni lonke. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokushada ngokomthetho ofanayo lamiswa ngokwesizwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme, kodwa lisekhona ukulawula izinqubo ezivimbela imishado. Ngokufanayo, amalungelo emfundo, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, nezinga lendawo eliyilwe kakhulu abamisi-mthetho nombusi. Izakhamuzi kufanele ziqaphele kokubili izimiso zombuso nombuso ukuba ziqonde amalungelo azo ngokugcwele.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Kuwo Wonke Amagatsha

Ukuba isakhamuzi okunentshiseko kubalulekile ekulolongeni amalungelo abantu.

  • Abameleli abahlangene ngokuhlela umthetho olindele ("coant , email, noma ukungena emahholo edolobha. Ama-website anjenge .gov akhethwe izikhulu zokhokho [] ukusiza ukuthola izikhulu zakho.
  • Paricipate empendulweni yomphakathi ezimisweni zikahulumeni (Imithetho.gov) ukuthonya ukubusa kwegatsha.
  • I-part noma ukuhlangana nezinhlangano zezemvume ezingokomthetho njenge-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) noma iNaACP Eccline Defense, eziletha amacala ejaji.
  • balekela ihhovisi kunoma yiliphi izinga", indawo, isifundazwe, noma uhulumeni , ukubumba amalungelo ngokuqondile ngamagatsha omthetho noma amagunya aphethe.
  • [ Sebenzisa izinkantolo ngokuhlela izikhalo ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo amanxusa anjenge-EOC noma ngokuqasha ummeli ukuba amangalelwe.

Indlela ephumelela kakhulu iwukuhlanganyela nawo womathathu ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Isiphetho: Amalungelo Akho Awumbhalo Ophilayo

Amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni awasebenzi ngokuzihlukanisa; ukusebenzelana kwawo kwakha uhlelo oluphilayo lwamalungelo oluzivelela ngokhetho ngalunye, isinqumo senkantolo, nomthetho wezikhulu. Ukuqonda izindima ezihlukile zomthetho, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela kukunika amandla okuba ube umhlanganyeli okhuthele kulesi simiso. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usekela umthetho omusha, ukhulume ngemithetho, noma umangalela, usebenzisa amalungelo izizukulwane eziye zalwa ngaphambi kokuba umise. Ungazi ukuthi uthembise, ungasheshi, futhi ukhumbule ukuthi ukuhlola okuyinhloko ngamandla kahulumeni kuyi-oploring esazi futhi uyisazi sezakhamuzi.