Isingeniso: Indima Eyinhloko Yezigaba Zezombangazwe Ekubuseni

Amaqembu ezombangazwe awawona nje amaqembu okukhetha imishini; ayizicubu ezixhumene phakathi kwezakhamuzi nombuso. Cishe kuzo zonke imibuso yentando yeningi, amaqembu ahlela amandla ezombangazwe, izithakazelo ezihlangene, futhi asebenza njengezimoto eziyinhloko zokuhumushela izintando zomphakathi ezimisweni zomphakathi. Ukuqonda indlela ukubusa kwamaqembu kubalulekile ngayo kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda amandla okwenza izinqumo zezombangazwe, kusukela ekuthatheleni umthetho wezwe kuya ekumiseni abahluleli nemisebenzi yansuku zonke yezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Lesi sihloko siqeda imisebenzi eyisisekelo yamaqembu ezombangazwe, sichaza izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezisebenzisa ngazo ithonya ekubuseni, futhi sihlola kokubili imiphumela yawo ezuzisayo neyinkinga ezimisweni zentando yeningi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi wezombangazwe, umvoti othembisiwe, noma umane unelukuluku lokufuna ukwazi ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza kanjani, lokhu kuhlola kuyonikeza umfanekiso ocacile, osekelwe ebufakazini wenye yezinhlangano eziyisisekelo zentando yeningi zanamuhla.

Ukubheka Okujulile Kakhulu Kuyini Imikhosi Yezombangazwe?

Kuzo eziyisisekelo kakhulu, amaqembu ezombangazwe ahleliwe amaqembu abantu ahlanganyela izinkolelo zezombangazwe ezibanzi kanye nemigomo futhi asebenza ndawonye ukuze anqobe okhethweni futhi alawule imishini kahulumeni. Nokho, lencazelo elula ifihla ubunkimbinkimbi obukhulu. Amaparishi angamalungu amathathu kanyekanye: [] ne-barband[ ahlukanisayo, umsebenzi weminye iminyango [[FLT]] wezisekelo nezimbathi, , kanye [[FLT]] nomfathi ojikelezayo [oct], lowo kanye, okumelwe uvumelane nokucindezela kwangaphandle.

Amaqembu anamuhla ngokuvamile anezakhi ezintathu ezibalulekile:

  • Idili ekuvoteni: abavoti abafana njalo noma abasekela iphathi, ngisho noma bengewona amalungu angokomthetho.
  • Inhlangano yeqembu[: isakhiwo esingokomthetho esihlanganisa amakomiti esizwe, izahluko zendawo, izisebenzi, kanye nabasebenzi abaphethe imikhankaso nezimiso zemisebenzi.
  • Iqembu kuhulumeni: izikhulu ezikhethiwe — izishayamthetho, iziphathi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi abahluleli — eziphethe ilebula leqembu futhi zisebenzele ukwenza uhlelo lwalo.

Amaqembu ezombangazwe aye aqala ngokuphawulekayo phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka adlule. EmaRepublic akuqala e-United States naseYurophu, amaqembu ayevame ukuhlangana ngokungenamthetho kwabakhethiweyo. Namuhla, ayinkimbinkimbi, ayizizinhlangano ezingenisa ukwaziswa ezisebenza kakhulu ekuhloleni, ekuthumeleni izinombolo, nasekuthumeleni izincwadi. Indima yamaqembu nayo iye yakhula: kanti ekuqaleni ayesebenza njengezimoto zokujoyina nokukhetha, manje akha zonke izigaba zenqubo, kusukela ekusebenziseni izinhlelo zenqubo.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yezidili Zezombangazwe

Amaqembu okuqala ezombangazwe avela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 njengendawo engokwemvelo kahulumeni omelele. E-United States, amaFederalist namaDemocratic-Republicans akhiwa ngemibono ehlukene yoMthetho-sisekelo nombuso kahulumeni. EGreat Britain, iWhigs neTories ezimishini ezizungeze amapalamende. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amaqembu aba nobuchwepheshe obungaphezulu, athatha amapulatifomu abhaliwe, abamba imihlangano yesizwe, kanye nokwakha izinhlangano ezihlala njalo. Ukusakazeka kwenani lesixuku eGreat Britain nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 nelama-20 kwaphoqasha amaqembu ukuba athathe isithakazelo ngokwengeziwe kubantu abavamile, aphakamisela iqembu elisemfashinisweni nanamuhla.

Izazi ze-Contemporary thi Ricard S. Katz kanye no-Peter Mair zichaze isigaba samuva kakhulu sokuziphendukela kwemvelo njenge-“qembu leqembu”: amaqembu ahlangana kakhulu nombuso, ancike ekutholeni imali yomphakathi nasekutholeni imithombo yezindaba esikhundleni semisuka yotshani. Lokhu kuguqulwa kunezici ezibalulekile ekulawuleni, njengezimo ezilawulayo ukusabela komphakathi.

Imisebenzi Yezigaba Zezombangazwe Ebusayo

Amaqembu ezombangazwe enza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile esiza idemocratial isebenze kahle. Lemisebenzi ayiyona eminye engaphezulu; ibaluleke kakhulu ekutheni ukubusa kwanamuhla kusebenza kanjani.

  1. Ukuhlanganisa nokubiza abazobhapathizwa : Imikhosi isebenza njengabagcini bamasango, ukuphehla nokukhetha abantu abazogijima ukuze bathathe isikhundla. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi abazobhapathizwa banesisekelo esithile sekhono, ukwethembeka, nesimiso esivumelana nohlobo lweqembu. Ngaphandle kwemikhosi, ibhola lingase ligcwele abalungisi abangafaneleki kahle noma ababhikishi ababhikishayo, abadidinisayo.
  2. Ihlela ukhetho kanye nokuqoqa abavoti : Izindawo zitshala ingcebo enkulu ekubhaliseni, ukukhipha imishini, nezinhlelo zokuvota zakuqala. Zinikeza futhi imvume elula kubavoti: uma umvoti ekhetha umqondo weqembu elivamile, ngokuvamile basekela abavoti babo ngaphandle kokudinga ukucwaninga ngamunye.
  3. [ Ihlela futhi ithuthukise izinqumo zenkambiso yemithetho: Amaqembu ezombangazwe adala iziteshi — izimemezelo ezibanzi zesimiso nesimiso — eziqondisa izenzo zezikhulu zawo ezikhethiwe. La mapulatifomu asiza abavoti ukuba baqonde lokho okumele isigaba futhi anikeze umthetho wesenzo ngemva kokhetho.
  4. [ ukubusa ngokunikeza isakhiwo : Kuzindlu zomthetho, amaqembu ahlela ukuhola (Okhulumayo, uMholi we-Majority, izihlalo zamakomiti), ukuphoqelela ukuqondisa ukuvota (iziswebhule), nokuhlela ukugeleza kwemithetho. Emagatsheni aphethe, iqembu likamongameli noma undunankulu lisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi i-pactime kanye nomthetho usebenzele ezimisweni ezihlanganyelwene.
  5. Ikhonza njengokuxhumana phakathi kukahulumeni nomphakathi : Izindawo zisebenza njengezindlela ezimbili. Yazisa izakhamuzi ngezenzo zikahulumeni, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, isakhamuzi sikhathalela abalawuli bemithetho. Lomsebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu kuhulumeni omkhulu, oyinkimbinkimbi lapho izakhamuzi zingalandela khona yonke impikiswano.

Lemisebenzi eyinhloko ibonisa ukuthi kungani amaqembu ekhona embusweni wentando yeningi: axazulula izinkinga zezenzo zobunye, ukwaziswa okuwukuhleleka, nokubambisana okungaqeda uhulumeni amandla.

Indlela Imikhosi Yezombangazwe Ethonya Ngayo Ukubusa: Umbono Onemibono Ehlukahlukene

Ukuqonda le mizi yezombangazwe kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani amaqembu ezombusazwe enamandla kangaka ngisho nalapho engasekho ngaphansi kwegunya.

Ukushaya Imithetho

Ithonya elibonakalayo kakhulu lamaqembu ezombangazwe lisenkundleni yezenyunyana. Uma iqembu liphethe iningi esigungwini somthetho, lingamisa uhlelo, ukulawula izindleko eziza kuyivoti, futhi likhiphe imithetho ehambisana neqophelo lalo. Amaqembu amakhulu ngokuvamile asebenzisa isiyalo [[ esinengxenye — ukucindezela emalungwini ukuba avote emgqeni weqembu — ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imvume isebenza ngokuvumelana. Ezimisweni zephalamende ezifana ne-United Kingdom noma iCanada, lesi siyalo sinamandla ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi isikhulu (i-Ketenton) sikhishwa eqenjini elikhulu futhi singabiza ukhetho lwasekuqaleni uma silahlekelwa imvume yokuvota. Ezimisweni zomongameli ezifana ne-United States, iqembu livumela ukuvusenezelwa kweqembu elihlangene kakhulu kodwa futhi livumela nezinhlangothini.

Izibonelo zomthetho weqembu zihlanganisa izinyathelo ezinkulu njenge-Affordble Care Act e-U.S. (edlula cishe ngokuphelele kumavoti eqembu) nomthetho wokukhipha i-Bretit e-U.K. (owabona izimpi ezinamandla zangaphakathi). Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, umthetho awubonisanga nje ukuthi i-Affordble Care Act ayithandwa yi-methoriter kodwa nenkambiso yemigomo yeqembu elibusayo.

2. Umqondo Womphakathi Owenezelayo

Ngezindaba ezikhishwayo, imithombo yezokuxhumana, izikhangiso nezinkulumo zabaholi beqembu, izigaba zihlela izimpikiswano ngezindlela ezenza izikhundla zabo zikhange kakhulu. Lokhu kusobala ikakhulukazi emikhankasweni yokhetho, kodwa futhi kwenzeka phakathi nokhetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu lingase likhulise ngamabomu ukukhathazeka ngokufuduka noma ukwehla kwamandla emali ukuze lisekele imithetho yalo ethandwayo.

Ukucwaninga kwezezombangazwe kubonisa ukuthi umfuziselo uyisibonakaliso esinamandla sendlela abantu ababheka ngayo amaqiniso. Ngisho noma benikezwa ukwaziswa okungagwegwesi, abantu bathambekele ekuchazeni ukwaziswa ngezindlela ezivumelana neqembu labo. Lesi senzakalo, esaziwa ngokuthi “ukucabanga okushukumisayo,” sisho ukuthi amaqembu anethonya elinamandla enkulu enkulumweni yomphakathi. Bangabeka amabizo empikiswano, bachaze ukuthi yinkinga, futhi balungise amakhambi abhekwa njengelungile.

Ukuze ungene shí ekutheni amaqembu athonya kanjani umbono womphakathi ngokubhala phansi, bheka incwadi esemthethweni ka- E. Nelson nozakwabo “emiphumela eguquguqukayo” (etholakala ngomagazini bezemfundo). Ngokwesiko, amaqembu achitha imali eningi ekwakhekeni komyalezo kanye“ nokusabela okusheshayo” ukuze aphikisane nokulandisa okuphikisayo.

3. Uhulumeni Onqumayo

Ngaphandle kwezindawo zomthetho ngazinye, amaqembu ezombangazwe ahlela indlela kahulumeni. Uma iqembu liphumelela ekulawuleni igatsha eliphethe, lingasebenzisa iziyalezo zezikhulu, izinguquko ezilawulayo, nokumisa ukuqhubekisela phambili uhlelo lwalo lwezimiso ngaphandle kokulindela ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho. Eziningi zemibuso ebusayo, i-democracy ilawula futhi uhlelo lwemali, oluyithuluzi elilodwa elinamandla kakhulu lokuthonya isimiso. Iqembu elisebenzisa imali yokuvikela lizonikeza imali ngokufanele; elo eligcizelela inhlalakahle yezenhlalo liyokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali empilweni, emfundweni nasendlwini.

Ithonya lezenqubo lijule kakhulu ezindaweni ezingatholi sithakazelo esiningi emphakathini, njengezimiso zokuqondisa, izimiso zokulawula, nokuqondisa. Izinkonzo zivame ukubeka abalandeli abaqotho ezikhundleni zenkonzo yesizwe noma ukwakha izinhlangano ezintsha ezibonisa izinto eziza kuqala. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezi zinguquko zingavala izinto ezithandwa umphakathi ngisho noma kamuva ulahlekelwa amandla.

4. Ukuthonya I - judicary Ne - Bureaucracy

Ezimisweni eziningi zezombangazwe, iqembu elilawula isikhulu limisa amajaji — ikakhulukazi ezinkantolo eziphakeme. Lokhu kumiswa kunemiphumela engapheli ekubuseni. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yalolongwa amashumi eminyaka okumiswa kwabashokobezi, okuholela ezinqumweni ezinkulu ngokukhishwa kwezisu, amalungelo ezibhamu, kanye nezimali zomkhankaso ezibonisa ukuthambekela okusekelwe ekumiseni amongameli.

Ngokufanayo, amaqembu athonya izinhlangano ngokumisa umsebenzi kanye nezinto eziza kuqala zezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kanye nangokumisa izinhloko zezinhlangano. Iqembu elibambelele ezimisweni ezingaguquguquki lingase ligcizelele ukunqandwa kwemithetho kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezindleko, kuyilapho iqembu elihamba phambili lingase lihlele ukuvikelwa kwemithetho nemvelo. Lezi zinqumo zokuqondisa zithinta ngokuqondile indlela imithetho ephoqelelwa ngayo futhi kunikezwe nezinkonzo.

5. Ukushintsha Isiko Lezombangazwe NeziNkathi ZaseNorm

Izindawo futhi zinendima ekulolongeni impucuko yezombangazwe — imithetho engabhalwanga, izindinganiso, namathemba alawula ukuziphatha kwezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu elisebenzisa njalo ukubambezela kwe-procedrost (njenge-palbuster) lingase libangele isithiyo esivamile, kuyilapho iqembu elivumelana nokuvumelana lingakha isiko lokuthatha isigaba sokuzibandakanya. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lemiqondo ithonywa abezombangazwe nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo, ithonya lokubusa nezinga lokuthembana ezikhungweni zentando yeningi.

Indima Yezinkolo Zezombangazwe Ekwahluleleni

Ukukhetha kuyinkundla eyinhloko lapho amaqembu encintisana khona ukuze athole amandla, futhi indima yawo idlulela ngalé kokumane nje abeke igama endaweni yokuvota.

Ukuthumba Izindwangu

Amaqembu ezombangazwe afaka imali eningi ekuqoqeni ivoti ngoba ukuvota ngokuvamile kunquma kakhulu okhethweni oluseduze. Izindlela zihlanganisa ukuvala umnyango ngendlu, amabhange ocingo, izikhumbuzo zombhalo, nokukhangisa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemidwebo. E-United States, amaqembu amabili amakhulu achitha amakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi umjikelezo ngamunye ekuthintaneni novoti. Umgomo awukho nje ukuthatha abasekeli bomuntu kuphela kodwa futhi ukunxusa ukuvota kanye — kwezinye izimo — ukuvimbela amaqembu aphikisanayo ngokubhikica noma imithetho evimbelayo ye-Offator-ID.

Ukulungiselela I - Platform Ne - Candidate Brand

Amabhodi eqembu asebenza njengesekela elifushane lokho umkhakha omelela khona. Asiza abavoti ukuba benze izinqumo ngaphandle kokucwaninga ngezikhundla zabo bonke abacela ukubhapathizwa. Umfundi othatha ibhamu elingaphansi kwegama leqembu uzuza ifa ledumela lomkhandlu — noma elingcono kakhulu — futhi angathatha isikhala ukuze axhumane nezinto zawo eziza kuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu ofunda iRepublican e-U.S. uzakuthenjwa ngokunquma izintela futhi athuthukise izimakethengiso zamahhala, kuyilapho uDemocraticba kulindeleke ukuba asekele inethisi nemithetho yokuvikela ephakeme neyo yendawo ezungezile.

Ukuthutha Kwemali Nemithombo Yengcebo

Izindawo futhi ziphakamisa futhi zichithe imali eningi kakhulu okhethweni. Amakomiti eqembu lesizwe avumela imithombo yezindawo zokuncintisana, anikeza ababheki bezincwadi nabathelela imithombo yezindaba, futhi ahlela imizamo yokukhangisa. Lendima ibalulekile ngoba isiza ekuhleleni inkundla yokudlala ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene. Ngaphandle kobudlelwane, abantu abacebile namaqembu ezithakazelo angase abe nethonya elingenakulinganiswa. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuqoqa imali ngokwako kushukunyiswa yizithakazelo zokusiza, ezingaguqula isimiso.

Ithonya Lezigaba Zezombangazwe Ekubuseni: Ithonya Elilinganiselayo

Amaqembu ezombangazwe awalungile ngokuphelele futhi awabi ngokuphelele; ithonya lawo lixhomeke emongweni wesimiso, impilo yangaphakathi yamaqembu, namasiko ezombangazwe anwebekile. Ngezansi sihlola zombili izinhlangothi zomholi.

Imiphumela Emihle

  • Ukukhetha nokumelela : Imikhosi inikeza abavoti ezinye izindlela ezicacile, yenza ukhetho lube nokubaluleka futhi iphoqelele ohulumeni ukuba bavikele amarekhodi abo. Izimiso eziningi zengxenye zivumela imibono ehlukene (umz., amaqembu aluhlaza, amaqembu ezinhlanga) ukuba amelelwe kuhulumeni.
  • [ i-'ingxenye engokwezombangazwe': Izisebenzi zokuzithandela ezijoyinwayo, imihlangano, nezenzakalo ezingenisa izakhamuzi enqubweni yezombangazwe. Ziyindlela eyinhloko kubantu abafuna ukuba ngabashisekela kakhulu kwezombangazwe.
  • Ukuziphendulela [: Amaqembu aneziphakamiso agcina uhulumeni ehlola futhi agxeke ukwehluleka kwawo. Ukuphikiswa okunamandla kusiza ekudaluleni ukonakala, ukungafezeki, noma ukwehluleka kwezimiso, kuvumela abavoti ukuba bagcine iqembu elibusayo linesibopho sokulandisa kukhetho olulandelayo.
  • Ukuzinza nokuhleleka okushosho ukuthi: Ebuthweni lentando yeningi elizinzile, amaqembu asiza ekulawuleni ukudluliswa ngokuhlelekile kwamandla. Ngemva kokhetho, iqembu elilahlekileyo liyavuma futhi lisebenze njengokuphikiswa okuqotho, kuyilapho umnqobi ethatha ukulawula ngaphandle kobudlova noma inhlekelele.

Imiphumela Emibi

  • Ukuvala igebe kanye nokuvala i-grid: Uma amaqembu eba amaqembu athatha kakhulu, angamisa kuqala olunye uhlangothi ngokuthola indawo efanayo. Lokhu kungaholela ekungasebenzini kwemithetho, ukuvinjelwa kukahulumeni, nokungakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga zesikhathi eside njengezikweletu, izisekelo, noma ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
  • Ukukhokha kanye nomphathi: Kwamanye amazwe, amaqembu asebenzisa ukulawula kwawo uhulumeni ukuze avuze ama-cronest ngemisebenzi, izivumelwano, noma izivumelwano. Lokhu kululaza ukufaneleka kombuso wentando yeningi nokuthemba umphakathi. Ngisho nasebuthweni lentando yeningi elicebile, amahlazo amaqembu axhasa imali avamile.
  • UbuPopulist nobudlabha: Imikhosi ingathatha izikhundla ezeqisayo ukuze ihlanganise isizinda esinentshiseko, iholele enkambisweni elimaza izakhamuzi ezilinganiselwe. Amaqembu ePopulist avame ukubekela imingcele yentando yeningi, ahlasele i-jadicary, noma amaqenjana amancane, athena amandla izinhlangano zedemokhrasi.
  • Ukuncishwa kwabavoti: Lapho amaqembu egxila kakhulu emaqhingeni angaphakathi noma ezimfuno zosizo, izakhamuzi ezivamile zingaba nomuzwa wokuthi izinto ezizikhathazayo azinakwa. Lokhu kungaholela ekuphunyukeni okuphansi, ukuhlukumeza, nokunyuka kwezinhlangano ezimelene nesimiso.

Isiphetho: Ukuphakama Okuhlala Njalo Kwezidili Zezombangazwe

Amaqembu ezombangazwe awaphelele neze, kodwa ahlala ebaluleke kakhulu ekubuseni kwanamuhla. Awenza kube lula ukukhetha okuyinkimbinkimbi kwabavoti, ahlele isiphithiphithi somsebenzi wezezigelekeqe nokwezikhulu, futhi anikeze ukulandisa okuqhubekayo okwenza idemokrasi ilungise intando yeningi. Inselele yezakhamuzi nabashisekeli bezinguquko ukuqinisa imisebenzi emihle yamaqembu kuyilapho inciphisa ukuthambekela kwawo okungaqondile. Lokhu kusho ukuthuthukisa idemokrati yentando yeningi, ukulinganisela ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe, nokukhuthaza ukubhekana nesigaba esiphakameleni ezindabeni lapho ukuhlenga kudingekile khona.

Izindawo ekugcineni yizona ezizenzayo izakhamuzi. Umphakathi onolwazi, othembisene okudinga ukuba abantu babonakale futhi balandise ukuthi bazolandisa, ungashukumisela amaqembu ukuba akhonze okuhle. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunganaki nokunganaki kuvumela amaqembu ukuba angene ezingeni elingafanele. Ukuqonda indlela amaqembu ezombangazwe abusa ngayo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuba abe nengxenye ephumelelayo emphakathini wentando yeningi.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekufundeni okwengeziwe, ukucwaninga kososayensi bezombangazwe njengaye L. Rosenblum (umlobi we ] Ohlangothini lwe-Anges: Ukwazisa i-Parties ne-Partisashi [[FLT:]]) [[FLT:] no-[FLT] Paul Pierson[[ (umbhali we-[FLT]] (uMlobi we-TY ]) vumela ukuba Idle iTweetets[[FLT:]] [5]]) inikeza ukuqonda okujulileyo ekwamukelekile kumaqembu ezindaweni kanye nezingathonye. Ngokuka yaziwa kakhulu, ukuqanda i-Foctive.[11]