ISimemezelo senkululeko singenye yezincwadi ezinethonya elikhulu emlandweni wesintu, simisa izimiso eziyisisekelo eziphathelene nokulunga, ubulungisa, kanye nobudlelwane obufanele phakathi kukahulumeni nababuswayo. ISimemezelo senkululeko sisho izimiso uhulumeni wethu, kanye nokwazi kwethu njengamaMelika, okusekelwe kuzo. Nakuba iSimemezelo sokuzibusa singaboshiwe ngokomthetho ngokomthetho, izimiso zefilosofi eziklanywe kakhulu, ukuthuthuka komthetho - sisekelo, nemibono yobulungisa hhayi eUnited States kuphela kodwa emhlabeni wonke. Lokhu kuhlola lokho ukwenziwa kweSimemezelo esibanzi okusifundisa ngakho ngemithetho elungile, ubulungisa, nezimiso ezihlala njalo okufanele ziqondisekuqondise ukubusa okungokomthetho.

Isisekelo Sefilosofi: Amalungelo Emvelo Nokulingana Kobuntu

Isikhungo seSimemezelo senkululeko sikhuluma ngokugomela okuvukelayo ngokuphathelene nobuntu namalungelo. Lencwadi imemezela ukuthi "Sibheka lamaqiniso njengasobala, ukuthi bonke abantu badalwa belingana, ukuthi banikwe uMdali wabo amalungelo athile angenakuthathwa, ukuthi phakathi kwalawa kukhona Ukuphila, iNkululeko nokuphishekela injabulo." Lenkulumo imelela okungaphezu nje kokusho kwezombangazwe −it inkolelo ebanzi kahulumeni esekelwe kuyifilosofi yomthetho engokwemvelo.

Injongo eyinhloko yeSimemezelo se-Independent kwakuwukumisa uhlelo lwezombangazwe olulungile oluqaphela ukulingana kwabantu emalungelweni emvelo kubo bonke abantu. Umqondo "weqiniso elisobala" wawungekhona okuwumthetho. Ngalesosikhathi amaMelika ayejwayelene kakhulu nomqondo wokulingana kwabantu emhlabeni wonke ebuKristwini nasebuRiphablikini baseNgilandi, futhi ayejwayelene nomqondo wamalungelo angenakuhlukaniswa emibhalweni yezombangazwe kaJohn Locke's Second Inquisition kanye neminye imithombo yesiNgisi.

ISimemezelo se-Independent sathonywa yisazi sefilosofi sokukhanyiselwa sekhulu le-17 uJohn Locke ngemibono yakhe ngomthetho wemvelo, isivumelwano somphakathi, nelungelo lokuvukela. Le mfundiso yefilosofi yayisho ukuthi amalungelo abekwe ku-Declaration ayengaqondwa njengamalungelo anikezwa uhulumeni, kodwa njengezici eziyisisekelo zokuphila komuntu ezandulela futhi zadlulela ngalé kwegunya likahulumeni.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Angenakwephulwa

Igama "amalungelo angenakumukwa" linencazelo ejulile yendlela esiqonda ngayo imithetho elungile nobulungisa. Inkulumo inikeza izibonelo ezintathu zamalungelo angathatheki iSimemezelo esiye sanikwa abantu bonke ngomdali wabo, nangamaphi ohulumeni abadalelwe ukuvikela. Lamalungelo achazwa njengangenakuthathwa. Kusho ukuthi awanakunikelwa, akhutshwe, noma athathwe.

Amalungelo amathathu ashiwo ngokucacile ukuthi “‘ ukuphila, inkululeko, nokuphishekela injabulo, qha, okumelela izici eziyisisekelo zokuphila komuntu. Kusimemezelo, "ukuphishekela injabulo" kuhlelwe kanye namanye "amalungelo angenakumukelwa" "okuphila" kanye "oyizimfanelo ezikhona, amazwe okuthi ungaba ukhona noma ufile, ukhululekile noma ugqilazekile. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi lamalungelo amelela izimo ezidingekile zokuchuma komuntu kunokuthanda nje noma izifiso.

"Ukwenaba injabulo" ngokuvamile kuye kwaqondwa kabi enkulumweni yamanje. Kubasunguli baseMelika, kwakungekona ukuphishekela ukuziphatha okubi, injabulo eyisisekelo noma ingcebo ngenxa yengcebo, kodwa futhi inkululeko yokukwazi ukwenza izinqumo eziphumela ekuphileni okungcono kakhulu komuntu, okuhlanganisa umzamo wokuhlakanipha nokuziphatha. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amalungelo omuntu ngamunye emiqondweni ebanzi yobuhle, umthwalo wemfanelo, kanye nokuhle okuvamile.

Injongo Nemingcele Kahulumeni

ISimemezelo sisho ngokucacile ukuthi kungani ohulumeni bekhona nokuthi yini ebenza babe ngokomthetho. Lencwadi ithi "ukuvikela lamalungelo, ohulumeni bamiswa phakathi kwamadoda, bathola amandla abo alungile ngokuvumelana nababuswayo"" Lokhu kumisa izimiso ezimbili eziyisisekelo: okokuqala, ukuthi injongo eyinhloko kahulumeni ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, futhi okwesibili, ukuthi igunya likahulumeni lithola ekuvumelaneni okuthandwayo kunokuba lithathwe elungeni laphezulu, ilungelo elingokwefa, noma amandla.

Ukuvunyelwa Kwababusi

Ohulumeni abasemthethweni basungulwa ngokuvuma kwababuswayo, futhi abantu balondoloza ilungelo lokumelana nohulumeni abangomashiqela abasongela amalungelo emvelo. Lesi simiso sokuvuma ngokuyisisekelo siguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kwababusi futhi babuswe. Kunokuba kube izikhonzi okumelwe zilalele, izakhamuzi ziba umthombo oyinhloko wegunya lezombangazwe, ziphathisa uhulumeni olinganiselwe ngezinjongo ezithile.

Okuwukuphela kwenjongo engokomthetho kahulumeni iwukuqiniseka ukuthi lamalungelo abantu avikelwe, futhi okuwukuphela kwendlela engokomthetho yokuba ohulumeni abanjalo babe khona iwukuba abantu bavume ukuba khona kwabo. Lokhu kwakha ubuhlobo obufanayo: uhulumeni unezibopho kubantu, futhi uma uhluleka ukufeza lezozibopho, ukufaneleka kwawo kuyangatshazwa.

Isimiso sokuvuma sinemiphumela ejulile yemithetho elungile. Imithetho ayinakucatshangelwa ngenxa nje yokuthi imiswe yilabo abaphethe. Kunalokho, imithetho elungile kumelwe ibonise intando yababuswayo, iklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo kunokuba iwaphule, futhi isebenze phakathi kwemingcele yegunya likahulumeni ongokomthetho. Lesi sici sinikeza indinganiso yokuhlola ukuthi imithetho ilungile yini nokuthi izenzo zikahulumeni ziyalunga yini.

Ilungelo Lokufuna Uhulumeni Ongenabulungisa Noma Wobu - Altaire

Mhlawumbe esinye sezici eziguqula kakhulu zeSimemezelo ukugomela kwaso ilungelo lokumelana nohulumeni. Lencwadi ithi "noma isiphi isici sikaHulumeni esibhubhisayo sale njongo, kuyilungelo labantu ukuguqula noma ukusiqeda, nokumisa uHulumeni omusha" Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi igunya likahulumeni linemibandela kunokuba libe yiyo ngokuphelele.

Uma uhulumeni ehluleka emsebenzini wakhe wokuvikela amalungelo abantu, abantu banelungelo lokuwaguqula noma lokuwaqeda, futhi badala uhulumeni omusha osekelwe kunoma yiziphi izimiso abacabanga ukuthi zingcono kakhulu. Nokho, lesiSimemezelo siyaluleka futhi ukuba sisebenzise ukuhlakanipha. Ibhukwana liphawula ukuthi isintu sithambekele kakhulu ekuhluphekeni, kuyilapho ububi buhlupheka, kunokuzisusa ngokwaso izimo abajwayelene nazo." Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi nakuba ilungelo lokuguqula izinto likhona, kufanele lisetshenziswe kuphela lapho ukungalungisi kuhlelwa futhi kunzima, hhayi ngenxa "yokukhanya nezimbangela ezithi shí.""

Ikhatheksi Lomemezelo Lokungalungi: Ukulahla Imithetho Engalungi

ISimemezelo esikhulu sihlanganisa uhlu oluningi lwezikhalo ezicatshangelwe iNkosi uGeorge III. Nakuba lezi zikhalo eziqondile zakhuluma ngezimo zekhulu le-18 lamakoloni, zicacisa izimiso ezibanzi ngokuphathelene nokuthi yini ehlanganisa ukubusa okungalungile nemithetho engalungile. ISimemezelo sichaza ukubusa kwaseBrithani njengobushiqela futhi sihlanganisa uhlu lwezikhalo ezithethelela ukwehlukana, njengokukhokha izintela ezinkulu ngaphandle kwemvume, ukuncisha amakoloni ezimweni eziningi zokuqulwa kwejaji, ukwenqaba ukudlulisa imithetho yokulunga komphakathi, ukuvala izishaya - mthetho zabo, ukuhlanganisa amabutho ahlomile ahlomile ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezihlala ikoloni, nokuvimbela umthetho.

Ukufundiswa Kobulungisa

Izikhalo eziningi zikhuluma ngokuqondile ngokuphatha kobulungisa. ISimemezelo simangalela ngokuthi iNkosi "iye yaphazamisa ukuBusa kobulungisa, ngokwenqaba ukuvunyelwa kwayo eMithethweni yokumisa imibuso yobuVumi" nangokuthi "yenze abaHluleli bancike entandoni yayo kuphela, ekufezeni amahhovisi abo, nasekukhokheleni iholo labo." Lokhu kuveza ukuthi imithetho elungile ifuna ummeli ozimele ongasebenzisa umthetho ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela egunyeni eliphethe.

Isimiso sokuzimela kokwahlulela siseyisisekelo ezimisweni zobulungisa namuhla. Lapho abahluleli bekhonza ngenjabulo yalabo abasemagunyeni noma bethembele kubo ukuze bathole indlela yokuziphilisa, abanakuvumelana ngokufanelekile nezimpikiswano phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni noma bavikele amalungelo abo siqu ngokuphamba kukahulumeni. imithetho emihle ayidingi nje imithetho emihle kodwa futhi nezinhlangano ezingakhethi ukuze bayichaze futhi bayisebenzise.

Ukukhokha Intela Ngaphandle Kokumelela

Isikhalo ngentela ngaphandle kwemvume sibonisa isimiso esibanzi ngobuhlobo phakathi komthetho nentando ethandwayo. Uma uhulumeni ebeka izibopho ezakhamuzini `intela, imithetho, noma ezinye izimfuneko] ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela enqubweni yokwenza izinqumo, kuphula isimiso sokuvuma esigunyaza igunya likahulumeni. Imithetho elungile kumelwe iphume ezinqubweni ezivumela labo abathintekayo ukuba babe nezwi edalweni yabo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokucindezelwa

Isimemezelo sikhononda ngokuthi iNkosi "isimise inqwaba yamaHhovisi amasha, futhi ithumele lapha izixuku zababushi bebutho ukuba zihlasele abantu bethu,"" "ye yagcina phakathi kwethu, ngezikhathi zokuthula, amabutho amile angenamvume yezishaya - mthetho," futhi "iye yathinteka ukwenza ukuba iMpi yempi izimele futhi iphakame kakhulu kunamandla esizwe." Lezi zikhalo ziveza ukuthi ngisho noma imithetho ngokwayo ingaba nesizathu, ukugcinwa kwayo, ukugcinwa kwayo ngokweqile, noma ngendlela ehlangene ibabangela ukuba bangabi nabulungisa.

Lesimiso sisasebenza nanamuhla ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokugcinwa komthetho, izinhlangano zokuqondisa, kanye nezinga elifanele lombuso kahulumeni. imithetho emihle kumelwe iphoqelelwe ngokwesilinganiso, ihlonishwe ngesithunzi somuntu siqu, futhi ngaphansi kwegunya lezempi ezimweni ezivamile.

Izimfanelo Zomthetho Olungile Ngokwezimiso Zokukhipha Isinqumo

Sisebenzisa uhlelo lwefilosofi yeSimemezelo kanye nohlu lwaso lokungabi nabulungisa, singathola izici eziningana ezibalulekile ezichaza imithetho elungile nokubusa nje.

Ukulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Isiphetho seSimemezelo esithi "bonke abantu badalwe bayalingana" sasisho ukuthi ukulingana kwabo bonke abantu kuyoba isisekelo sanoma isiphi isimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika. Lesimiso sokulingana sinemiphumela emikhulu ezimisweni zomthetho. Imithetho emihle iyizimpawu zokulingana okuqinisekisa ukuthi sonke siyalingana emehlweni omthetho.

Ubulungisa babusho ukuthi bonke babelingana ngaphansi komthetho futhi belingana ngamalungelo abo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imithetho kumelwe isebenze ngokufanayo kubo bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki isikhundla sabo, ingcebo, noma isikhundla. kungabikho muntu ongasenakuvikelwa umthetho, futhi akekho okufanele aphiwe isivikelo sawo. imithetho emihle ayikhi izigaba ezihloniphekile noma ikhethelene ngenxa yezici ezisekelwe ekuzinqumele.

Isimiso sokulingana phambi komthetho sifuna futhi ukuba izinqubo zomthetho zifinyeleleke kubo bonke. Uma kuphela abacebile noma abaxhunyiwe kakhulu abangasebenzisa isimiso somthetho ngokuphumelelayo ukuze bavikele amalungelo abo noma bafune iziphetho zobubi, khona - ke ukulingana ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uhlale ucatshangelwa kunokuba usebenzise.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Njengoba iSimemezelo simisa ukuthi injongo eyinhloko kahulumeni iwukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, imithetho elungile kumelwe iklanywe inenjongo. Isimemezelo, uMthetho-sisekelo, neSimemezelo samalungelo abantu sisekelwe embonweni wokuthi bonke abantu banamalungelo athile ayisisekelo ohulumeni abawadalelwe ukuwavikela. Imithetho ephula ngokungadingekile ukuphila, inkululeko, noma ukuphishekela injabulo ihluleka kulolu vivinyo oluyisisekelo.

Lokhu akusho ukuthi amalungelo aphelele noma ukuthi uhulumeni akasoze abeka imingcele. Kunalokho, kusho ukuthi noma yimuphi umngcele elungelweni kumelwe uthethelelwe ngenjongo ebophelele ehlobene nokuvikela amalungelo abanye noma ukuvikela okuhle okufanayo, futhi akumelwe abe nemingcele edingekile ukuze afeze leyonjongo. Imithetho elungile ilinganisela inkululeko yomuntu nokuhleleka komphakathi, ivikela amalungelo kuyilapho ivimbela ukuxhashazwa kwakhe.

Ukubona kahle nokutholakala

Ukugcizelela kweSimemezelo ukumemezela "izimbangela ezibashukumisela ekubeni bahlukane" kubonisa isimiso sokubona ngaphandle. Imithetho elungile kumele yaziwe obala, ibhalwe ngokucacile, futhi ifinyeleleke kulabo okumelwe bayilandele. Imithetho eyimfihlo, imithetho engacacile, noma izimfuneko ezingokomthetho abantu abavamile abangakwazi ukuziqonda zingephuli izimiso eziyisisekelo zokulunga.

Ukubona gcalulo kudlulela nasezinqubweni ezingokomthetho. Ukuphila ngaphansi komthetho kusho ukuthi uhulumeni nezakhamuzi zonke zinamathela emithethweni efanayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inamandla ezombangazwe, futhi leyo mithetho kumelwe igcinwe iqinile futhi isetshenziswe ngokulunga. Uma kuqulwa okungokomthetho, lapho kwenziwa izinqumo ngaphandle kwencazelo, noma lapho isisekelo sesenzo sikahulumeni silokhu sifihlakele, izakhamuzi azinakugcina uhulumeni unecala noma ziqiniseke ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokulinganayo.

Ukulandisa Kwezikhulu Zikahulumeni

Imfundiso yomthetho wovuma isikisela ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni zinomthwalo wemfanelo kubantu kunokuba ziphendule. Imithetho elungile kumelwe ihlanganise izinqubo zokubeka izikhulu ezinomthwalo wemfanelo lapho zisebenzisa kabi igunya lazo, zidlula amandla azo, noma zihluleka ukufeza imisebenzi yazo. Ngaphandle kokulandisa, isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni uthola igunya lakhe ngokuvuma kwababuswayo siba yize.

Ukulandisa kudinga izici eziningi: izindinganiso ezicacile zokuziphatha okungokomthetho, ukubonakala kwemisebenzi kahulumeni, izimiso zokwengamela eziphumelelayo, nemiphumela yokwenza okubi.

Ukuzimela Nokuzibamba

Eziningi zezikhalo zeSimemezelo azikhathazi nje kuphela ngalokho uhulumeni waseBrithani akwenza, kodwa ukuthi wakwenza ngokweqile noma ngokungenangqondo kangakanani. Imithetho elungile kufanele ivumelane nezinkinga ezikhuluma ngazo futhi isebenzise izindlela ezingezinkulu kakhulu ezidingekayo ukuze kufinyelelwe izinjongo ezifanelekile. Amandla kahulumeni kufanele asetshenziswe ngokuzibamba, aqaphele ukuthi ngisho nemithetho ehloselwe kahle ingacindezela uma isetshenziswa kakhulu noma iphoqelelwa ngokhahlo.

Ithonya lesimemezelo ezimisweni zomthetho nasekuthuthukeni komthetho-mthetho

Izimiso ezibekwe eSimemezelweni seSivumelwano sokuzimela ziye zayithonya kakhulu intuthuko engokomthetho nangokomthetho-mthetho, kokubili e-United States nasezweni lonke. Ukuqonda leli thonya kusiza ekukhanyeni indlela umbono weSimemezelo wemithetho elungile nobulungisa oye wasetshenziswa ngayo futhi uyaqhubeka uguquka.

Ukusuka Ekumemezelweni Kuya Ebuthweni Lomthetho - sisekelo

ISimemezelo Sokuzibusa senza izithembiso ezithile ngokuthi iyiphi inkululeko eyisisekelo nengokwemvelo, kodwa leyonkululeko ayizange iphoqelelwe ngokomthetho kwaze kwaba yilapho ichazwa eMthethweni - sisekelo naseSivumelwaneni Samalungelo Abantu baseMelika — inkululeko eyisisekelo yabantu eSimemezelweni Sokuzibusa, esicacile eMthethweni, futhi ichazwe kuyi - Bill of Rights.

UMthetho-sisekelo wasungula isakhiwo sikahulumeni nezinqubo ezidingekile ukuze kusetshenziswe izimiso zeSimemezelo. Wamisa isimiso samagunya ahlukene, amahlola, nombuso ojongene nokuvimbela ukufakwa kwegunya iSimemezelo esibizwa ngokuthi siyingozi enkululekweni. ISimemezelo samalungelo abantu sabe sesichaza isivikelo esithile samalungelo abantu uhulumeni angeke aweqa.

Uhulumeni onamandla kakhulu ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wawuhloselwe ukwenza umsebenzi ongcono wokulondoloza inkululeko ngokuba negunya elikhulu lokukhipha nokumisa imithetho engayithuthukisa futhi ivikele inkululeko yezakhamuzi, nakuba zazinamandla amakhulu, uhulumeni wayelinganiselwe eziphethweni ezithile, noma imisebenzi, ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi awunamandla kakhulu. Lokhu kubonisa ukuqonda komthetho ukuthi kumelwe uhulumeni uqine ngokwanele ukuvikela amalungelo kodwa uphoqelelwe ukuba angawasongeli.

Ukwandisa Ukulingana

Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zefa leSimemezelo siye saba indima yaso ekuthuthukiseni ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso zaso emaqenjini akhutshazwe ekuqaleni esivikelo sawo. Njengoba iNguquko yaseMelika yaqala, kwavela igebe phakathi kwezithembiso neqiniso − inkululeko, amalungelo alinganayo, kanye nobuzwe obugcwele yayigcinelwe ngokuyinhloko amadoda amhlophe ayenempahla, kuyilapho abantu abampofu, abesifazane, abantu abamnyama, nabantu bomdabu base-Inia babengakhishwa.

Nokho, amaqembu angahlanganisiwe asebenzisa ulimi lwalesiSimemezelo nomoya ukuze alwele inkululeko namalungelo alinganayo. UAbraham Lincoln wabiza lesiSimemezelo ngokuthi "isijeziso nesikhubekiso esivimbela ubushiqela nokucindezelwa," futhi siyaqhubeka sishukumisela abantu emhlabeni wonke ukuba balwele inkululeko nokulingana.

U-Abraham Lincoln wayebheka lesiSimemezelo njengendinganiso yokuziphatha okufanele i-United States ilwele ukuyenza, futhi wabheka lesi simemezelo sezimiso okufanele uMthetho-sisekelo uchazwe ngazo. ULincoln waphikisa ngokuthi nakuba isithembiso sokulinganisa singafezeki ngokugcwele lapho kusungulwa, samisa indinganiso isizwe okufanele silwele ngayo njalo.

Kwathatha iMpi Yombango ukuba uLincoln aqale ukwenza umbono kaJefferson wokulingana ube yiqiniso elingokomthetho-sisekelo, futhi ngemva kwempi, umbono weSimemezelo wawuhlanganisiwe ngowe 13, 14 noweshumi elinesine, neziNguqulo zoMthetho-sisekelo, owaqeda ubugqila ngokusemthethweni, waqinisekisa bonke abantu ukuthi "isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho," futhi wanika abantu base-Afrika-America ilungelo lokuvota.

Lendlela iqhubeke kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, ngezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene , ukuhlobana kwabesifazane, amalungelo omphakathi, ukukhubazeka, kanye nabanye − ukufaka izimiso zeSimemezelo ukuba zilwele ukunwetshwa kwamalungelo alinganayo nokuphathwa ngokulunga ngaphansi komthetho. Iphepha elasayinwa eSeneca Falls Convention ka-1848 labiza abesifazane ukuba banciphe futhi balondoloze ukulingana kwamadoda nabesifazane, okulandelwa iSimemezelo senkululeko nokulinganisa isimo sayo nombhalo.

Ithonya Lembulunga Yonke

Izimiso zoMmemezelo ziye zathonya ukuthuthuka komthetho-mthetho nomthetho ngalé kogu lwaseMelika. Ukugomela kwayo ukuthi ohulumeni bathola igunya labo ngokuvuma kwababuswayo futhi bekhona ukuze bavikele amalungelo abo kuye kwabangela izinhlangano zokuzibusa, ukuvukela kwentando yeningi, namalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. ISimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu nemithetho-mthetho-mthetho yesizwe eminingi ibonisa izimiso ezabekwa okokuqala kuyi American Declaration of Independence.

Izinqubo Zesikhathi Esizayo: Lokho Umyalo Osifundisa Khona Namuhla

Izimiso ezibekwe eSimemezelweni Senkululeko zisenendima ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla ngomthetho, ubulungisa, nokubusa. Nakuba lezimpikiswano eziqondile ziye zashintsha kusukela ngo - 1776, imibuzo eyisisekelo yokuthi yini eyenza imithetho ibe nezindinganiso ezifanele nohulumeni iqhubeke ikhona.

Ukulinganisela Ukulondeka Nenkululeko

Izinhlangano zanamuhla zibhekene nokungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwezinkinga zokulondeka nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Isimiso somthetho sisikisela ukuthi nakuba uhulumeni enomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela ukuphepha kwezakhamuzi − ingxenye yokuvikela ilungelo lazo lokuphila − izinyathelo zokwehlukanisa akumelwe zibe zinkulu kakhulu noma zikhubaze kangangokuba zilulaze inkululeko ezithi ziyazivikela. Imithetho elungile kulendaba idinga ukulinganisela ngokucophelela, ukucaca ngemisebenzi kahulumeni yokuhlola nokuqinisekisa, kanye nokwengamela okukhulu ukuze kuvinje ukuxhashazwa kokuxhashazwa.

Ubulungisa Bezomnotho Namathuba

Ukugcizelela kweSimemezelo "ukuzuza injabulo" kuhlanganisa isimiso somnotho nomthetho. Abantu bangakwazi ukuphishekela injabulo yabo futhi babe nethuba elifanayo lokusebenza kanzima futhi bagcine izithelo zemisebenzi yabo. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi imithetho elungile kufanele ibangele izimo lapho abantu bengazithuthukisa khona izimo zabo ngomzamo nangenzuzo, kunokuba babambeke ngezimo zokuzalwa noma imingcele ewumthetho oweqisayo.

Izimpikiswano zangesikhathi esidlule mayelana nemithetho yezomnotho, intela, amalungelo empahla, nezinhlelo zomphakathi zingatshelwa ngokubuza ukuthi izimiso zithuthukisa noma ziphazamisa ikhono labantu lokuphishekela injabulo ngokusebenza okunenzuzo. Imithetho emihle kulendawo kufanele ivikele amalungelo empahla nenkululeko yezomnotho kuyilapho iqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ezomnotho awagxili kakhulu kangangokuba awenqabela abanye ngokuphumelelayo ithuba elinenjongo.

Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni

Izikhalo zeSimemezelo ngokuvinjelwa kobulungisa nokunqatshelwa kwecala eliqulwayo ziqokomisa ukubaluleka kwezimiso zomthetho ezifinyelelekayo, ezingenabandlululo. Izinselele zamuva zihlanganisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abampofu bangaphumelela ukungenela izinkantolo, ukuthi izinqubo ezingokomthetho azinzima kakhulu noma zibiza kakhulu kangangokuba zitholakala kuphela kwabacebile, futhi ukuthi izindlela zokuxazulula ezingavumelani nezimpikiswano zinikeza imiphumela elungile.

Imithetho elungile ayidingi nje imithetho emihle kodwa futhi nezinhlangano nezinqubo ezivumela abantu ukuba balwele amalungelo abo futhi baxazulule izingxabano ngokulunga.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokumelela Ngentando Yeningi

Isimiso soMvumelo sokuvuma okulawulwayo siphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi izinqubo zedemokrasi zamanje zibonisa kanjani ukuthi zithandwa ngempela. Imithetho elungile kufanele ivele ezindleleni ezivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ekubuseni, kungaba ngokuvota, ngokuphawula obala ngezimiso, noma ngezinye izindlela. Uma izithakazelo ezikhethekile zilawula ukumiswa kwemithetho, lapho i-gallery iphazamisa ukumelelwa, noma uma izakhamuzi zintula ulwazi olubalulekile ngemisebenzi kahulumeni, ukuhlobana phakathi kwemvume ethandwayo nezenzo zikahulumeni kuyantenga.

Amalungelo Enkathi Yezinombolo

Ubuchwepheshe obusha budala izinselele ezintsha zokuvikela amalungelo abonakala kuloluMendulo. Ukuhlola kwezemishini, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, kanye namapulatifomu e-inthanethi kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokungafihli muntu, ukuveza izinkulumo mahhala, kanye namandla kahulumeni ombuso abangeke bawalindele. Nokho izimiso zoMmemezelo zisasebenza: Ingabe lobu buchwepheshe nemithetho yabo kuyawavikela noma kusongela amalungelo abantu ngabanye? Ingabe ziyawathuthukisa noma zilulaza isithunzi somuntu nenkululeko yakhe? Ingabe zingaphansi kokulawula nesibopho sombuso wentando yeningi?

Izinkinga Nokulinganiselwa

Nakuba iSimemezelo Sokuzibusa sichaza izimiso ezinamandla ngemithetho engakhethi nobulungisa, ukuhlola okuqotho kudinga ukuqaphela ukulinganiselwa kwaso kanye namagebe phakathi kwemibono yaso nokugcwaliseka kwaso okungokomlando.

Ukuphikisana Kobugqila

Ukuphikisana okusobala kakhulu kusimemezelo ukuthi lapho kuvela amagama amaningi afanayo ezimpikiswano zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nomlobi oyinhloko uThomas Jefferson, wagqilaza abanye abantu ngisho nanjengoba babememezela ukuthi bonke abantu badalwa belingana namalungelo angenakuthathwa njengeqembu elifanayo. Lobu buzenzisi buye baholela abanye ekulahleni izimiso zeSimemezelo njengendlela nje yokukhuluma. Nokho, uma kuvela amazwi afanayo ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho-mthetho, babesekelwa njalo ohlangothini lwenkululeko nokulingana, futhi bobabili abasekeli bezigqila nabashisekeli besigaba sombuso baqaphele izinkulumo ezinjengokuthi "bonke abantu badalwa" abangenakuthathwa ngokungathi balinganayo futhi bahlala ndawonye nezinhlanga ezingafani.

Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi nakuba izimiso zeSimemezelo zazingasetshenziswa ngokugcwele ekuqaleni, zazinezimbewu zokwanda kwazo. Ukuphikisana phakathi kobugqila nemibono yaleSimemezelo kwadala izingxabano zokuziphatha nezinengqondo ezathi ekugcineni zaba nengxenye ekuqedweni kobugqila, ngisho noma leyo nqubo yathatha isikhathi eside kakhulu futhi idinga impi yombango ebhubhisayo.

Ukukhishwa Kwabesifazane Namanye Amaqembu

Isimemezelo sesimemezelo esithi “bonke abantu besilisa" sasiqondwa ngaleso sikhathi ukukhipha abesifazane ekuhlanganyeleni okugcwele kwezombangazwe namalungelo amaningi angokomthetho. U-Abhigayili Adams wanxusa umyeni wakhe uJohane ukuba "Khumbulani Abesifazane" futhi anganiki amadoda "amandla angenamingcele" phezu kwabafazi bawo njengoba ayecabangela imithetho yesizwe esisha. Ukunxusa kwakhe kwalalelwa, futhi abesifazane babengeke bazuze ukulingana okugcwele kwezombangazwe iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-150.

Ngokufanayo, abantu besizwe, nakuba beyizakhamuzi zokuqala zezwe, babengabhekwa njengengxenye yomphakathi wezombangazwe iSimemezelo esamiswa. Lencwadi ngokwayo iqukethe ulimi oluchaza "AmaNdiya Angenazigebengu" olubonisa ubandlululo lwesikhathi sawo kanye nesakhiwo samakoloni esathuthuka.

Lokhu kuhlukanisa kusikhumbuza ukuthi ngisho nezinkulumo ezicacile zezimiso zingaba khona lapho kunokungabi nabulungisa okukhulu, nokuthi ukufinyelela imithetho elungile nobulungisa bangempela kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo wokwandisa amalungelo alabo abavikelwe nabamazwi abo ezwakele.

Inselele Yokusetshenziswa

Isithembiso soBufakazi, nakuba singafezeki ngokugcwele, siye saqondisa izimpikiswano zezombangazwe zaseMelika kusukela kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Igebe phakathi kwesimiso nomkhuba lilokhu liyinselele engapheli. Ukumemezela ukuthi bonke abantu banamalungelo alinganayo kulula kunokusungula izimiso ezingokomthetho nezingokwenhlalo ezivikela lawomalungelo ngokulinganayo. Ukumemezela ukuthi uhulumeni uthola igunya elingcono ekuvumeni kwababuswayo kulula kunokusungula izinhlangano ezibonisa intando ethandwayo ngempela kuyilapho zivikela amalungelo amancane.

Izimiso Eziwusizo Zokulahla Imithetho Nezimiso Zokuziphatha

ISimemezelo Senkululeko sinikeza uhlaka lokuhlola ukuthi imithetho nezimiso zikahulumeni zilungile yini.

Imibuzo Okufanele Ibuzwe Nganoma Imuphi Umthetho

  • [ Ingabe ivikela noma isongela amalungelo abantu? Imithetho kufanele iqinisekise amalungelo okuphila, inkululeko, nokuphishekela injabulo kunokuwagxambukela ngokungadingekile.
  • [ Ingabe ibonisa imvume yangempela yalabo ababuswayo? iMithetho kufanele ivele ezizingeni lentando yeningi elivumela ukuhlanganyela okunenjongo nokumelelwa.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ingabe usebenza ngokufanayo kubo bonke? Imithetho akufanele isungule izigaba ezihloniphekile noma ikhethe ngokusekelwe ezicini ezizimele.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ingabe abantu kufanele bakwazi ukwazi ukuthi umthetho udingani futhi baqonde ukuthi uzosetshenziswa kanjani?
  • Ingabe ilingana futhi idingekile? kufanele isebenzise izindlela ezingenamandla kakhulu ezidingekayo ukuze kufinyelelwe izinjongo ezingokomthetho.
  • Ingabe ihlanganisa izinqubo zokulandisa? Kufanele kube nezindlela zokuthi izikhulu zinomthwalo wemfanelo wendlela ezimisa ngayo imithetho futhi ziqikelele ngayo.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Ingabe ihlonipha isithunzi somuntu? Imithetho kufanele iphathe abantu njengesiphelo ngokwayo, hhayi njengendlela yokufeza ezinye izinjongo.
  • [ Ingabe ithuthukisa okuhle okuvamile kuyilapho ivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye? Imithetho yoFair ilinganisela inkululeko yomuntu nenhlalakahle yezenhlalo.

Indima Yezakhamuzi

Izimiso zoMmemezelo zisikisela indima esebenzayo ezakhamuzini ekulondolozeni imithetho elungile nasekubuseni ngokulunga. AmaMelika ayenethuba nomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha uhulumeni omuhle ngo "kukhetha nokukhetha," hhayi "ngobuwula nangamandla"" lokhu kusikisela ukuthi izakhamuzi zinemithwalo yemfanelo eqhubekayo yokuhlala zinolwazi ngemisebenzi kahulumeni, zithathe iqhaza ezinqubeni zentando yeningi, zibeke izikhulu ezimele, futhi zikhulume ngokumelene nokungabi nabulungisa.

Isiqinisekiso sokuqinisekisa ilungelo lokuguqula noma lokuqeda uhulumeni ongenabulungisa asisho ukuthi izakhamuzi kufanele ziphendukele ekuvukeleni esibonakalisoni sokuqala sokungavumelani. Kunalokho, kusho ukuthi izakhamuzi kufanele zihileleke ngentshiseko enqubweni yezombangazwe, zisebenzise izimiso ezikhona ezingokomthetho nezobudemokhrasi ukuze zixazulule izikhalo, futhi zilondoloze ukuqapha ngokuwohloka kwamalungelo nokuhlanganiswa kombuso.

Isimemezelo Sencwadi Ephilayo

Isigwebo sesibili sithathwa njengesinye semisho ebaluleke kakhulu nedumile emlandweni wezwe, equkethe "amagama anamandla kakhulu nawumphumela emlandweni waseMelika" amandla ayo ahlala njalo angekho nje ngokubaluleka kwawo komlando kodwa nasekuqhubekeni kwawo kusebenza emibuzweni yobulungisa, amalungelo, kanye nombuso ongokomthetho.

ISimemezelo sisebenza njengencwadi ebizwa ngokuthi "incwadi ephilayo" hhayi ngenxa yokushintsha kwamazwi aso, kodwa ngoba isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe silwisane nokusebenzisa izimiso zaso ezimweni ezintsha futhi sidlulisele izithembiso zaso kulabo ababengasasetshenziswa. Umqondo wokulingana wawusemqoka kuyifilosofi ekhanyiselwe yamalungelo emvelo, kodwa ngemva kokuba selivele eSivumelwaneni, sathola ukubaluleka okusha kwezombangazwe, futhi kulo lonke izwe elisha nangalé kwalo, abantu bazo zonke izizinda zokuphila ngokushesha baqala ukufuna ukulingana, futhi baye baqhubeka benza kanjalo izizukulwane ngezizukulwane.

Ukuchaza Nokusebenzisa Okuqhubekayo

Inqubo yokunquma ukuthi izimiso zoMmemezelo zisho ukuthini ekwenziweni iyaqhubeka. Yini elinganayo ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ufuneke enkathini yokwenza izinqumo ezisemthethweni? Ilungelo lokulinganisela mayelana nempilo yomphakathi? Ukuphishekela injabulo kusho ukuthini emkhakheni wezomnotho owembulunga yonke? Lemibuzo ayinazo izimpendulo ezilula, kodwa inikeza isiqalo sokucabanga ngazo.

Abantu abahlukene bafinyelele iziphetho ezingafani mayelana nendlela yokusebenzisa izimiso zalesiSimemezelo ezindabeni ezithile. Lokho kufanele kulindelwe emphakathini ohlukene. Indaba iwukuthi izimpikiswano ngomthetho nohlelo zihlangene ngokungathi sína nemibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene namalungelo, ubulungisa, imvume, nezinjongo ezifanele zikahulumeni kunokugxila kuphela ezithakazelweni ezilinganiselwe noma ezinzuzo ezinciphileni ezithathelwa imingcele.

Isiphetho: Ukuvelela Okuqhubekayo Kwezimiso Zokumemezela

ISimemezelo se - Independent sinikeza ukuqonda okujulile mayelana nalokho okwenza imithetho ibe nezimiso ezilungile nokubusa ngokulunga. Izimiso zayo eziyisisekelo zokwenza bonke abantu bakhule belingana, ukuthi banamalungelo angenakuthathwa, ukuthi uhulumeni ukhona ukuze avikele lawomalungelo, nokuthi igunya likahulumeni lithola ukuvunyelwa kwezimiso ezibuswayo, okunikeza izimiso zomthetho nezenzo zikahulumeni.

Imithetho elungile, ngokwesimiso somthetho weSimemezelo, kumelwe ivikele amalungelo abantu ngabanye kuyilapho ithuthukisa okuhle okuvamile, isebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abantu, ivela ezindleleni ezibonisa imvume ethandwayo yangempela, isebenza ngokukhanyayo, ihlanganisa izinqubo zokulandisa, futhi isebenzise izindlela ezilinganayo ukuze ifeze izinjongo ezifanele. Lezimiso zisasebenza namuhla njengoba zazinjalo ngo 1776, ngisho nanjengoba izinselele eziqondile kanye nomongo zishintshile.

Ifa lesimemezelo liyinkimbinkimbi. Lachaza izimiso zokuguqula izinto ngesikhathi sihambisana nokungabi nabulungisa okukhulu. Lalimemezela amaqiniso embulunga yonke kodwa likhipha amaningi ekuvikeleni kwalo. Nokho izimiso zalo ziye zabonakala zinamandla ngokwanele ukuba zishukumisele izizukulwane zabantu ukuba zifune ukuba izithembiso zalo zigcwaliseke, ukuvikela kwazo kwande, futhi umbono walo wobulungisa wafezeka ngokuphelele.

UJames Madison waphawula ukuthi “Ubulungisa buyisiphelo [injongo] sikahulumeni. Kuwukuphela komphakathi wezakhamuzi." ISimemezelo senkululeko sinikeza isisekelo sokuqonda lokho okufunwa ubulungisa: ukuqaphela ukulingana kwabantu nesithunzi, ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo, ukulandisa kukahulumeni kubantu, nemithetho efeza okuhle okukodwa uma ihlonipha inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Njengoba siqhubeka silwisana nemibuzo ephathelene nemithetho elungile nobulungisa esikhathini sethu siqu, iSimemezelo Senkululeko sisewumthombo obalulekile (hhayi njengepulani eliphelele eliphendula yonke imibuzo, kodwa njengenkulumo yezimiso ezingaqondisa ukucabanga kwethu, zishukumisele izifiso zethu, futhi zinikeze izindinganiso zokuhlola ukuthi imithetho yethu nezinhlangano zifeza yini ngempela izinjongo okufanele uhulumeni abe khona. Umbono waso womphakathi lapho bonke abantu bebhekwa njengabalingana khona, lapho amalungelo evikelwe khona, lapho uhulumeni ekhonza khona abantu kunokuba aphendukele emuva, nalapho ubulungisa buhlala khona buwumgomo ofanelekela ukulwela khona.

Ukuze uthole ezinye izihloko, ungabukeza umbhalo ogcwele weSimemezelo se-Index yeNdedalo eSivumelwaneni seNational Screate, uhlole ukuvumelana phakathi koBufakazi, uMthetho-sisekelo, noBill Welungelo eSikhungweni soMthetho-mthetho-mthetho wezwe, hlola [[[[FLT:]]] [[FLT]] [4] [uMthetho]] oye washukumisa izinhlangano zokulingana [ ngeSivumelo seSivumelwano [iSivumeko] iSivumelo , ufunda [[FLT] ngeSivumelo seNkakhulu] [[FLT]] [FLT] [FLT]]