Ukuqonda Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu Nokufinyelela Kwaso

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu kumthetho-sisekelo we-United States simemezela ukuthi akekho umuntu “ozobekwa ngaphansi kwecala elifanayo ukuze abekwe engozini ephindwe kabili yokuphila noma isitho.” Lesi simiso sesisekelo, esaziwa njengengozi ephindwe kabili, siklanyelwe ukuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba amelane ngokuphindaphindiwe nobugebengu obuthiwa bubodwa ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuqiniseka. Nokho, ulimi olubonakala lucacile lokulungisa lungabekwa engozini yokuphila noma ukufakwa komthetho, ngokushintshashintshana okukhulu ekuchazeni nasekusebenzeni kwezifundazwe ezingu-50, isifunda se-Columbia, ne-U. Izindawo zabamangalelwa nabenzi bobugebengu abasemthethweni ngokufanayo, ukuqonda lokhu kungokokungabalulekile.

Imfundiso Yobukhosi Obubodwa: Ababusi Abahlukene, Ukulingwa Okuhlukene

Enye yezici ezibucayi kakhulu emthetho oyingozi kabili yimfundiso yobukhosi . Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, uhulumeni wezwe nohulumeni ngamunye ubhekwa njengozimele abahlukene. Ngenxa yalokho, isenzo esiphula kokubili umthetho kazwelonke nombuso singamangalelwa ngecala ngalinye ngaphandle kokwephula umthetho ka-Revictal Jeopardy Claus. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu okhululwe iziphakamiso zikahulumeni angabekwa enkantolo kahulumeni ngenxa yokwephulwa kwamalungelo esenzeka amakhaya. Lemfundiso yavunyelwa yi-U. S. Inkantolo Ephakeme ingaqulwa ngecala elinjengo u-v. United States[FLT] [FLD] [F:3] (209]), esekela ukubusa kwayo isikhathi eside.

Indlela I - United States Echaza Futhi Ivumela Ngayo I - Jeopardy: Umsebenzi Oyisibhamu Wesivikelo

Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sibeka isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo, izifundazwe zikhululekile ukunikeza isivikelo esibanzi kunesilinganiso sikahulumeni. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zawahlanganisa kakhulu amalungelo ezingozi eziphindwe kabili emithethweni yazo, kuyilapho ezinye zithembele kakhulu emthethweni wecala. Ngezansi kuwukuhlolwa okuningi kokuhluka okuyinhloko kwezindawo ezimelelwayo.

California

ICalifornia ivame ukunqabela ukuqulwa kwecala ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuqulwa kwecala, okuvumelana nesivikelo sikahulumeni. Nokho, ngaphansi komthetho waseCalifornia, uma ummangalelwa ebekwe icala elincane, bangase baphinde baqulwe icala elikhulu uma isiqinisekiso sokuqala siphendulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iCalifornia ivumela ukuqulwa uma icebo elingafanele lishiwo ngokufanele ukubonakaliswa. Inkantolo ephakeme ibuye ikhulume “ngokuziphatha okukodwa” okumelene“ nokuhlola”, ngokuvamile isebenzisa isilinganiso esikhulu sobungane esivela esivumelwaneni esifanayo kodwa esidinga izinto ezihlukahlukene uma zingekho mthetho.

Texas

Texas is known for its broad interpretation of double jeopardy protections. The Texas Constitution explicitly bars a person from being “twice put in jeopardy for the same offense.” Texas courts have applied this protection aggressively, particularly in cases where the state attempts to retry a defendant after a mistrial. Retrial is generally allowed only if the mistrial was caused by prosecutorial or judicial misconduct that was not provoked by the defense. In cases of manifest necessity—like a deadlocked jury—retrial is permitted. Texas also recognizes the “same transaction” test, meaning that multiple charges from a single criminal event may be considered the same offense unless each requires proof of a distinct element not required by the others.

INew York

Isivikelo sezingozi eziphindwe kabili eNew York sihlanganiswa kakhulu eMthethweni wayo we-Criminal Procedure. Isifundazwe silandela “izakhi” ezihlangeneyo ezithathwe ku- .United States kodwa senezela ezinye izingqimba. INew York ivumela ukuqulwa kabusha ngemva kwecala uma ummangalelwa ethotshiwe noma uma kwakunesidingo esingokomthetho. Okubalulekile, iNew York inelungiselelo eliyingqayizivele elivumela umbuso ukuba udlulise icala (isimo esilinganiselwe) ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi eziphindwe kabili. Izwe linikeza futhi izingozi eziphindwe kabili ukuze ezinye izikhalazo zomphakathi zilahlekelwe uma zibhekwa njengezingakhokhwakhwa okungokwemvelo. Izinkantolo zaseNew York ziye zaqikelela ukuthi zivimbela abashushishisi ababhisi ngokuhlukanisayo ngokuhlukanisayo ngokuhlukanisa izikhala ezisha.

IFlorida

Umthetho we-Florida ophindwe kabili wengozi ulolongwa yikho kokubili umthetho wayo wezomthetho kanye nomthetho omkhulu wecala. INkantolo Ephakeme yaseFlorida iphethe ukuthi isivikelo esiphindwe kabili sezingozi sisebenza emacaleni ahlukene kuphela uma ivela esivumelweni esifanayo sobugebengu noma sokuthengiselana. Nokho, iFlorida ivumela isijeziso esiphindaphindiwe sezisulu ezihlukene phakathi kwentengo eyodwa. Ukuhluka okuphawulekayo: i-Florida imvume yokuqungatha ngemva kokuba ukuqiniseka kuguqulwe ngenxa yokuqulwa kwephutha, kodwa imigoqo iphinde ibekwe uma ukuguqulwa kusekelwe ebufakazini obunganele. Lokhu kuvumelana nomthetho kahulumeni, kodwa iFlorida iqaphela futhi incazelo elinganiselweyo yezibalo ye- “aheavlev" ngesibonelo esisodwa, ukulahlwa kwecala ngemva kokubekwa kwengozi kungase kungabhekwa njengephutha leqiniso futhi ingavunyelwa.

Illinois

Illinois inikeza isivikelo sezingozi ezimbili ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho wezwe wayo kanye ne-Illinois Compuncid Scytes. Izwe lisebenzisa “ubufakazi obufanayo”, libuza ukuthi ubufakazi obufanayo bungasekela yini ukumangalelwa kokubili. Izinkantolo ze-Illinois ziye zavimbela ukuqulwa ngokulandelana kwezimangalo ezihlukene ezibangelwa ukuziphatha okukodwa, ngisho noma zihlanganisa izinto ezihlukile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho we-Illinois uyawunqabela umthetho owenqabela lapho ukuqulwa komthetho wokuqala kunqanyulwa ngenxa yokuqhutshelwa kwendlela ephumelelayo yokuzimela ngokungafanele komshushisi (ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa evumayo). Illinone futhi unomthetho oyingqayizivele ohlanganisa ubufakazi obuphindwe kabili uma nje bufungiwe enkantolo, obuthiwe ngaphambi kwalokho kweminye imithetho ehambisana nemithetho ehlangene naleyo elandela wonke umsizi womthetho wokwahlulela.

Massachusetts

IMassachusetts ivame ukubhekwa njengenye yezindawo ezivikela kakhulu ngamalungelo aphindwe kabili. ISimemezelo samaMassachusetts sobuGcipho sinikeza isivikelo esizimele nesibanzi kuneSichibiyelo sesihlanu. Izinkantolo zaseMassachusetts zisebenzisa i-“ ukuziphatha okubi okufanayo” indinganiso, evimbela ukuphinde ihlulele icala elifanayo lomthetho kuphela kodwa futhi nanoma yiliphi elinye icala elivela ekuziphatheni kobugebengu, ngisho noma izakhi zihlukene. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma ummangalelwa elahlwa ngemoto, umbuso awunakubamangalelwa kamuva ngenxa yokwamukela impahla eyebiwe uma ukuziphatha kufana. IMassachusetts futhi ilinganisela ngokuphelele ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi bokukhokhwazwa komthetho womphakathi, ezinye iziphetho.

Imithetho Enezivikelo Ezilinganiselwe

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye izifundazwe, njenge-Alabama neMississippi, zinikeza isivikelo esibonisa eduze umthetho kahulumeni ngaphandle kokwanda okukhulu. Lezi zifundazwe zivumela ukuqulwa ngemva kokuxazululwa kwanoma yisiphi “isidingo” futhi zivumele ukuvunyelelwa kwezijeziso ngenxa yamacala ahlukene enqubo eyodwa. Kulezi zikhundla, ubukhosi obuvamile busetshenziswa ngokugcwele, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni azizange ziqophe isivikelo semithetho ehlukene. Kulezi zifunda kulezi zigodlo ezincikelwe ngokuyinhloko umthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho, ongashiya izikhala, ikakhulukazi ezimweni eziningi.

Ukushintshashintsha Kwezigaba: IPuerto Rico, iGuam, neZiQhingi Ezimsulwa Zase - United States

Amasimu ase-U.S. asebenza ngaphansi kwezenzo zawo siqu ezingokwemvelo nezimiso zomthetho, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni okuhlukile okunezingozi ezimbili.

Puerto Rico

UMthetho-sisekelo wase Puerto Rico uvimbela izingozi eziphindwe kabili, kodwa i-Civil Common Code ivumela ukuqulwa futhi ezimweni ezithile ezingavunyelwe ngokwezinga elivamile ezizweni. Ngokwesibonelo, iPuerto Rico ivumela uhulumeni ukuba afake isahlulelo sokungathethelelwa uma inkantolo ephansi yenza iphutha lomthetho, futhi uma iphumelela, ummangalelwa angaphinde abekwe indiva. Lokhu kuwukususwa okuphawulekayo komthetho kahulumeni, lapho isinqumo sokungabi nacala sigcina khona ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iPuerto Rico isebenzisa “intengo ebanzi yecala” kodwa ngokukhomba ukuthi uhulumeni ungaphinde ubeke icala ngokungenwa futhi ngaphandle kobandlululo ngenxa yokungasolwa komthetho. Abameli basePuerto Rico kumelwe baqaphele umehluko phakathi kokuxoshwa nokucwa kwecala.

i-Guam

Umthetho we-Guam oyingozi kabili uhlanganiswe eKhomini yawo e-Code Annoted, ilandela eduze i-mode kahulumeni kodwa ngokuphawulekayo kodwa ngokuphikisana okuphawulekayo. I-Guam isebenzisa “izakhi ezifanayo” ezilungisiwe. Nokho, izinkantolo zeGuam ziye zathi uhulumeni wezwe awuboshelwanga yisigebe senkantolo kahulumeni ngenxa yesenzo esifanayo, njengoba amasimende ebhekwa njengomuntu owehlukene phakathi kwesimiso sikahulumeni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umuntu okhululiwe eGuam Superior Court wayengasengwa ngokusho ukuthi inkantolo yesehlakalo uma ukuziphatha kwendawo ne-hulumeni kungqubuzana nomthetho. I-Guam futhi ibeka isithiwam ayibekeli ukuba inkantolo yenze into engenziwa ngephutha, ngisho noma inqubo engafanele ingenziwangagunyaziwenga.

IZiQhingi Ezimsulwa zaseU.S.

IVirgin Islands yase-U.S. inesimiso esixubile esibolelwayo kuwo womabili umthetho wezwe nombuso. Umthetho we-Revised Orvinic Act of the Virgin Islands uqukethe izingozi eziphindwe kabili, kodwa futhi indawo ilandela izimpawu zikahulumeni. Isici esisodwa esiyingqayizivele: u-USSVI uvumela ukuqulwa kwecala ngemva kokuvinjelwa uma ukulahlwa kwalecala kwakunikezwa ngokukhwabanisa noma ukufumbathisa, kodwa okungaqasheki okungokoqobo okungaqashekiyo ezizweni eziningi. Lokhu kuvumelana nomqondo we- “jeopardiy'ss" ezimweni lapho ubuqotho becala bebuyekelwe ngokuyisisekelo. futhi izinkantolo zase-US.

Izici Eziyinhloko Ezishintshashintshayo

Ukwehluka komthetho oyingozi kabili ezikhundleni eziningi zase - United States kuvela emithonjeni eminingana:

  • Izivikelo zomthetho-sisekelo weSizwe:[ Ezinye izifundazwe zinemisho eqine ngokuzimele ephindwe kabili yengozi kuneSichibiyelo sesihlanu.
  • Umthetho weSizwe: imigaqo ingachaza “icala elifanayo” noma“impofu inamathiselwe” ngezindlela ezihlukile kumthetho kahulumeni.
  • Ukuthuthukisa umthetho we-Case:[ izincazelo zokwahlulela zamaqiniso afanayo ziholela ekuhlolweni okungaguquguquki, njengo-“bufakazi obufanayo,”“ ukuthengiselana okufanayo,” noma “ukuziphatha okufanayo.”
  • Ikhono lokwahlulela namalungelo: Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela uhulumeni ukuba adlulise izicelo ezithile zokuxoshwa ngaphambi kwesinqumo sokugcina, ngokunokwenzeka avumele ukuqulwa kabusha, kuyilapho ezinye zilinganisela ngokuqinile ukunxusa okunjalo.
  • Imithetho yezemali:[ Incazelo ye-“isidingo esingcono” iyahlukahluka; ezinye izifundazwe zidinga isidingo esiqinile kunezinye, okuthinta ukuthi ummangalelwa angalungiselwa emuva yini ngemva kokwenza iphutha.

Indima Yezimo Ezingalungile Nezikhangayo

Ingxenye ebucayi yezindlela zokungavumelani yilokho okwenzekayo ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala. Enkantolo kahulumeni nakumazwe amaningi, uma kukhishwa amacala ngenxa yejaji elilengayo, abamangaleli bangamphikisa ummangalelwa. Nokho, uma ukuqulwa kwecala okungafanelekile kubangelwa ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi okuhloselwe ukuvusa amaphutha, ukulahlekelwa okuphindwe kabili kungase kube yisiqobo. Ngokufanayo, ukudluliswa kwecala kuyahluka kulokho okuzenzayo “ukuqubuka.” Ezinye izigaba (umz. Massachusetts) zithathela ngokungafanele uma izenzo zomshushisi zazingakhathalelwanga kahle noma zinganaki kakhulu, kuyilapho ezinye (umz., Texas) zidinga ukuboniswa kwenhloso ethile engafanele. Ngokufana nokukhishwa kwecala, uma ukukholeka kwemigoqoshosho okuphindiwe kabili. Kodwa uma kuhle ukuba kuhleliwe ukuvinjelwe ngokungafanele.

Izimfumbe Zabavikeli Nabafundi

Kubamangalelwa, ukusebenza kwemithetho ehlukene ebangela ukungenwa kwezingozi ezimbili kungaba nemiphumela engcono. Ukunyakaza kokuxoshwa okuphumelelayo kwesinye isifundazwe kungase kuhluleke kwesinye. Abameli bamabutho kumelwe batshele abathengi hhayi kuphela emacaleni kodwa futhi nasengozini yokuquliswa ngokulandelana kwezikhulu ezihlukahlukene noma ukubekwa umthetho okuhlukene kwemithetho ebangelwa ukuziphatha okufanayo. Kulokhu kuhlola kwezwe noma umsebenzi kahulumeni, abamangalelwa bangabhekana nezilingo eziningi ezihlukene ezicini eziningi ngaphambi kokuba amacala abekwe ngokuphelele. ubukhosi obuhlukile bulokhu buyithuluzi elinamandla phakathi kwabashushicileli, futhi kubhekwa njengezingako kuphela izifundazwe (unyaka, i-New York, i-California) ikhiphe imithetho eqinile yemithetho eboshelwa ukuqulwa kwecala ngenxa yecala. [[Flect:]] uhulumeni obekiwe futhi uhulumeni abakhohliswa yisimelwa uhulumeni abambalwa.

Kudokotela abangokomthetho, ukugcina imithetho ehlangene ngokuphindwe kabili yendawo kubaluleke kakhulu lapho ukuthatha imithetho yokuhlela, ukunxusa, noma ukunquma ukuthi uvuma ukuqulwa kwecala okungalungile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthola ukuxoshwa okusekelwe ebufakazini obunganele obuvumela ukudluliswa kwalelocala kungaholela ekuqulweni kabusha, kanti esimweni esiqinile ukuxoshwa kungagcina. Ngokufanayo, ukukhetha phakathi kokuqulwa kwecala ebhentshini kanye nokuqulwa kwecala kungathinta lapho usongo luhlanganiswa (‘ins) abanye basho ukuthi lunamathela lapho ufakazi wokuqala enkantolo, kodwa esabelweni sokuqulwa kwebhentshiwe kungathinta kuphela lapho inkantolo iqala ukwamukela ubufakazi. Lesi sikhathi singathinta ikhono lokulahla amacala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ngaphandle kokubangela ingozi ngokuphindwa kabili.

Isiphetho: Ukubukeka Okuphakeme Kwezomthetho

Isimiso sezingozi eziphindwe kabili (ukunamathela okuqinile ezindinganisweni ze-Anglo - American zesivikelo esidala kakhulu kumthetho kahulumeni. [[F]] [F], uBar:F], umqulu wezeluleko ezisemthethweni [[5]], umqulu ongaphezulu], umqulu ongaphezulu [umbuso] unikeza ukuvikelwa kwemithetho eqinile ezindaweni ezinjenge-Alabama, ukuhlukahlukahlukana okukhulu. Njengoba umphakathi uncintisana nezinhlobo ezintsha zobugebengu, imisebenzi eminingi ye-juristua, futhi i-omscialctals, i-pane phakathi kwemijeko yomthetho ne-geve, izinkantolo nezibophonsi ezifundisayo, iyaqhubeka inikeza lezi zimfundiso zezeluleko. [[F1], kodwa umqulu ohlukene wombuso:]: [FF], futhi umqulu ohlukene: [F]