Ukumiswa Komthetho WaseMelika Ngokuminyana

I-United States isebenza enye yemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi nehloniphekile elawula imvelo emhlabeni. Ngokungafani nezizwe ezinebutho elilodwa lamaphoyisa elihlangene, i-U.S. isakaza amandla amaphoyisa kuhulumeni, kuhulumeni, kuhulumeni, nakumaqembu akhethekile. Lesi sakhiwo sisekelwe ekubuseni kwezwe, siklanyelwe ukulinganisela ukunqwabelana kwamaphoyisa kuyilapho siqinisekisa ukuthi ahlanganisa indawo yonke. Ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zingqimba zisebenza kanjani kudinga ukuqonda ukuthi imithetho isebenza kanjani.

Izinkonzo Zokulwela Ukuthula: Ukulahlwa Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

Izinhlangano ezilawula ukugcinwa komthetho ezisebenza ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni wase-U.S. futhi zigunyaza imithetho kahulumeni. Igunya lazo lihlanganisa ubugebengu obuphambana nemigqa yombuso, lihlanganisa impahla kahulumeni, noma ithonya lokuvikela kwesizwe. Inhlangano kahulumeni evelele kakhulu yi- Federal Bureau of Investigation (FLT), esingatha ubuphekula, ubugebengu obuhleliwe, nokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Ezinye izinhlangano eziyinhloko zikahulumeni zihlanganisa i- Administration (DEA), ezihlasela ukushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa, kanye ne ukubuthwa kotshwala, ugwayi, i-Foctives ne Explosives [FFFFF] [FLT] [[FLT]], elawula izibhamu nokuhlola i-arbon. [[FLT:][FLT:].S. Inkonzo yemfihlo[[FL: 5,], eyaziwa ngemininingwane evikelayo, ihlola ubugebengu obungokwezimali. Ngokulandela indalo ye-[FL:6] [FT] [FFT]) kanye ne-EX]

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zinamaqembu akhethekile, avela emaqenjini abathunjwa asindisa abantu ukuze athuthukele ezindaweni zokucwaninga ezivamile, futhi ngokuvamile abambisana nohulumeni kanye nabantu bendawo ngemisebenzi ehlangene.

Izimo Eziphuthumayo ZoMbuso: Ukuvala Igebe

Izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho zikahulumeni zisebenza esilinganisweni sikahulumeni wezwe futhi ngokuvamile zinezingalo ezisebenza noma kuphi esifundazweni sazo. Kunezibonelo ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-Stated Police ye-States, enegunya eligcwele lamaphoyisa kuhlanganise nophendlo lobugebengu, kanye ne-[FLT] Soundway Patrol isibonelo, esigxile ngokuyinhloko ekulondekeni kwezimoto nasemikhungweni yesifundazweni. Izwe elinjenge-Texas, California, kanye ne-New York lilondoloza amabutho amakhulu amaphoyisa ezwe.

Izifundazwe eziningi zisebenzisa futhi i-State Bureau of Investigation (SBI), esebenza ngokufanayo kwi-FBI yesifundazwe. I-SBS isiza izinhlangano zendawo ngokuhlola okuyinkimbinkimbi, ukulawula amalabhuli obugebengu kahulumeni, futhi igcine imibhalo egciniwe yobugebengu. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zigxeka ukuhlelwa kwemithombo yemali phakathi nezikhathi eziphuthumayo kanye nezindawo zasemaphandleni ezingenayo iminyango eqinile yendawo.

Imithetho Yasendaweni: Isilinganiso Esisobala

Ukugcinwa komthetho endaweni kuhlanganisa amaphoyisa amaningi eMelika. Ngeminyango engaphezu kwengu - 15 000, iminyango yamaphoyisa kamasipala namahhovisi amaphoyisa esifundazwe aqasha amaphoyisa acishe abe amaphesenti angu-60 ezikhulu zesizwe ezifungele ezingu-800.

[[FLT: 0] Umnyango wamaphoyisa weDolobha unomthwalo wemfanelo wokugcinwa komthetho phakathi kwemingcele kamasipala. Basingatha konke kusukela ekumisweni kwezimoto nakukhononda komsindo kuya ekubulaleni nasemisebenzini ye-SWAT. Izikhulu zamaphoyisa [ zihlukile ngoba zikhonza sonke isifundazwe, kuhlanganise nezindawo ezingahlanganisiwe. Amanxusa ayiziphathiswa izikhulu, enezela ungwengwengwele yokulandisa kwezombangazwe.

Ukubonakala nokutholakala kwamaphoyisa endawo kuwenza abe yiyonanto eyinhloko yokuthintana nezakhamuzi. Lendima esobala ibeka umthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu kubo wokwethemba umphakathi nobulungisa obungokwesiko.

Injongo Ekhethekile Nezimo Zesizwe

Ngaphezu kwezikhulu zikahulumeni, zikahulumeni, nezendawo, izinhlangano eziningi ezikhethekile zimisa imithetho eqondile. I-Campus Police emayunivesithi, i-Transit Police[ eziteshini ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba nasezitimeleni, [[FLT:] i-Park Police emapaki esizwe nasesifundazweni, i-School Office abaphathi bemithombo yezemali [[[[FLTL:]]] phakathi kwezikole ezikoleni ezithelwe i-12] zonke ziphethe umthetho owenziweyo ezwe noma owenziwe.

Umthetho ogunyaza i-Inforcement usebenza ezindaweni zobuMonarive American. Amaphoyisa esizwe alawula amalungu esizwe emazweni abezizwe, nakuba izimpikiswano ezilawulayo neziphathimandla zikahulumeni nombuso zingaba yinkimbinkimbi. Uhulumeni wezwe unegunya eliyinhloko emacalani amakhulu, ngokuvamile eliholela ezinhlangothini eziphezulu.

Imisebenzi Yamakhorali: Indlela Izimo Eziphuthumayo Ezilondoloza Ngayo Ukubusa KoMthetho

Nakuba imisebenzi ekhethekile ihlukahluka ngohlobo lwezinhlangano, zonke izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho zihlanganyela iqoqo lemisebenzi eyinhloko.

Ukuwohloka Kobugebengu Okunamandla

Ukukhona kwabaphathi abahlotshiswe iyunifomu kuyindlela endala kakhulu nebaluleke kakhulu yokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho. UPatrols, kungaba ngemoto, ngezinyawo, ngebhayisekili, noma ngehhashi, uhlose ukunqanda ubugebengu ngokunyusa ingozi ebonakala ikhona yokwesaba. Kansas City Preventive Patrol Surgentment[[FLT:] indawo eyaziwa kuma-70] ukuphumelela kokujikeleza kwemizuzwa, kuholela ekushintsheleni kuhambo oluqonde abaphathi abaqondiswe kanye [FLT:] ne[FLT:] indawo esendaweni ebanzi yomthetho [[FLT]], leyo egxile ezindaweni ezincane lapho ubugebengu bugcwele khona.

Ukuphenya Kwezigebengu Nezenzo Zobushiqela

Uma ukugada okusebenzayo kuhluleka ukuvimbela ubugebengu, izinhlangano zishintshela endleleni yophenya. Inqubo yophenya ihilela ukuqoqa ubugebengu, ukuqoqa ubufakazi obungokoqobo, ukuxoxa nezisulu nofakazi, nokuthola abasolwayo. Ukwanda kwe-antensics kushintshe lomsebenzi. Ababheki bama-Inventigator manje bathola ukwaziswa njalo kumakhalekhukhwini, kumacomputer, kuma-computer, kumagumbi okugcina amafu, futhi ngisho nasezimotoni.

Izifundo zesayensi ye-Fensic, kuhlanganise nokuhlaziya iDNA, i-colletics, isayensi yokuhlola ubuthi, kanye nokusebenzisa iminwe, zilawulwa ama-labbhu noma izakhiwo zikahulumeni ezisenkabeni. Inhlangano yesizwe yeJaji (NJ)[FLT] imisa izindinganiso zokucwaninga ze-astensics ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi bugciniwe enkantolo.

Ukuboshwa, Ukuzigcina Nokucindezelwa Ngokomthetho

Ukugcinwa komthetho kunegunya elikhethekile lokuncisha abantu inkululeko yabo ngokuboshwa. Lo mbuso ulawulwa ngokuqinile umthetho wemithetho. ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela izakhamuzi ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni. Abaphathi ngokuvamile kumelwe bathole imvume enikezwa umahluleli ngenxa yesizathu, noma isenzo esisekelwe kumbono ocacile (isimo, imvume, imvume).

Icala lengqoko yengqoko yenkolo Terry v.O. yamisa indinganiso engokomthetho ye "misa nokuvala i-frak," ivumela izikhulu ukuba zibopha othile okwesikhashana ngenxa yokusola okunengqondo. Isichibiyeli sesihlanu, esiqiniswe MIRANDA v. I-Arizona[, ifuna izikhulu ukuba zazise ukuthi zisola ilungelo lazo lokuthula futhi zibe nommeli phakathi kokuphenywa kwemvume. La masakhelo ayinhloko abekwe asemagunyeni ayinhloko ekuqeqesheni izikhulu nemisebenzi yansuku zonke.

Ukusabela Okuphuthumayo Nokuhleleka Komphakathi

Izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho ngokuvamile zingabantu bokuqala abasabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo nakuhlasela kwamaphekula kuya ezigabeni ezisebenzayo zokudubulana nokuphazamiseka komphakathi. Ukugcina uhlelo lomphakathi phakathi nokubhikisha, imibuthano, nezenzakalo ezinkulu kudinga ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela, amasu okuqondisa izixuku, futhi ngezinye izikhathi, ukusabela okuhlangene. Posse Comitatus Act [ ivimbela ukusetshenziswa kwempi yomthetho ngaphakathi ezweni, kodwa izigaba zesizwe ze-garde zingenza abaphathi bezwe basebenze ngesikhathi sengozi.

Izindlela Zanamuhla Ezishintshashintshayo

Ukugcinwa komthetho kwe - Contemporary kuncike ekuhlaziyweni kwemininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi, kwezobuchwepheshe obuthuthukile nasekusebenzelaneni komphakathi.

Imininingwane-imposiso kanye nobuhlakani obuqanjwe

Ukufika kwe- Compstat ku-1990 ukuguqula abaphathi bamaphoyisa ngokubeka abaqondisi abalandisa ngezibalo zobugebengu ezifundeni zabo. Namuhla, amanxusa asebenzisa inqubo yobupolisa yokukhipha izigwegwe [ i-algorithms zokubikezela lapho ubugebengu bungase buvele khona, ivumela abaphathi ukuba bavule imithombo yempahla ngokuqhubekayo. Nakuba kuphikisana ngenxa yobandlululo olungase lube khona emizini engaphansi, lamathuluzi asetshenziswa kabanzi ngeminyango emikhulu.

I-Picence-Lected Policity igxila ekuqoqeni nasekuhlaziyeni ukwaziswa ngezimiso zobugebengu nezinsongo. Lendlela ibaluleke kakhulu ekulweni nobugebengu obuhleliwe. Izikhungo ze-fusion, ezisebenza ndawonye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ne-othority, zisebenza njengezindawo zokuhlanganyela ubuhlakani bosongo.

Izimiso Zobuchwepheshe Nezokukhuphuka

Ubuchwepheshe buye baba isici esichazayo sokugcinwa komthetho kwanamuhla. Ilayisense ezenzekelayo ye-Plate FLT FLD ihlola izinkulungwane zamapuleti ngehora, izikhulu ziqaphelisa izimoto ezebiwe noma zifune ukusola. [ [[FLT]] ikhamera ye-Body-mody (BWC) isiyimishini ejwayelekile, yandisa ukukhanya nokunikeza ubufakazi obubalulekile. [[FLT:]] GUNSGSTAH Izimiso zokubona izimoto.[, njenge-Spotter, sebenzisa izinzwa ukuze ukhombisa indawo, ukukhipha i-mitshingo.

I-Drones (IZI) isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukuqapha emoyeni, ukwakha kabusha ingozi, nokusekela kobuchule. I-Expronic Foundation (EFFF)[[FL:3] kanye namanye amaqembu enkululeko yomphakathi abhekisisa le sayensi, aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nemfihlo namathuba okuhlola okukhulu.

Izikhulu Zomphakathi Nezinkinga

Ifilosofi ye- igcizelela ubudlelwane bokwakha phakathi kwamaphoyisa nezindawo akhonza kuzo. Abaphathi ababelwe ezindaweni ezithile bakhuthazwa ukuba bahileleke ekusebenziseni izinkinga nasekuthembeni, kunokuba bamane baphendule izingcingo. [[FLT:] Ihhovisi le-Community Policing Service (Ihhovisi Le-COPS) linikeza futhi liqeqeshe ukusekela lezinyathelo.

I-Problem-Orited Policition (POP) iyicebo elihlobene nalo eligxile ekutholeni izimbangela eziyinhloko zezinkinga zobugebengu eziphindaphindwayo kanye nokwakha izixazululo ezivumelanayo, ngokuvamile ezihilela abangane ngaphandle komthetho (umzk., ukugcinwa kwemithetho yedolobha, izinkonzo zomphakathi).

Ukuhlobana Kwabantu Nokusebenza Ngokubambisana

Ayikho inhlangano engasingatha zonke izinsongo zanamuhla iyodwa. Joint Terrorism Task Forces [[FTF:1], eholwa yi-FBI, imithombo yezindawo evela kuhulumeni, kuhulumeni, kuhulumeni, naku-ommeleli bendawo ukuhlola ubuphekula. Izinhlelo eziphethe ukugcinwa kwezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni. [[FLT:] I-Infensity Drugracturalting Preaces [HIDC) Izinhlelo ezihlela imizamo yokulawula izidakamizwa zisebenza ezimele imingcele. Lezi zibalulekile ekusingatheni imingcele yendawo imingcele ihlelwe kanjani.

Izinselele Ezibucayi Ezibhekene Nomthetho Wekhulu Lama - 21

Ukugcinwa komthetho kugcwele izinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi ezivivinya amandla ngokomthetho wezinhlangano kulo lonke izwe.

Inhlekelele Yokwethenjwa Nomthetho Womphakathi

Izenzakalo eziphezulu ezihilela ukusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa ziye zaphazamisa ubuhlobo phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho nezindawo abakhonza kuzo. Ukubhecwa kwe- Ukucwaninga [ kubonisa ukuhlukana okuphawulekayo kwezinhlanga nezombangazwe ekuthembeni komphakathi epolishi. Ukwethemba kokwakha kudinga isibopho esiqinile sokulawula, ukuveza ingaphandle, nokulandisa.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamandla Nokulandisa

Indinganiso engokomthetho yokusebenzisa amandla, emiswe ku Graham v. Connor, ihlola amandla ngokombono "wesikhulu esinengqondo esisendaweni. Lendinganiso inikeza inkululeko ephawulekayo kodwa futhi iye yaholela empikiswaneni. Amanxusa amaningi manje ayaleza ukuqeqesha [ futhi asesebenzise amathuluzi asebenzayo ukungenela [[ izimiso, ezifuna izikhulu ukuba zinqande amandla aphakeme. Imithetho egunyazwe yi-U.US, isetshenziswa yi-activectives syst, i-octivectivesssssss (ihlelo lokulungisa i-impactivement) enkambisweni ye-'injini egcwele.

Izindlela Zokuhlela Imithombo Yemali Nezindlela Zokusetshenziswa Kwayo

Izinhlangano eziningi zisebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele eqinile. Izimiso zokuhlela izimali kumele zihlanganise izisebenzi, ukuqeqeshwa, imishini, nobuchwepheshe. Ukubizwa "ukujoyina amaphoyisa" kwabanye abashisekeli kuye kwabangela ukuphikisana okukhulu ngokuthi izimali kufanele zisekelwe ngempela ezinkonzweni zezenhlalo.

Ukuphumelela Nokunamathela Emakethe Yezisebenzi Ezinamandla

Izinhlangano eziningi e-U.S. zibhekene nenkinga enkulu kanye nokuzigcina. Ukubheka izinto ngendlela engafanele komphakathi, ukufuna amahora okusebenza, nezingozi zomsebenzi kuye kwenza kwaba nzima ukudonsa abaqeshwa abafanelekayo. Imithombo yezeminyaka ephakeme, inikeza izilinganiso zokusayina amabhonasi, kanye nokunikeza izinqubo zokusebenza ukuze kugcwaliswe izikhala. Izikhulu ze-ofisi nezinhlelo zezempilo zengqondo ziqashelwa kakhulu njengezinto ezibucayi ukuze zikwazi ukukhokhela.

Ubufakazi Obuphathelene Nesibalo

Izigebengu ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ekusebenziseni kwazo ubuchwepheshe. Inkinga enzima kakhulu ekuhloleni ubuchwepheshe. Ukuhlasela kwe-extraware, ukukhwabanisa nge-inthanethi, ukwebiwa kwemininingwane yezingane, ibangela inselele enkulu. Izinhlangano eziningi zendawo azikutholi ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile namathuluzi okudinga ukubukelwa kwemishini. Inkinga "ebhekene nobumnyama" lapho ukubhalelwa kokubhalwa kwemidwebo kuvimbela khona ukutholakala kwemishini, iyaqhubeka idala ukungezwani phakathi kwezidingo zomthetho namalungelo eyimfihlo.

Izindlela Zesikhathi Esizayo: Inkathi Elandelayo Yokuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Ukugcinwa komthetho kusesimweni esiqhubekayo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, esishukunyiswa ukusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe, izinselele ezingokomthetho, nokushintsha kwemibono yabantu.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuyenziwe Nokuzisebenzela

I-AI isilungele ukushintsha ukubhalwa kwamaphoyisa. Umbiko owenziwe nge-Automate uguqula ulimi lwangempela, ukuhumusha ulimi, nobuchwepheshe bokuqapha ubuso kakade sebuyasebenza. I-Al-alytics ingahlola ngenani elikhulu lemininingwane ukuze kubonwe izindlela zobugebengu. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-Al kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile engokokuziphatha nangokomthetho ngokuphathelene nobandlululo nenkululeko yomphakathi. Ukuthuthukisa izimiso ezicacile zokulawula i-Al emshinini yamaphoyisa kuzoba yimpikiswano echazayo eshumini leminyaka elizayo.

Ezinye Izikokhiso Zokusabela

Kukhona umfutho okhulayo wokususa umthwalo wemfanelo ngezingcingo ezithile ezingenabudlova ezikude kumaphoyisa ahlomile. I-CAHOOTS uhlelo e-Eugene, e-Oregon, ithumela ochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo nolwezimemezelo zamaphoyisa ezishaya indiva. Amadolobha anjenge-Albuquerque ne-Denver ahamba ngokungaxhobi. Lemidweli izimisele ukunikeza ukusabela okufanelekile ezinkingeni zempilo, ukuxhashazwa kwemizwa, nokuphaza okuncane, ukukhulula izikhulu ezifunzweniswe ubugebengu obunobudlova.

Ukubona Ingaphandle Okuvuselelwe Nokugada

Isidingo sokulandisa sizoqhubeka siqhubekisela phambili ushintsho lwenqubo. Ikhamera yendikimba yangempela igeleza, amabhodi okuhlola azimele ezisebenzi zomphakathi anamandla angaphansi kwe-toucena, kanye nohlelo oluphansi lokusetshenziswa kwemishini yombuso kuya ngokuvame kakhulu. I-National Declassing Index i-Declarectal Iklaya izikhulu ezithunyelelwa ukuziphatha okubi ezithunyelwayo ukuze zingayi kwezinye izinhlangano. Ukuzivikela okungaqiniswe , okuvikela izikhulu enkantolo yombango, izinselele ezandayo ezingokomthetho.

Ukuqeqeshwa Okukhethekile Nemfundo Yobuchwepheshe

Ubunkimbinkimbi benqubo yamaphoyisa yanamuhla bufuna izisebenzi ezifundile nezikhethekile. Ukuqeqeshelwa ukukhucululwa kwemfundo ephakeme (CT) kwezikhulu ezisabela ezinkingeni zempilo yengqondo kuba yisibopho ezizweni eziningi. Ukuqeqeshelwa ukunqanda ukuphakama kwempi, ukuxazululwa kwempi, nokucwasa okusobala manje sekusesilinganisweni semfundo. Kukhona ukugqugquzelwa kwezimfuneko zemfundo ephakeme nentuthuko eqhubekayo ukuze kukhuliswe umsebenzi njengendawo yonke.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Okulula

Ukugcinwa komthetho e-United States akuyona inhlangano esebenzela uhulumeni owodwa kodwa kunenhlanganisela enkulu, ehlangene yezinhlangano ezisebenza kuzo zonke izinga lohulumeni. Lezi zinhlangano zinomthwalo omkhulu wokumisa imithetho ngesikhathi esifanayo zivikela amalungelo abantu nenkululeko. Izindlela nezinselele ezicaciswe lapha zibonisa ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho kuwumzamo onamandla nojulile womuntu. Njengoba amathemba obuchwepheshe kanye namathemba omphakathi ethuthuka, izinhlangano ezisebenza ngokugcina ukuthula kumele kuvumelane nobuqotho, ukuhlakanipha, kanye nesibopho esiqinile sokulawula umthetho. Ikusasa lokuphepha komphakathi lixhomeke ekutholeni ukulinganisela okubucayi phakathi kokulondeka, ukulandisa, ukuthembeka nokwethemba umphakathi.