Inqubo yokwahlulela yomthetho ingenye yezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nezilandelanayo emphakathini wanamuhla. Ibusa indlela abantu abamangalelwa ngayo ngobugebengu, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokujeziswa, nokujeziswa. Ukususwa kwecala. Kusukela ekulandelelani okulula, lenqubo ihlanganisa izingqimba eziningi zenqubo engokomthetho, isivikelo somthetho, nokwenza izinqumo ngokugcinwa komthetho, abameli, abameli, abahluleli, nabajaji. Ukuqonda lenqubo akudingekile kochwepheshe bomthetho kuphela kodwa nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezifisa ukuhileleka ngokusemthethweni ngezindaba ezilungile, ukulandisa, ukulandisa, namalungelo omphakathi. Lokhu kuhamba phambili kusuka esigabeni ngasinye, kusukela ekubekeni umthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni, kuqala ukuphenyathisisa isimo sokugcina icala eliphakeme, imithetho, namalungelo engokoqobo.

Ukucwaninga Kwangaphambi Kokuthola Izinkinga: Indlela Icala Eliqala Ngayo

Ngaphambi kokuba kuvele ukuboshwa, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kuvame ukwenza ukuhlola ukuze kuqoqwe ubufakazi futhi kusungulwe imbangela engaqondiwe. Imbangela engokomthetho edinga amaqiniso anele ukuze kuholwe umuntu onengqondo ukuba akholelwe ukuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa nokuthi umuntu othile othile ubenzile. Uphenyo lungaqala ngezindlela eziningana:

  • [ Imibiko ye-Citin: Isisulu noma amaphoyisa afakaza ngamaphoyisa, achaza umsebenzi osolekayo noma ubugebengu.
  • Ihhovisi lobumboni: Isikhulu sibona ubugebengu obuqhubekayo noma siqaphela ukuziphatha okusikisela izenzo zobugebengu.
  • [[[NTL:0] Amacebiso ayimfihlo:[ Izimemezelo eziyimfihlo noma amacebo angaziwa anikeza ukwaziswa okungathethelela ukuphenyiswa okwengeziwe, uma kuqinisekisiwe.
  • [[UMTH:0] Ukucusha kanye nokuhlola: amasu aqhubekekayo ahlanganisa ukuhlola i-electronic, ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA, kanye ne-actronic e-fonsics avame kakhulu.

Phakathi nalenkathi, izikhulu zingafaka isiqinisekiso uma zifuna ukungena ekhaya noma ukuthatha impahla. IsiHlanzi sesine sidinga izivumelwano zokusekelwa ngezizathu ezilindelekile nokuchaza ngokukhethekile indawo okumelwe ihlolwe futhi ibambe izinto. Ubufakazi obuthola ngaphandle kwemvume esemthethweni noma ukwephulwa kwemithetho egunyaziwe bungacinezelwa ngaphansi komthetho [ owesivumelwano [[FLT]], ophoqelelwa ukuba uthunyelwe ngezeluleko lokuvikela.

Isicathulo 1: Ukuboshwa

Ukuboshwa kuwukuboshwa okungokomthetho ukuthatha umuntu angene ejele. Kuyisikhathi esibucayi ngoba kubangela uchungechunge lwezivikelelo zomthetho-sisekelo − kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuthula nelungelo lommeli — ukuthi ummangalelwa kumelwe atshelwe ngaphambi kokuba noma ikuphi ukuphenywa kwelungelo kuqhubeke, njengoba kusungulwe Manda v. Arizona [1966].

Ukuboshwa Kwabantu Abayinqaba

Umthetho uhlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuboshwa:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuthatha noMphathi-mthetho: Umahluleli unikeza umthetho wokubopha ngemva kokuhlola i-affidavit evela kumthetho ofungela ukufungela impoqo. Isiqinisekiso siqinisekisa ukuthi isikhulu sokwahlulela esingathathi hlangothi sivumele ukuncishwa kwenkululeko.
  • Ukuboshwa okungenaluvalo: Amaphoyisa angaboshwa ngaphandle kwemvume uma kungenzeka ukuthi anesizathu futhi ubugebengu bukhona, noma uma kunesizathu esingaba nokwenzeka sokukholelwa ukuthi ishwa liye lenziwa. Nokho, ukuboshwa okungenazimvume ekhaya ngokuvamile kudinga izimo ezixekethile, nge- Reton v. New York (1980).

Inqubo Yokubhala Nokuzigcina Kusengaphambili

Ngemva kokuboshwa, umsoli uyiswa esitokisini samaphoyisa noma ejele ukuze athole incwadi. Phakathi nokubhala, izikhulu ziqopha ukwaziswa komuntu siqu, zithathe iminwe nezithombe, zenze irekhodi lobugebengu, futhi zibhale noma iyiphi impahla yomuntu siqu. Osolwayo angase abekwe esitokisini lapho amaphoyisa elungiselela isikhalo noma ukudluliswa. Kuleliqophelo, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokushaya ucingo futhi atshelwe ngamacala abekwe wona.

Kubalulekile ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi Isichibiyeli sonyaka-nyaka sidinga isinqumo esisheshayo sokwahlulela ngemva kokuboshwa okungenasiqinisekiso /ngokulindelekile phakathi namahora angu-48, ngaphandle kokuba kunezimo ezingavamile (] isibuyekezelo somphetho woMfula v. McLaughlin, 1991). Lesinqumo senzeka kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi [[FT:4] ukubukeka okukhethekile [[FLT].]

Isiteji 1,5: Ukubonakala kweNkantolo yeNkantolo yangemva kwe-Arrest

Inkathi ephakathi kokuboshwa nokuqulwa kwecala igcwele izinyathelo ezilawula wonke umshushisi. Nakuba kungenjalo ichazwa ngesibonelo esivamile seziteji ezintathu, lesi sigameko sibalulekile emalungelweni abamangalelwa nasemiphumeleni yecala.

Ukubonakala Kokuqala Nokuzimisela Okungalawuleki

Ekuqaleni, ummangalelwa uyiswa phambi komahluleli ofunda amacala, ululeka ummangalelwa wamalungelo abo, futhi uhlela izimo zokukhulula. ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili sivimbela ibheyili ephakeme, kodwa izinkantolo zingaphika ibheyili yecala elingathi sína noma uma ummangalelwa efaka ingozi noma ingozi emphakathini. Imibuso eminingi isebenzisa isimiso sokukhomba [ ngenxa yamacala amancane, kuyilapho amacala angathi sína edinga ukuvalelwa. Amabhayisensi angelela ukukhokhwana ngemali, njengokuhlola kogesi noma ukukhululwa, ivame kakhulu njengoba abashisekeli bebiza abaholi bemali encane.

Icala Nenjabulo

Kulempikiswano, ummangalelwa uzwa ukumangalelwa okungokomthetho futhi angene esicelweni: umqulu, ongenacala[, noma [ noh[[FLT:] non'umqhudelwano [ [u-odwa]] [u-awukho] [u-awuwe]] [u-akanye [u-'lo'eyensene]). Isifungo esinecala singahambisana nomthetho [isivumelwano phakathi komshushicileli nokuzivikela], isivumelwano phakathi kommangalelwa onecala lokumangalelwayo noma ukwamukela ukubophana ngokugwetshwa. Ngaphezu kwe-90% yezenzo zobugebengu eUnited States sixazululwe kanjani, ngokuvumelana nale ngokomthetho.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambi Kokuhlolwa

Abameli bezempi ngokuvamile bahlela izinqubo zangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ukuze bavivinye izimpikiswano ezingokwengcaca noma ezisobala:

  • Ukukhipha: Ama-Ague ukuthi amacala awanele ngokomthetho noma ukuthi umshushisi wephula amalungelo ommangalelwa.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuthatha Isinqumo sokucindezela ubufakazi: Ifuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obutholakele bezephulo zeSine, ezesihlanu, noma zesithupha.
  • [[INTLOBO] Ukuhlobanisa Ukushintsha I-Venue: Izicelo ezisusa icala endaweni ehlukile ukuze kugwenywe ukusakazwa kokwaziswa okucatshangelwe kusengaphambili kwezezigele.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukuthola: Ifuna umshushisi ukuba ahlanganyele ubufakazi obuhloselwe ukubusebenzisa ecaleni, kuhlanganise nokwaziswa okudlulisayo ngaphansi [[QULT:2]] Brady v. Maryland [1963])].

Isicathulo 2: Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala lingaxazululwa ngokunxusa okunecala, liqhubekela phambili ekuqulweni kwecala. Icala liyisigaba somphakathi nesingokomthetho senqubo yobulungisa obuyicala, eklanyelwe ukunquma icala noma ubumsulwa uma kubhekiswa emalungelweni omthetho-mshushisi (ngokuyinhloko) ukukhomba kobumsulwa , okulungile ekulingweni okusheshayo nokusobala , kanye nelungelo lokubonana nofakazi [[FLT:].

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Le nqubo iqala ngokukhetha ijaji eqenjini lezakhamuzi elibizelwe inkonzo. Ama-attorney angabaza izigebengu zombili ukuthi zingaba nobandlululo noma izingxabano zesithakazelo. Izingxenye ngazinye zingasebenzisa inani elilinganiselwe lezinkinga [ (ukushaya ijaji ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu, nakuba kungengenxa yesisekelo sohlanga noma ubulili, ngokwengxenye ye-[FLT]] BAtson v.]]) nenani elingenamkhawulo [[FLT:] i-allsss bangela[FLT] (uma i-juberror show show tracity). [imgomolo okhanyayo]

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Ngemva kokuba abahluleli befungele, zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza izitatimende zokuvula. Umshushisi uqala, unikeza ubufakazi ahlose ukubunikeza. Ukuvikela kungalandela ngokushesha noma kugcine amazwi akho elapho icala lakhe liqala khona. Izinkulumo zokuvula akuzona izimpikiswano; ziyimibono engokoqobo ehloselwe ukusiza abasizi ukuba baqonde ukulandisa okuzovela.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Umshushisi uveza icala lakhe kuqala, ubiza ofakazi futhi wazisa ubufakazi obungokoqobo noma obuyi-code. Isivikelo sinelungelo lokunqamule i-examine ufakazi ngamunye. Imithetho yobufakazi, elawulwa yiFederal Umthetho wobufakazi (noma isifunda esifanayo), ilawula lokho okungavunywa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-resy, ayikho ekwazi ukuvunywa ngaphandle kokuba ivele ithathelwe indawo ehlukile. Ngemva kokuba umshushisi ukhona, isivikelo singanyakazisa [[[FLT:]] ukwahlulela kwecala , uveza ukuthi akukho jaji elinengqondo elingathola icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.

Khona - ke ukuzivikela kuveza icala lako, elingahlanganisa ukubiza ofakazi, ukunikeza ubufakazi obuyi-alibi, noma ukuthembela ebufakazini obungochwepheshe. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokungafakazeli; uma ekhetha ukungakufakazeli, umshushisi akanakuphawula ngalokho kuthula (]Griffin v. California). Ngemva kokuba isivikelo sesikhona, umshushisi anganikeza ubufakazi obunye.

Izinkulumo Zokugcina Neziqondiso

Ngemva kokuba zombili izinhlangothi zinikeze ubufakazi, ngayinye inikeza impikiswano yokuphetha efingqa icala futhi inxuse isinqumo esithile. umahluleli ube eseyala abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo, kuhlanganise nencazelo yobugebengu, umthwalo wobufakazi (ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo), futhi izakhi abamangalelwa kumelwe zifakazele. Khona - ke abahluleli bathatha umhlala - phansi ukuze bathathe umhlalaphansi ngasese.

Isiyalo

Ijaji kumelwe lifinyelele isinqumo esihlanganeyo emacaleni obugebengu enkantolo kahulumeni nasezizweni eziningi. Uma bengenakuvumelana ngemva kokuxoxa okwengeziwe, imistrial imisiwe, futhi icala lingase liphinde liqulwe ngejaji elisha. Uma isinqumo singu- [[[FLT]] u-ty [[[FLT:], icala lihamba ukuthatha isigwebo. , ummangalelwa unecala futhi akanakuphinde asolwe ngenxa yecala elifanayo ngaphansi [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT]]

Isigwebo 3:

Ukugwetshwa kuyisigaba lapho inkantolo inquma khona isijeziso kummangalelwa owaboshwayo. Ngokuvamile kuyisigaba esilandela isigwebo, esisho imiphumela ebulalayo kummangalelwa, izisulu, nomphakathi. Izinqubo zokugweba ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokobukhulu nokwehluka-hlukene, kodwa izimiso ezithile zikhona emhlabeni wonke.

Iziqondiso Nengqondo Yokwahlulela Ejezisayo

Izikhundla eziningi zisebenzisa iziqondiso ezigunyazayo ezinikeza uhlu olutuswayo olusekelwe ebuqathani becala nasemlandweni wobugebengu wommangalelwa. Izinkantolo ze-Federal, ngokwesibonelo, zisebenza ngaphansi kwe-U.S. Iziqondiso, ezithi zithathe iziyalezo ezigunyaza ukubusa kweNkantolo Ephakeme lisekelwe eUnited States v. Incwadi (2005). Abahluleli kumelwe bacabangele iziqondiso kodwa bahambe phezulu noma phansi uma bethola izimo noma ukukhubazeka. Ezweni labo: basebenzisa ezinye izimiso zokukhishwa kwemiyadi (i-pastdiction), kwezinye izigaba (expedition).

Izici Ezicatshangelwayo Ekumangalelweni

Abahluleli bahlola izici eziningi:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuvela kanye nezimo zobugebengu: ingabe ubugebengu babunobudlova noma abunabudlova? Ingabe kwasetshenziswa isikhali? Ingabe kwakukhona ukulimala okukhulu ezisulwini?
  • [ Umlando woMlweli wobugebengu: ongaphambili izinkolelo zivame ukuholela emigwebeni enzima, ngezinye izikhathi ekhuliswa ngaphansi kwemithetho emithathu.
  • [ Izici ezibangelayo:[ Ukuntuleka komlando wangaphambili, ubusha, izinkinga zempilo yengqondo, ukubambisana neziphathimandla, noma ukuzisola kwangempela kunganciphisa isilinganiso sobukhulu.
  • Izici ezibhebhethekisayo: unya, ukucabangisisa, ukuhlasela izisulu ezisengozini, noma ukwenza ubugebengu ngenkathi kukhishwa isigwebo kungandisa isijeziso.
  • [ Izinkulumo ezithinta imizwelo: izisulu noma imikhaya yazo ingakhuluma nenkantolo, ichaze ukulimala okungokomzwelo nokungokwezimali kobugebengu.

Izinhlobo Zezigwebo

Izinkantolo zinezindlela eziningi zokugweba, hhayi kuphela lapho ziboshwa:

  • Ukuhlanganisa: Ijele (ngemisho yecala yonyaka owodwa noma ngaphezulu) noma ijele (ngenjongo yephutha noma amagama amafushane).
  • Isivumelwano:[ Ummangalelwa uhlala emphakathini oqondiswa, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjengokuhlola imilaliso, imithetho yewashi, kanye nemishini yokuhlola njalo.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Isijeziso se-monetary izijeziso ezikhokhwayo kumbuso (amahle) noma ngokuqondile kuyisisulu (umbuso).
  • [ Inkonzo ye-community: Kudingeka umsebenzi ongakhokhelwayo kuhulumeni noma i-arhente engatholi nzuzo.
  • [[QULT:0] Isigwebo esi-Altern Intect: Ihlanganisa izinkantolo zezidakamizwa, izinkantolo zempilo yengqondo, ukubopha indlu, ukuhlola imishini, noma izinhlelo zokuzihlela.

Emacalani okufa, isigwebo singase sibe ukufa, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwesigwebo sokufa kuye kwancipha kakhulu futhi ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sezigwebo Sesishiyagalombili umthetho - sisekelo uyakwazi ukuhlolisisa.

Iposi: Ukudlulisa Amacala Nangalé Kwawo

Inqubo yokwahlulela kobugebengu ayipheleli ngokugweba. Abalweli banelungelo lokudlulisela isiqinisekiso sabo noma isigwebo enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo azizona izincaba ezintsha; ziwukubukeza amaphutha angokomthetho okungenzeka athinte umphumela. Izizathu ezivamile zokudlulisa icala zihlanganisa iziyalezo ezinephutha zamajaji, ukuvuma okungafanele kobufakazi, ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi, noma usizo olungaphumeleli lweseluleko.

Inqubo Ehlabayo

I-appellant (ummangalelwa olahlekelwayo, ngokuvamile ummangalelwa) ufaka isaziso sokudlulisa icala futhi udlulise amaphutha afushane aphikisayo. Umshushisi ufaka impendulo, futhi inkantolo yecala ingazwa izimpikiswano zomlomo. Uma inkantolo ithola iphutha elixazululekayo, ingagumbuqela inkantolo, ihlele ukuqulwa kwecala elisha, noma inciphise isigwebo. Uma isiqinisekiso sisekelwa, ummangalelwa angase afune ukubukezwa ngokwengeziwe enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni noma eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S.

Ukuhlasela Kwasemzimbeni: IHabeas Corpus Nosizo Lwangemva Kokukhululwa

Ngemva kokuba ukudlulisa izicelo kuphele, abamangalelwa bangafuna abakhokhi abakhokhi ukukhululeka enkantolo kahulumeni, bephikisa ngokuthi ukuboshwa kwabo kuphula amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Leli ikhambi elingavamile, elilinganiselwe ngemithetho ye-procedal ne-Antirobistic and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA). Izicelo zezwe langaphandle futhi zivumela iziboshwa ukuba zivuse ubufakazi obusanda kutholakala, ukuthi azinacala, noma usizo lweseluleko olungaphumeleli olungabhekiswanga kahle ekudluliseni okuqondile.

Ukuzitika, Ukuzala, Nokubuyiselwa

Kubamangalelwa abagwetshelwe ukuboshwa, i-parole ingatholakala ngemva kokusebenza ingxenye yogwebo. Amabhodi ahlola ukuthi isiboshwa sikulungele yini ukukhululwa. Amazwe amaningi ayeseqedile noma abekelwe igebe elilinganiselwe kakhulu, esikhundleni sokufuna iziboshwa ukuba zisebenzise ingxenye emisiwe yesigwebo sazo. Ngemva kokukhululwa, abantu ngabanye ngokuvamile babhekana nezinselele ezinkulu, kuhlanganise nokuthola umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, nokuvuselela izibopho zomkhaya. Ukulahlwa kwegebezo ze-parole noma i-streary kungaholela ekuphindeni isigwebo.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Inqubo Ngokugcwele

Inqubo yokwahlulela kobugebengu ayiyona indlela elula yokuhlangana. Isimiso esinamandla, esilawulayo esiklanyelwe ukulinganisela impumelelo ngokungakhethi, ukugcinwa komthetho namalungelo abantu, nokuphepha komphakathi kanye nokwenzeka kokuvuselelwa. Isigaba ngasinye (ukusukela ekuhloleni ngemva kokugunyaza) kuya ekubukezeni) izinqumo ezibucayi ezingathinta kakhulu ukuphila kwabo bonke abahilelekile. Ngokuqonda lezi zigaba, abafundi, othisha, nezakhamuzi zingalinganisela kangcono amakhono esimiso somthetho nobuthakathaka, zisekele izinguquko lapho kudingeka khona, futhi zihileleke enkulumweni ewubulungisa emphakathini wentando yeningi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ezisekelweni zomthetho-mthetho zenqubo yobugebengu, bheka i-website yase-U.S. ukuze uthole ukucaciswa kwezinqubo zomthetho novivinyo. ACLU’s Justice Justice [ inikeza imithombo esekela ukugweba nokufakwa kwesigwebo. Imininingwane yezibalo ebhekiswe phambili enqubweni nasemgwebeni ingatholakala e-[[FLT: 4.] BUture of Justice Actal statistics[. Ukuqonda abenzi besimiso sokusebenza kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokubeka isibopho sokugcinwa kwayo.