Table of Contents

Imithetho isebenza njengesisekelo sokulondoloza umnyango wezindaba okhululekile nongakhethi emiphakathini yentando yeningi. Imisa imingcele ebucayi evikela izintatheli kuyilapho iqinisekisa ukulandisa ngezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo, izivikelo zomthetho, nezimiso zokwahlulela, izimiso zomthetho zisebenza ukulinganisela inkululeko yokucindezela nezinye izithakazelo zomphakathi. Ukuqonda indlela lemithetho esebenza ngayo inikeza ukuqonda ngendima ebalulekile efezwayo ekugcineni umphakathi unolwazi futhi unegunya.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Senkululeko Yokunyathelisa

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba eUnited States ivikelwe ngokomthetho yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala kuMyalo-mthetho wase-United States. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sithi: “ISiphendulo somthetho asisoze senza mthetho ngokuqondene nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqatshelwa kwayo; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.""

Ekujuleni kwayo, inkululeko yezindaba isho ukuthi uhulumeni akanakukulawula lokho okusakazwa imithombo yezindaba, futhi ngeke ijezise izintatheli ngenxa nje yokuthi zabika okuthile okungajabulisi, okuphikisanayo, noma okugxekayo. Lesivikelo esiyisisekelo sidlulela ngalé kwamaphephandaba angokwesiko ukuze sihlanganise zonke izinhlobo zemithombo yezindaba enkathini yanamuhla.

Umlando Nentuthuko

Ukubaluleka kwenkululeko yokunyathelisa kunezici ezingokomlando ezijulile eMelika yentando yeningi. Ngaphansi kokubusa kweBrithani, ukugxekwa kwenkosi kungakufaka ejele, futhi uhulumeni walawula ngokunamandla iphephandaba lapho ukuphikisana kuphazanyiswa. Elinye lamacala okuqala ngokuphathelene nenkululeko yezindaba kwenzeka ngo 1734, lapho ecaleni lecala elimelene neNew York Weekly Journal i-John Zenger kambusi waseBrithani William Cosby liqhubeka futhi lencwadi yakhululwa kwaze kwaba ngu-1751.

ISichibiyelo sokuqala seSichibiyelo sezindaba esikhululekile samiswa ngomthetho phakathi nekhulu lama-20 ngezinqumo ezilandelanayo zeNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. Lamacala avelele aye aguqula indlela inkululeko yokunyathelisa eqondwa futhi esetshenziswa ngayo emphakathini wanamuhla, adala lokho izazi ezingokomthetho ezikuchaza njengenqwaba yamalungelo avikela imisebenzi yamaphephandaba.

Izindaba njengendawo yokulawula yentando yeningi

Inkululeko yezindaba, evikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ibaluleke kakhulu ekubuseni ngentando yeningi lapho uhulumeni ezolandisa khona kubantu, futhi imishini yezokuxhumana ekhululekile njengenja engahlola futhi ibike ngobubi bukahulumeni. Iphephandaba elikhululekile liyisisekelo sentando yeningi njengoba lazisa umphakathi, ligcina abaholi bethembekile, lidalula ukungabi nabulungisa, futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi libonakala kuwo wonke amazinga — kusukela eDolobheni ukuya eCapitol Hill.

Lemisebenzi yokugada ifeza izinjongo eziningi emphakathini wentando yeningi. Inikeza izakhamuzi ukwaziswa ezikudingayo ukuze zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi ngokubusa, ibeka izikhulu zomphakathi icala ngezenzo zazo, futhi yenza ithengiselwano lemibono ehlukene lapho ingavezwa khona futhi iphikiswane. Ngaphandle kwalezi sivikelo, ukugeleza kokwaziswa okubalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni ngentando yeningi kungahlehliswa kakhulu.

Imithetho Evikelekile Nesivikelo

Imithetho evikelayo imelela isisekelo sokucwaninga ngezincwadi, okwenza izintatheli zikwazi ukuqoqa ukwaziswa okunemininingwane okudinga ukuzwela okungase kungafihlwa emphakathini.

Iyini Imithetho Evikelekile?

Isivikelo somthetho eUnited States, yiwo wonke umthetho ovikela izintatheli ekuthululweni kokwaziswa okuyimfihlo okuphoqelelwe, kuhlanganise nokukhishwa kwemithombo yazo, noma ukuphoqelelwa kokukhishwa kwezinto ezibhaliwe eziqoqwe ngesikhathi sokuhlangana kwezindaba, njengamaphuzu. Imithetho yezivikelo iklanyelwe ukuvikela izintatheli ukuba zingaphoqelelwa ukuveza imithombo yazo eyimfihlo engokomthetho, njengokuqulwa kwecala eliyimfihlo nokuqulwa kwamacala obala, futhi lemithetho ibalulekile njengoba ivumela intatheli ukuba ihlole futhi ibike izindaba ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuveza imithombo yazo, okungaholela ekucubululisweni noma ekuphindiselweni kwezindaba.

Isabelo Semithetho Evikelekile

Ngenxa yokuthi abantu abangase banikeze ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo noma okuzwelayo kubantatheli cishe ngeke bakwenze lokho ngaphandle kokuba kungaqiniseki ukuthi bayazi, imithetho evikelayo ibalulekile ekusebenziseni amaphephandaba aphenyisiwe futhi kanjalo ibalulekile ekubeni khona kwezindaba ezikhululekile, eziqinisekiswe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Isibopho sokusabela kubabengi bezincwadi eziyimfihlo ezifuna ukukhishwa kwezincwadi eziyimfihlo singaphazamisa inqubo yomhleli nezinye izindlela eziphazamisa inkululeko yezintatheli yokukhuluma, nayo evikelwa yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Ngaphandle kwekhono lokuvikela imithombo, izintatheli bezingakuthola kungenakwenzeka ukubika ngenkohlakalo, ububi, noma ezinye izindaba lapho abashaya impepho nabashaya impepho besaba ukuziphindiselela. Isithembiso sokufihla imfihlo ngokuvamile senza umehluko phakathi kokwaziswa okufinyelela umphakathi nokungafihlwanga.

Ukuguqu-guquka kwesimo

Ngo-2018, izifundazwe ezingu-49 neSigodi saseColumbia zinikeza izinhlobo ezithile zesivikelo, ezinezifunda ezingamashumi amane (u-plut D.C.) ezidlulisele imithetho yezihlangu. Lemithetho iyahlukahluka ngokwezwe ngezwe, ivikela isebenza emphakathini kodwa hhayi emicimbini yobugebengu, neminye imithetho ivikela izintatheli emithonjeni eyimfihlo, kodwa hhayi kweminye imininingwane.

Umthetho wokuqala wesivikelo wezwe wamiswa eMaryland ngoApril 2, 1896, usabela ekuboshweni kwentatheli yeBaltimore Sun ngenxa yokwenqaba ukwembula umthombo oyimfihlo kubahluleli abakhulu. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi, amazwe aye asungula izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuvikela izintatheli, kanye nokunikeza isivikelo esiphelele nezinye ezinikeza amalungelo afanelekayo anganqotshwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.

Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wesivikelo se-Nevada unikeza ilungelo eliphelele, unikeza ukuthi kungadingeka kungabikho mcosheli (ngokubanzi) okwazi ukudalula noma yikuphi ukwaziswa okunganyatheliswanga noma ukwaziswa okuphathelene nemithombo yakhe. Ngokungafani, amanye amazwe anezivikelo ezilinganiselwe ezilinganisela ilungelo lokulinganisela ilungelo lokuncintisana nelungelo elifana namalungelo ezigebengu ezimangalelwe ecaleni elilungile.

Impikiswano Yomthetho Evikelwa Uhulumeni

Kunomthetho kahulumeni ovikelayo, ngakho isivikelo somthetho sihlukahluka kakhulu, futhi eBranzburg v. Hayes (1972), iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi abacosheli bezindaba abanalo ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokuvimba imithombo lapho ingekho. INkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu yanquma (5.4) ukuthi nakuba iSiphendulo Sokuqala sivikela imisebenzi yobuchwepheshe yabantatheli, asibaniki ukuvikela ekufuneni izikhulu zejaji ezingaphansi kwejaji ezifuna ulwazi oluhlobene nobugebengu noma nokuphenya ngomphakathi, futhi ilungelo elinjalo lingamiswa ngomthetho kuphela, inkantolo iphethe.

I-Universitions i-Expatrative State Spining Act (Umthetho we-PRESS, S.2074) umthetho we-bipartis kahulumeni oklanyelwe ukuvikela imfihlo yezindaba, ngaphandle kwamacala ahilela ubuphekula, izimo ezingathi sína, noma intatheli ezisola ubugebengu. Ngo-January 2024, iNdlu yoMmeli wase-U.S. yawudlulisa umthetho ngazwi linye, futhi umthetho uchaza ngokubanzi "intatheli yezindaba efihliwe" ukuze ihlanganise noma ubani ohileleke ekuqoqeni, ukubika, noma ukusakaza izindaba noma ukwaziswa kwesithakazelo somphakathi, iqinisekisa isivikelo kokubili esingochwepheshe nesomhlangano, kanye nezimpompo ezilwisanayo.

Uphawu Lwenkantolo Ephakeme Luyenza Inkululeko Yezindaba

Ukuziphendukela kwenkululeko yezindaba e - United States kuye kwalolongwa ngokuphawulekayo izinqumo eziyinhloko zeNkantolo Ephakeme eziye zachaza imingcele nesivikelo ezinikezwa izintatheli nezinhlangano zemithombo yezindaba.

Icala Le - pentagon

Ngawo - 1970, i - New York Times yakhipha iPentagon Papers — imibhalo ehlukanisayo eveza ukuthi uhulumeni wase - United States wawudukise umphakathi ngempi, futhi uMongameli uNixon wazama ukuvimbela ukunyatheliswa kwezincwadi, ephikisa ngokuthi zazisongela ukulondeka kwesizwe, kodwa i - Times yaphikisa umphakathi nelungelo lokwazi, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi izinto ezibucayi zazinganyatheliswa uma zizuzisa isithakazelo somphakathi.

Isinqumo sePentagon Papers sasibaluleke kakhulu ngoba sabonisa ukuthi inkantolo yayizimisele ukuvikela inkululeko yezindaba ekuphazanyisweni izimemezelo zesizwe zokuvikelwa kwesizwe. Lelicala laveza ukuthi ngaphambi kokuvinjelwa, uhulumeni uhlola ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwencwadi, uveza isithiyo esiphakeme kakhulu futhi uvunyelwe kuphela ezimweni ezingavamile.

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan

KuNew York Times Co. Sullivan (1964), iNkantolo yandisa isivikelo semithombo yezindaba ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala lapho ibukeza isikhwama sezimali samalungelo abantu esikhipha izimemezelo eziphikisayo ezazigxeka umnyango wamaphoyisa wase - Alabama, futhi umphathi womnyango wamangalela i - libral, ethi lamazwi angamanga alimaza idumela lakhe.

INkantolo yanquma ukuthi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo okukhuluma ngokukhululekile nezindaba ezikhululekile adlulela ekunyatheliseni izinkulumo ezingamanga noma ezigxekayo ngezikhulu zomphakathi, futhi iNkantolo yachaza ukuthi inkulumo evulekile ngohulumeni nangezindaba zomphakathi ibalulekile ekuvikeleni kwethu kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lesi sinqumo samisa indinganiso "yomthetho", ifuna ukuba izikhulu zomphakathi zifakazele ukuthi izinkulumo ezingamanga zenziwa ngolwazi lobuphutha bazo noma ngokunganaki ngeqiniso.

Imithetho Eyinkimbinkimbi Ngokuvamile

INkantolo iye yanquma ukuthi imithetho esebenzayo ayiyicasuli iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngenxa nje yokuthi ukugcinwa kwazo ngokumelene nezindaba kunemiphumela ezenzakalelayo.

Izindinganiso Ezingokomthetho Zokuqondisa Iphephandaba

Lapho izenzo zikahulumeni zivimbela inkululeko yokubukwa, izinkantolo zisebenzisa amazinga ahlukahlukene okuhlola ukuze zinqume ukuthi leyo mithetho ingokomthetho yini.

Indinganiso Yokucwaninga Eqinile

Ukuhlolisisa okuqinile kuyindinganiso enzima kakhulu ukuhlangabezana nayo, futhi ukuze kudluliswe ukuhlangana komthetho-sisekelo, isithiyo okudingeka sinikezwe isithakazelo esiphoqeleleyo sikahulumeni endleleni elinganiselwe. Imingcele esekelwe ekuqukethe ngokuvamile ingaphansi kwendinganiso yokuhlaziya eqinile ngoba, ngenxa yayo, amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo okukhuluma ngokukhululekile kanye nezindaba ezikhululekile zivikela ekucindezelweni uhulumeni imibono ethile.

Lapho uhulumeni ezama ukulawula lokho abezindaba abakushoyo noma abakunyathelisa ngokusekelwe esigijimini, izinkantolo zibheka izenzo ezinjalo ngokuzisola okukhulu futhi zifuna ukuba uhulumeni abonise kokubili ukuthethelela okuphoqelelayo nokuthi akukho zindlela eziqine kakhudlwana ezingase zikho ukuze kufinyelelwe imigomo yazo.

Imfundiso Engaphansi Engabekezelelwa

Ngaphambi kokuba uvinjelwe kubhekiselwe ekuhlolweni kwemithetho kahulumeni ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwezincwadi noma ukusakazwa kwezincwadi. umthetho waseMelika ubheka imithetho yangaphambi njengenenkinga ngokukhethekile futhi uyibeke ngaphansi kokucubungula komthetho - sisekelo okuqinile. Amajaji abonisa ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala salahla cishe ukuvinjelwa kwazo zonke izincwadi ngaphandle kwalezo ezanikeza usongo oluqondile emikhankasweni yezempi eqhubekayo, njengokumemezela indawo noma inhlangano yamabutho, kodwa abahluleli abaningana baphawula ukuthi uhulumeni babenganqatshelwa ukuba baphikise intatheli ezabeli ngemva kwencwadi.

Lomehluko phakathi kokuvimbela ukunyatheliswa kwezincwadi nokugcina izintatheli zilandisa ngemva kokunyatheliswa ubonisa isimiso esiyisisekelo: kungcono ukuvumela inkulumo nemiphumela engase ibangele ingozi ngemva kwalokho kunokunikeza uhulumeni amandla okuthulisa inkulumo ngaphambi kokuba ifinyelele umphakathi.

Umthetho Oyihlazo Nokulandisa

Nakuba imithetho ivikela inkululeko yokunyathelisa, imisa nezindinganiso zokunikeza izintatheli ezinomthwalo wemfanelo.Umthetho onqandwayo umelela enye yezinqubo eziyinhloko zokulinganisela indlela yokukhuluma ekhululekile nesivikelo ezimazwini amanga nalimazayo.

Indinganiso Yangempela Yemalice

Kuzikhulu zomphakathi nakumanani omphakathi, indinganiso yangempela yonya eyamiswa kuyiNew York Times Co.C. Sullivan inikeza isivikelo esiqinile kumaphepha-ndaba. Lendinganiso idinga abacosheli ukufakazela ukuthi izintatheli ezisakaza ukwaziswa okungamanga kungaba ukuthi zazingamanga noma zazingakunaki ukuthi kwakuyiqiniso noma kwakungamanga. Lesisigqebhezana siqaphela ukuthi impikiswano eqinile ngezindaba zomphakathi ngezinye izikhathi ingase ihlanganise amaphutha nokuthi ukwesaba icala akufanele kubangele ukubika okubalulekile.

Izinga Eliyimfihlo Nokulahlwa Kwalo

Izindinganiso ezihlukene ziyasebenza lapho abantu ngabanye behilelekile ezimweni ezihlanekezelweni. Izibalo zomuntu siqu ngokuvamile zidinga ukubukelwa kuphela − ukuthi intatheli yehluleka ukuqaphela iqiniso lokuthola iqiniso lamazwi (_rather) kunenzondo engokoqobo. Lendinganiso ephansi ibonisa ukulinganisela phakathi kokuvikela inkululeko ecindezelayo futhi iqaphela ukuthi abantu ngabanye banezithakazelo zomuntu siqu ezingcono kakhulu futhi abakwazi ukufinyelela kakhulu kulokhu okuphathelene nokwaziswa okungamanga ngabo ngokwabo.

Iqiniso Liyisivikelo

Iqiniso lisebenza njengesivikelo esiphelele ekuhlanekezeleni okushiwo emthethweni waseMelika. Uma inkulumo iyiqiniso kakhulu, ayinakwakha isisekelo sokumangalela okunempumelelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungalimaza kanjani idumela lomunye. Lesi simiso sikhuthaza izintatheli ukuba zigxile ekubikeni okunembile futhi inikeza isivikelo esiqinile kumaphephabhuku aphenyisisayo angadalula ububi noma amaqiniso adumazayo.

Imithetho Emelene Nemithetho Engathandeki

Imithetho ehleliwe emelene noGunyazo Lomphakathi (SLAP) iwusongo olukhulu lokucindezela inkululeko. Lemibango ayifakwanga ukuze yesabise izintatheli nezinhlangano zezindaba ngomthwalo nangezindleko zokuzigxeka. Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho emelene ne-SSLAP ukuze zimelane nalendlela yokulwa nale nqubo futhi zivikele ikhono lezintatheli lokubika izindaba zomphakathi.

Indlela Imithetho Emelene Ne - SAPP Esebenza Ngayo

Imithetho elwa ne-SLAPP ivumela abamangalelwa ukuba bakhiphe izintambo ezikhethekile zokudlulisa icala elivikela izisulu ezindabeni zesithakazelo somphakathi. Uma ummangalelwa ebonisa ukuthi izisulu ezikhokhwayo zivikelwe, umthwalo ushintsha kumphathi wecala ukuze abonise amathuba okuphumelela ngalezi zinzuzo. Uma ummangalelwa engakwazi ukuhlangabezana nale mithwalo, icala liyaxoshwa, ngokuvamile ngommangalelwa odingwayo ukuba akhokhe intela yommeli.

Lemithetho ifeza izinjongo eziningi: ivimbela ukumangalela okungenangqondo okuklanyelwe ukuthulisa abagxeki, inikeza indlela yokuxoshwa kwasekuqaleni kwezehlakalo ezingafanelekile, futhi isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izindleko zokuvikela eziqondiswe kumasu anjalo azibi yithuluzi lokuhlola. Kubantatheli nezinhlangano zezindaba ezisebenza ngezimali ezilinganiselwe, isivikelo esimelene ne-SSP singasho umehluko phakathi kokuqhubeka ubika izindaba ezibalulekile nokuncitshiswa ngezindleko ezithintiweyo.

Ukwehlukahluka Kwamazwe Ahlukahlukene

Njengemithetho yezivikelo, imithetho emelene ne-SLAPP ihluka kakhulu ngokwesifundazwe ngasinye. Ezinye izifundazwe zinemithetho ebanzi emelene ne-SLAP evikela izinhlobonhlobo zenkulumo ezindabeni zomphakathi, kanti ezinye zinezivikelo ezilinganiselwe. Ezinye izifunda azinayo imithetho emelene ne-SLAP ngokuphelele, ishiya izintatheli kuleyo mikhakha esengozini kakhulu yokusatshiswa ngokungenwa.

Inkululeko Yokwaziswa Nenkululeko Yokuthola Imvume

Inkululeko yokunyathelisa ayihlanganisi ilungelo lokunyathelisa kuphela kodwa nelungelo lokuqoqa ukwaziswa. Imithetho ye Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) emazingeni kahulumeni nombuso ifeza indima ebalulekile ekunikezeni izintatheli ithuba lokuthola amarekhodi kahulumeni futhi ibeke izinhlangano zomphakathi icala.

UMthetho Wenkululeko Yokwaziswa Ozimele

I-FOIA kahulumeni, eyamiswa ngo-1966, imisa umbono wokuthi amarekhodi kahulumeni kufanele atholakale emphakathini. Umthetho udinga ukuba izinhlangano zikahulumeni zidalule amarekhodi esicelo ngaphandle kokuba zingene ezinqingweni ezithile zezindaba ezinjengokulondeka kwesizwe, ukuzifihla komuntu siqu, noma ukuphoqelelwa komthetho. I-FOIA iye yaba yithuluzi emikhankasweni eminingi yamaphephandaba ahlolayo eye adalula imfucumfucu kahulumeni, inkohlakalo, nokuziphatha okubi.

Umthetho uhlanganisa amalungiselelo okulungisa ijubane ezimweni ezithile futhi udinga izinhlangano ukuba ziphendule izicelo ezibekwe kulezo ezicacisiwe. Uma izinhlangano zingawafaki amarekhodi, abaceli bangafuna ukubukezwa kokwahlulela. Lezi zinqubo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi i-FOIA ifeza injongo yayo ehloselwe ukuthuthukisa ukuba sobala kukahulumeni.

Umbuso Uvula Imithetho

Izwe ngalinye linemithetho yalo evulekile, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi imithetho yokukhanya kwelanga noma amarekhodi omphakathi. Lemithetho iyahlukahluka ngokwezinga eliyilo, ukukhulula nokusebenza kwemithetho. Ezinye izifundazwe zinemithetho eqinile evulekile enezimfuneko ezibanzi zokuthululwa nezijeziso ezinengqondo zokungahambisani, kanti ezinye zinemithetho engcono elinganiselwe nemithetho evimbela ukukhulula nokugcinwa kwemithetho.

Imithetho evulekile kahulumeni ihlanganisa amarekhodi ezindawo eziphethwe yizinhlangano zikahulumeni nendawo, kuhlanganise namaphepha, ama-imeyili nezinye izinto ezenziwe noma ezifunyenweyo ebhizinisini lomphakathi. Njenge-FOIA kazwelonke, imithetho kahulumeni ihlanganisa ukukhulula ukwaziswa okubucayi, kodwa ukukhulula okuthile kuyahluka kakhulu kuye ngokwezwe ngalinye.

Imithetho Evulekile Yemihlangano

Ukufaka imithetho evulekile yamarekhodi, imithetho yemihlangano ifuna ukuba izindikimba zikahulumeni ziqhube ibhizinisi lazo ezingxenyeni zomphakathi. Lemithetho idinga ukuqashelwa kusengaphambili kwemihlangano, ukuvunyelwa komphakathi ukuba ungene ezindaweni zokuhlangana, nokutholakala kwemizuzu yomhlangano. Ezihlukile ngokuvamile zikhona ezingxoxweni zezindaba zezisebenzi, amasu okuqamba, nezinye izihloko ezibucayi, kodwa isimiso esivamile siwukuthi ukwenza isinqumo sikahulumeni kumelwe senzeke obala lapho izakhamuzi nezintatheli zingabona khona futhi zibike khona.

Isivikelo Semisebenzi Yokuqoqa Izindaba

Ngaphandle kwelungelo lokunyathelisa, izintatheli zidinga izivikelo ezingokomthetho ukuze ziqoqe izindaba.

Ilungelo Lokuqopha Emphakathini

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyintatheli noma ungumuntu onocingo, unelungelo lokubhala umthetho ophoqelelwe ezindaweni zomphakathi. Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela kakhulu ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lokubhala izindaba zomphakathi ezithakazelweni zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi yamaphoyisa. Lelilungelo libalulekile ekulandiseni ngecala lobuthakazelisi bomthetho kanye nezakhamuzi.

Nokho, ubukhulu balelilungelo buyaqhubeka bushintsha nge-lithimication. Imibuzo isekhona ngokuqopha ezindaweni ezithile ezisezindaweni ezivamile, ukuqopha okuphazamisa imisebenzi yamaphoyisa, nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho yokuqamba ukuze kubhalwe izingxoxo. Naphezu kwalezi zindawo ezimpunga, isimiso esivamile sokuthi izakhamuzi nezintatheli zingabika izikhulu zomphakathi zifeze imisebenzi yazo ezindaweni zomphakathi siye sathola ukusekelwa okungokomthetho.

Ukukwazi Ukuthola Izindawo Nezenzakalo Zikahulumeni

Nakuba iphephandaba linelungelo elifana nelomphakathi lokungena ezikhungweni zikahulumeni nasezehlakalweni, izinkantolo aziliqaphelanga ilungelo elikhethekile lesiSichibiyelo sokuqala lokuba izintatheli zikwazi ukungena ezindaweni lapho umphakathi ungayitholi khona. Inkululeko yezindaba ayivikeli nje kuphela izincwadi zamahhala, kodwa futhi futhi nokuqoqa izindaba, futhi ngokuvamile, iphephandaba linamalungelo afanayo nawomphakathi futhi alinakuhlasela ezinye izivikelo zomuntu siqu.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi izintatheli azinakusho ukuthi zinelungelo elingokomthetho lokungena emajele, ezigcawini zobugebengu, noma kwezinye izindawo ezivinjelwe ngaphandle kwalezo ezitholakala emphakathini.

Isivikelo Ekucwaningeni Nasekuntuleni

Ngo - 1978, eZurcher v. Stanford Daily, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States yanquma ukuthi izintatheli zingaphansi kokufuna imvume njenganoma isiphi esinye isakhamuzi, futhi ngenxa yalokho iSichibiyelo Sokuqala asizinikezi isivikelo esikhethekile ekubulaweni okufanele, lapho umnyango wamaphoyisa wedolobha wasebenzisa khona imvume yokuhlola igumbi lezindaba leStanford Daily, iphepha labafundi eStanford University, njengoba amaphoyisa ayefuna izithombe zokuxabana kobudlova phakathi kwamaphoyisa nababhikishi, ukuze athole abahlaseli.

Ekuphenduleni ukukhathazeka ngomphumela owesabekayo wokuphenya kwezindaba, uKhomishani wadlulisa i-Aspect evikelayo ka-1980. Lomthetho kahulumeni ulinganisela igunya lokugcinwa komthetho lokufuna noma ukuthatha izinto zomsebenzi noma zokubhala, ngokuvamile udinga ukusetshenziswa kwama-toffaeans kunokufuna izimpawu ngaphandle kwezimo ezithile njengalapho intatheli isolwa ngobugebengu noma ukuthumba ngokushesha kudingekile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukufa noma ukulimala okukhulu emzimbeni.

Izinselele Enkathini Yokusetshenziswa Kwamanani

Inguquko yezobuchwepheshe iye yashintsha isimiso sokunyathelisa futhi yadala izinselele ezintsha zemithetho eklanyelwe ukuvikela inkululeko yokunyathelisa.

Ukuchaza "Uluhlu Losuku" eNkathini Yezinombolo

Nakuba kwakungaqiniseki ukuthi abantu abasebenzisa noma abasebenzisa ezinye imithombo yezokuxhumana bangabantatheli abafanelwe ukuvikelwa imithetho yemithombo yezindaba, bavikelwa yi-Free Speech and Free Press Clauss (akukho okuhlukanisa amabhizinisi ezindaba nezikhulumi). Yabuswa okokuqala ngqá, iNkantolo Yezikhalo Zezikhalo Zendawo Yesikhala, ukuthi umbhebhebhe unelungelo lokuvikela inkulumo ekhululekile njengentatheli futhi ayinakwenziwa ihlazo uma i-Pibger ingathathi ngokungathi ikhohlazeli.

Lokhu kwanda komlobeli wezindaba ofanelekela izinjongo ezingokomthetho kubonisa ukubekwa kwezezindaba ngokwentando yeningi enkathini yobuchwepheshe. Nokho, futhi kudala izinselele zemithetho enjengemithetho evikelayo echaza izintatheli ezisekelwe ebuhlotsheni bemisebenzi noma ezikontiyeni. Izinkantolo nezishayamthetho ziyaqhubeka zizama ukumelana nendlela yokusakaza isivikelo sokusakaza imithombo yezindaba ngezindlela ezintsha zobusadayisi kuyilapho zilondoloza izindinganiso ezinengqondo.

Ukuhlukunyezwa Nge - Internet Nokulondeka Kwezintatheli

Ama-operate asiza ukuba izindlela ezintsha zokuhlukumeza nokwesabisa eziqondiswe kubacosheli bezindaba. U-Doxking (ukwazisa ukwaziswa komuntu siqu), ukuhlanganisa imikhankaso yokuhlukumeza, kanye nosongelelo kuyi-website kudala inselele enkulu yokucindezela inkululeko. Nakuba imithetho ekhona emelene nokuhlukunyezwa, ukusongela kusebenza ekuziphatheni kolwembu, ukuphoqelelwa kungaba nzima, ikakhulukazi uma abahlukumezi besebenza ngokungaziwa noma bevela kwezinye izifunda.

Le mizamo kumelwe ilinganisele ukuvikela izintatheli ezisongweni nasekuhlukunyezweni kwangempela kanye nokulondoloza amalungelo okukhuluma, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokugxeka izintatheli nomsebenzi wazo.

Ukubhala Ngemibhalo Eyimfihlo Nomthombo Wesivikelo

Uma kubhekwa ithuluzi elikhulayo lokuhlola, izintatheli kumelwe zenze umzamo omusha ukuze zivikele imithombo futhi, ngokwengxenye, ilungelo lomphakathi lokwazi. Ukuxhumana ngemishini kwakha imishini entsha ukuze kuvikelwe, njengoba amarekhodi ezokuxhumana angatholakala ngokuqapha. Izintatheli zithembela kakhulu ekuqanjweni kwemithombo eyimfihlo nakwezinye izinyathelo zokuvikela imithombo eyimfihlo.

Imibuzo engokomthetho ehlobene nokukhomba kwe-computer nemithombo yezokuxhumana iyaqhubeka ishintsha. Nakuba imithetho evikelayo ingavikela izintatheli ukuba zingaphoqelelwa ukuba zembule imithombo, ingase ingavimbeli ukugcinwa komthetho ekutholeni izingxoxo zobuchwepheshe ngezinye izindlela. Leligebe phakathi kwesivikelo esingokomthetho esingokomthetho namaqiniso emishini liyinselele eqhubekayo yenkululeko yokunyathelisa.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngemithetho Yenkululeko Ecindezelwe

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila ngokuyinhloko emthethweni waseMelika, ukuqonda izindlela ezisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke zokucindezela inkululeko kunikeza umongo obalulekile futhi kuqokomisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene izimiso zomthetho ezilinganiselayo eziphoqelela inkululeko nezinye izithakazelo.

Ukuhloma KwaseYurophu

Amazwe amaningi aseYurophu anenkululeko enkulu yokunyathelisa, nakuba uhlelo lwemithetho luhlukile kweyaseMelika. Umthetho waseYurophu ugcizelela kakhulu amalungelo enkululeko eyimfihlo nesithunzi, uholela ekulinganiseni okuhlukene phakathi kwenkululeko yokunyathelisa namalungelo abantu. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo zaseYurophu ziye zaqaphela "ilungelo lokulibaleka" elivumela abantu ukuba bacele ukususwa kokwaziswa okuthile ezimisweni zokufuna [1] umqondo ongase ubhekane nezinselele ezinkulu zeSiphenduko sokuqala e-United States.

Amazwe aseYurophu nawo athambekele ekubeni nemithetho eqinile yokukhuluma yenzondo evimbela izinhlobo ezithile zokukhuluma, ebonisa izimo ezihlukile zamasiko nomlando.

Chofoza Inkululeko Emasimini Angaphezulu

Emazweni amaningi, inkululeko ecindezelayo ibhekene nemingcele enzima ngemithetho yokuhlola, izimfuneko ezicuphayo, imithetho yokuhlambalaza ubugebengu, nezinye izindlela zokulawula. Izintatheli kulemikhakha ngokuvamile zibhekene nokuboshwa, ubudlova, nezinye izinhlobo zokuphindisela ukuze zibike. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njenge-Committee to Provincials Without Borders zibhala lokhu kuxhashazwa futhi zisekela inkululeko engcono kakhulu emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuqonda lezi zinselele zomhlaba wonke kuqokomisa ukubaluleka kwesivikelo esiqinile esingokomthetho sokucindezela inkululeko nesidingo esiqhubekayo sokuvikela lezi sivikelo ekukhukhulekeni kwenhlabathi.

Izinsongo Ezikhona Manje Zokucinezela Inkululeko

Isigaba se-U.S. sehla kusuka kuma-20 ngo-2020 kuya ku-52 ezikhululweni zekhulu lama-2025, okubonisa izinselele ezikhulayo zokucindezela inkululeko ngisho nase-United States. Izici eziningana zinezela kulokhu mayelana nokuthambekela.

Ubudlova Ezintathelini

Ngokwe - Press Freedom Trader yase - United States, ngo - 2020, izintatheli ezingaba ngu - 300 zahlaselwa e - U.S. (cishe ngokusemthethweni ngenxa yokugcinwa komthetho) futhi okungenani ezingu - 110 zaboshwa noma zabekwa icala eliwubugebengu uma kuqhathaniswa nokubika kwazo. Ukuhlaselwa okungokomzimba kwezintatheli, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungokomthetho, ababhikishi, noma abanye, kuwusongo oluqondile lokucindezela inkululeko nekhono lezintatheli lokubika ngezenzakalo ezibalulekile.

Isivikelo esingokomthetho sodwa asinakuvimbela ubudlova ezintathelini, kodwa imithetho enikeza abaphangi icala futhi evikela ilungelo lezintatheli lokubika ezindaweni zomphakathi iyizici ezibalulekile ekusebenziseni ukuphepha kwentatheli.

Isilinganiso Somsebenzi Kahulumeni Nesivikelo

Ukunyuka kwezwe lokhuseleko nokwanda kobuchwepheshe obusha bokuhlola kuye kwadala izinselele ezintsha zenkululeko yezokusakaza, futhi uhulumeni uye waqalisa ukuxazulula okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili kwabafutha impepho, izintatheli ezifuna ukuthola imithombo yazo. Abacuphi babhekana nokuqulwa kwecala ngaphansi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ye-Espionage Act yokuvuza ezindabani ezithakazelelwa umphakathi.

Lezizenzakalo zibangela umphumela oshaqisayo ekufuneni amaphephandaba acwaningayo, njengoba imithombo engase yesabe imiphumela enzima engokomthetho yokunikeza izintatheli ukwaziswa, ngisho nalapho lokho kwaziswa kwembula ububi bukahulumeni noma izindaba ezithakazelisayo emphakathini. Ukucindezela phakathi kwezinkathazo zokulondeka kwezwe nenkululeko ecindezelayo kulokhu kulokhu kungenye yezindawo ezinzima kakhulu zomthetho wezindaba.

Izingcindezi Zezomnotho Ezinhlanganweni Zezindaba

Nakuba zingeyona impikiswano engokomthetho, izinselele zezomnotho ezibhekene nezindaba zinemiphumela emikhulu ekuncintisaneni kwenkululeko.

Ezinye izinguquko ezingokomthetho, njengemithetho emelene ne-SLAPP kanye namalungiselelo okulungisa imali adinga abamangalelwa ukuze bakhokhe izindleko zomthetho lapho amacala angenangqondo exoshwa, zingasiza ekusingatheni izinga lezomnotho lenkululeko yokunyathelisa. Nokho, ukusekela okukhulu kwezomnotho komsebenzi wokunyathelisa kungadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko yokucindezela ihlala inenjongo.

Indima Yezindinganiso Nezimiso Zobuchwepheshe

Nakuba imithetho inikeza uhlelo lwenkululeko yokugcizelela, izindinganiso zobuchwepheshe neziqondiso zokuziphatha zinendima ephelelisayo ekulondolozeni iphephandaba elinokwethenjelwa.

Ukuqinisekisa Nokunemba

Izindinganiso zobuchwepheshe zokwaziswa zigcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqinisekisa ukwaziswa ngaphambi kokuba kunyatheliswe, ukufuna imithombo eminingi, nokulungisa amaphutha ngokushesha lapho kwenzeka. Le misebenzi isiza ukuba umphakathi uhlale uthembele ekutholeni izincwadi futhi inciphise ingozi yokuhlawuliswa kwecala. Nakuba imithetho ivikela ngisho nezinkulumo ezingamanga kwezinye izimo (ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nezibalo zomphakathi), ukudayisa amaphephandaba kulwela ukunemba njengesimiso esiyisisekelo.

Ubulungisa Nokulinganisela

Izimiso zokuziphatha ezisekelwe kuyi - Journalial zidinga ukuphathwa kahle kwezihloko, kuhlanganise nokunikeza amathuba okusabela ezimangalweni futhi kunikeze imibono eminingi ezindabeni eziphikisanayo. Nakuba imithetho ngokuvamile ingadingi ukuba kube nokungakhethi okunjalo (ngaphandle kwemibandela elinganiselwe enjengokusakaza imithetho), lezindinganiso zokuziphatha zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukuthuthukisa inkululeko yomphakathi kufeza isithakazelo kunokuba kube yithuluzi lokuhlasela okungafanele.

Ukubona Kahle Nokulandisa

Izimiso zanamuhla zokubheka imithombo, izindlela, nezingxabano ezingase zithakazelelwe. Izinhlangano zezindaba zivame ukuba nabahleli bomphakathi abakhuluma nomfundi ngezindaba ezimkhathazayo futhi baphendule izintatheli. Lezi zimiso zokuzilawula ziphelelisa isivikelo esingokomthetho ngokubonisa ukuthi imithombo yezindaba ithatha imithwalo yayo ngokungathi sína.

Ukubheka Phambili: Ikusasa Lomthetho Wenkululeko Yokufaka Inkululeko Ephansi

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe, umphakathi, nezinsongo zokucindezela inkululeko kushintshashintsha, imithetho evikelayo kumelwe ivumelane nokuphumelela ukuze ihlale ikhona.

Imithetho Yomthetho Evikelwe Umthetho Kahulumeni

Ukungabikho komthetho kahulumeni ovikelayo kudala ukungavumelani futhi kushiya izintatheli zingavikelekile lapho zibika ngezindaba zezwe. Nakuba iPRES Act imelela intuthuko, isiphetho sayo sokugcina isiphelo asiqinisekile. Abameleli bayaqhubeka bephoqelela ukuba kubekwe umthetho kahulumeni ozonikeza isivikelo esingaguquki ezintathelini kulo lonke izwe kuyilapho kuhlanganisa nokungavunyelwa komthetho ongokomthetho kanye nokuvinjelwa kwesizwe.

Ukuvumelanisa Imithetho Nezincwadi Eziwuchungechunge

Ama-seact angokomthetho kumelwe aqhubeke ebhekisa izici ezihlukile ze-metaidism. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukucacisa indlela imithetho yesivikelo esebenza ngayo kubacosheli bezindaba be-inthanethi, ukusingatha izinselele zokuvikela imithombo yezobuchwepheshe nezokuxhumana, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi leyo mithetho isebenza kumarekhodi kahulumeni omshini kanye nemihlangano yomphakathi ku-inthanethi.

Ukukhuluma Ngokuhlukunyezwa Nge - Internet

Njengoba ukuhlukunyezwa kwezintatheli kuyi - Internet kwanda, ukusabela komthetho kumelwe kulinganisele ekuvikeleni izintatheli ezisongweni zangempela kuyilapho zilondoloza amalungelo okukhuluma ngokukhululekile, lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukuqiniswa kokugcinwa kokuhlukunyezwa nemithetho ekhona, ukwakha amathuluzi amasha angokomthetho asingatha ukuhlukunyezwa nge - Internet nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amapulatifomu anomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvimbela izinkonzo zawo ekuqondiseni imikhankaso yokuhlukunyezwa.

Ukuvikela Ukugcinwa Kwemithombo Yezindaba Yasendaweni

Inhlekelele emaphephandabeni endawo, njengoba imiphakathi eminingi ilahlekelwa amaphephandaba nezindawo zayo zokusakaza izindaba, inemiphumela yenkululeko yokunyathelisa. Nakuba lokhu ngokuyinhloko kuyindaba yezomnotho, izinguquko ezingokomthetho zingasiza, njengokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni yendawo yokuveza izimpawu zangaphandle iyaphoqelelwa, ukuvikela izinhlangano ezincane zezindaba emacaleni angenangqondo ngemithetho emelene ne-SLAP, nokucabangela izisekelo ezintsha ezingokomthetho ezingase zisekele ukugcinwa kwamaphephandali endawo.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Zezintatheli

Ukuqonda imithetho yenkululeko ephuma ezintathelini ezisebenzayo kubalulekile. Ukwazi isivikelo esingokomthetho nokulinganiselwa kusiza izintatheli ukuba zenze imisebenzi yazo ngokuphumelelayo kuyilapho zinciphisa izingozi ezingokomthetho.

Yazi Umthetho ovikelayo wezwe Lakho

Izintatheli kufanele zijwayelane nomthetho kahulumeni ovikelayo, uma ekhona, kuhlanganise nokwaziswa ezikuvikelayo, ofanelekela ukuvikeleka, nokuthi yikuphi okungasetshenziswanga. Lolwazi lubalulekile lapho thembisa imfihlo emithonjeni nalapho usabela kubaphathi bezwe noma kwezinye izimfuno zokwaziswa.

Bhala Inqubo Yakho Yokubika

Ukulondoloza amarekhodi acophelelayo ezinqubo zokubika, kuhlanganise namaphuzu, ukuxhumana okuvela emthonjeni, nezinyathelo zokuqinisekisa, kungaba okubalulekile ekuvikeleni izinkulumo ezihlanekezelwe noma ezinye izinselele ezingokomthetho. Nakuba imithetho yezihlangu ingase ivikele ezinye zalezizinto ekudalulini, ukuba nemibhalo ephelele kubonisa izindinganiso zobuchwepheshe futhi kungasiza ekutholeni ukuthi ukubika kwenziwa ngendlela efanele.

Ukuqonda Umthetho Oyisiphambeko

Izintatheli kufanele ziqonde izisekelo zomthetho wokuhlambalaza, kuhlanganise nomehluko phakathi kwabantu abavamile nabazimele, indinganiso yangempela yonya, nokubaluleka kweqiniso nokukhulumela okulungile.

Sebenzisa Imicebo Etholakalayo

Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Arecents Committee for Freedom of the Press zinikeza imithombo ewusizo, kuhlanganise neziyalezo ezingokomthetho, iziqondisi zemithetho yezwe, nosizo ngezinselele ezingokomthetho. Izintatheli kufanele zazi ukuthi zingayithola kanjani lemithombo futhi akufanele zibabaze ukufuna iseluleko esingokomthetho lapho zibhekene nezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho.

Ukuhlangana Kwenkululeko Yokunyathelisa Nentando Yeningi

Ubuhlobo phakathi kokubusa kwesimiso sokunyathelisa ngokukhululekile nokubusa kwentando yeningi budinga izakhamuzi ezinolwazi, futhi isakhamuzi esinolwazi sidinga umbiko okhululekile okwazi ukuqoqa nokusakaza ukwaziswa ngaphandle kokuphazamisa okungafanele.

Lapho inkululeko yokunyathelisa ilimala, kunzima kakhulu ukwenza uhulumeni wethu alandise lapho ephambana noma ephamba. Le nkonzo yokulandisa mhlawumbe imelela ukuthethelelwa okubaluleke kakhulu kwesivikelo esingokomthetho esiqinile sobusaziwayo. Ngaphandle kwezintatheli ezikwazi ukuhlola nombiko ngemisebenzi kahulumeni, ukonakala nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla kungachuma ngokungavinjelwe.

Inkululeko yokunyathelisa ifeza futhi intando yeningi ngokufaka impikiswano yomphakathi ezindabeni ezibalulekile. Izindaba ezikhululekile ziyindabuzeko yemibono ebanzi, imoto yezakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba ziveze imibono nemibono eminingi. Lemisebenzi yezentengiselwano isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi kufundiswa ngemibono ehlukene futhi kukhululeke emibonweni esemthethweni.

Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko Zokuqonda Imithetho Yenkululeko Yokufaka Izincwadi

  • Isivikelo se-Constitugal:[ Isichibiyeli sokuqala sinikeza isisekelo senkululeko yokunyathelisa e-United States, sivikela ekucushweni kukahulumeni kanye nesijeziso sokubika
  • Imithetho eyimfihlo: Izifundazwe eziningi zinemithetho evikela izintatheli ekuphoqelelweni ukuba zambule imithombo eyimfihlo, nakuba isivikelo sihluka kakhulu futhi akukho mthetho wesivikelo kahulumeni okhona manje
  • Icala lezwe: Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme njengecala lePentagon Papers neNew York Times v. Sullivan useke izenzakalo ezibalulekile ezivikela inkululeko yokucindezela lapho ichaza imingcele yayo
  • Izindinganiso zokuthatha indawo:[ Izindinganiso ezihlukene ziyasebenza kubantu abadumile nangabodwa, nendinganiso yangempela yonya enikeza isivikelo esiqinile ekubikeni izikhulu zomphakathi nezindaba ezikhathalelwa umphakathi
  • Access Rights:[ Inkululeko yemithetho yolwazi emazingeni kahulumeni nombuso inikeza izinqubo zezintatheli zokuthola amarekhodi kahulumeni, nakuba izinselele zokungakhululeki nokuphoqelelwa kwemithetho zikhona
  • Izinselele zobu jijini: Ubuchwepheshe obusha budala kokubili amathuba nezinselele zenkululeko yokucindezela, idinga ukushintshwa komthetho wesiko
  • Usongo oluqhubekayo: Ukugcizelela inkululeko kubhekene nezinselele zobudlova ezibangelwa izintatheli, ukuqapha kukahulumeni, ukucindezela kwezomnotho, nezinye izici ezidinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kanye nokuqapha
  • Izindinganiso zomsebenzi:[ Iziqondiso zemfundo nezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe ziphelelisa isivikelo esingokomthetho ngokukhuthaza ukugcinwa komsebenzi womsebenzi ogcina ukwethenjwa komphakathi

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Komthetho Wenkululeko Yokunyathelisa

Imithetho evikela inkululeko yezindaba imelela isici esibalulekile sokubusa kwentando yeningi. Ukusuka ezivikelweni zomthetho-sisekelo ukuvikela imithetho, kusukela ekungcoliseni kwezindinganiso zokuthola amalungelo, lezi zimo zomthetho zidala izimo ezidingekayo ukuze umbiko ufeze indima yawo ebalulekile emphakathini. Zivikela izintatheli ekucusumbuleni nasekuphindiseleni kukahulumeni, zivumela ukuhlola okugcina amandla enecala, futhi kwenze ukugeleza kokwaziswa okubalulekile ekuthatheni isigaba sentando yeningi kusebenze.

Nokho, isivikelo esingokomthetho sodwa asinele. Inkululeko yokunyathelisa idinga ukuzivikela ngokuqhubekayo ezisongweni ezintsha, ukujwayela ukushintsha ubuchwepheshe nezimo zezenhlalo, kanye nomphakathi othanda futhi osekela ukuthunyelwa kwezincwadi ezizimele. Njengezinselele zokucindezela inkululeko ibhebhetheki, ngokufanayo nemithetho nezinhlangano eziyivikelayo.

Ukuqonda indlela imithetho egcina ngayo imithombo yezindaba ikhululekile futhi ilungile kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuqaphela izinsongo zokucindezela inkululeko, ukusekela izivikelo ezingokomthetho ezidingekile, nokwazisa indima ebalulekile efezwa amaphephandaba emphakathini wentando yeningi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyintatheli, umenzi wezimiso, noma uyisakhamuzi esinolwazi, ulwazi lwemithetho yenkululeko lusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi lelilungelo eliyisisekelo liyaqhubeka lifeza injongo yalo ebalulekile.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngenkululeko nemithetho yezindaba, vakashela i-Komiti yombiko yenkululeko ye-Press, i-, i-Dominican Liberties Union ye-American Freevincial Union yenkululeko [, noma i- Isibuyekezelo seNguqulo sokuqala [. [Lezinhlangano zinikeza imithombo ewusizo yokuqonda nokuvikela inkululeko eUnited States nasezweni lonke.