Ukufinyelela emasikweni ezindaba ezikhululekile nokwaziswa kungezinye zezisekelo zomphakathi wentando yeningi nezakhamuzi ezifundile. Esikhathini lapho ukwaziswa kugeleza ngokushesha phakathi kwamapulatifomu amanani nezindlela zokuxhumana ezingokwesiko, amahlelo angokomthetho avikela ilungelo lethu lokungena ngaphandle kokuhlolwa noma ukuvinjelwa okungafanele akuzange kube okunzima kakhulu. Lezi zinsika ziqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingazenza izinqumo ezinolwazi, zigcine ohulumeni benobuthakazelo, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekuphileni komphakathi. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho evikela ngayo lamalungelo ayisisekelo kunikeza ukuqonda ngokulingana okubucayi phakathi kokukhanya, ukulondeka, nenkululeko okumelwe igcinwe yidemocrali.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Senkululeko Yokunyathelisa

Inkululeko yezindaba imelela isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi ukuxhumana nokukhuluma ngemithombo yezindaba ehlukahlukene kufanele kubhekwe njengelungelo okumelwe lisetshenziswe ngokukhululekile, ngenkululeko enjalo esikisela ukucusumbulwa okuncane noma ukuzithiba okungadingekile kuhulumeni futhi ngokuvamile okuvikelwe ngamalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo.

ISweden yayiyizwe lokuqala emhlabeni ukuba lamukele inkululeko evikelwe ngokomthetho yephephandaba elinoMthetho we - Press ka - 1766, limisa isibonelo esasiyosakazeka ekugcineni embulungeni yonke. Lomthetho ongokomlando waqaphela ukuthi izakhamuzi zazidinga ukufinyelela ukwaziswa kukahulumeni nokuthi imithombo yezindaba yayidinga isivikelo ukuze ifeze indima yayo njengenja eqaphile phezu kwalabo abaphethe.

EUnited States, inkululeko yephephandaba ihlanganiswe esiInzisweni Sokuqala soMthetho - sisekelo, esithi “ISiphakamiso Asenze - mthetho... sibhidlize inkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokusakaza. Lolimi olufingqiwe kodwa olunamandla luye lwalolonga ukwahlulela kwaseMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka futhi lwathonya izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo emhlabeni wonke.

ISimemezelo soNtlanganiso-mhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu sango-1948 seZizwe Ezihlangene sithi wonke umuntu unelungelo lenkululeko yokucabanga nenkululeko yokuveza imibono, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yokuba nemibono ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa nokufuna, nokuthola, nokudlulisela ukwaziswa nemibono nganoma yimiphi imidaba. Lokhu kuqaphela kwezezindaba emhlabeni wonke kukhushuliwe kwezwe lonke kukhululekelwe ekukhathaleleni kwelungelo lomuntu lomhlaba wonke, kumiswa izinga lembulunga yonke okulindeleke ukuba amazwe alisekele.

Amazwe anezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezihlangene nenkululeko yokukhuluma namalungelo okunyathelisa aye athambekele ekumiseni inkululeko yemithetho yokwaziswa ngaphambili, ebonisa isimo esihlangene salezisivikelo. Amalungiselelo oMthetho - sisekelo akha isimo esingokomthetho esidingekile ukuze umthetho oqondile uchume futhi usebenze ngokuphumelelayo.

Inkululeko Yolwazi: Ukunika Izakhamuzi Amandla

Inkululeko of Information (FOI) imelela enye yamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu izakhamuzi ezinawo okuthola ukwaziswa okuphathwa uhulumeni futhi iqinisekise ukubonakala kwezindawo zomphakathi. Le mithetho iguqula izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezingaqondakali zibe izinqubo eziqinile abantu abavamile abangazisebenzisa ukuze bathole ukwaziswa ngokuthi ohulumeni babo basebenza kanjani.

Ukutholwa Kwabantwana Abangatholwa Nezinga Lomhlaba Wonke

Ukuhlolwa kwe-UNESCO yembulunga yonke kwathola ukuthi amazwe angu-125 aye amisa imvume yemithetho yokwaziswa noma amalungiselelo afanayo, abonisa ukuqashelwa okukhulu kokubaluleka kokubonakala kwamandla kahulumeni. Okwamanje, cishe amakota amathathu awo wonke amazwe angamalungu eUN anemithetho, nakuba amandla nokusebenza kwalemithetho kuhluka kakhulu.

Amazwe angaphezu kwekhulu emhlabeni wonke aye asebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwenkululeko yomthetho wokwaziswa, nenkululeko ye-Sweden of the Press Act ka 1766 engumdala kakhulu emhlabeni. Ukusakazeka kwalemithetho kwanda ngokuphawulekayo emashumini eminyaka amuva, cishe amazwe angu-90 athatha imithetho phakathi neminyaka engu-19 edlule.

Ngo-2024, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-Austria walungiswa esikhundleni selungiselelo eliqinisekisayo "inkululeko Yolwazi, ngelungiselelo elisha lomthetho-sisekelo nenkululeko yolwazi uqala ukusebenza ngo-September 1, 2025. Le ntuthuko yamuva ibonisa ukuthi ngisho nedemokrati emisiwe iyaqhubeka iqinisa izisekelo zayo zokubona kude.

Indlela Inkululeko Yokwaziswa Esebenza Ngayo

Inkululeko yolwazi imisa amalungiselelo angokomthetho okungathsu-oyedwa" lapho izicelo zokwaziswa kwesithakazelo somphakathi kumelwe zibopheke futhi zinikezelwe ngezindleko ezincane noma ezingekho, ngaphansi kwezinye izinqubo. Lemithetho ivame ukuveza izinqubo eziqondile zokucela ukwaziswa, izinketho zesikhathi zikahulumeni, kanye nezinqubo zokuphika okukhangayo.

Ilungelo lokuthola ukwaziswa okungokomthetho liyithuluzi elibalulekile lokulawula okuhle, elisiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibuze futhi zibambe labo abanomthwalo wemfanelo namandla ukuba balandise futhi banikeze ubufakazi bezenzo zabo nesinqumo. Le misebenzi yokulandisa yenza imithetho ye-FOI ibe balulekile ekubusweni kwentando yeningi.

Inkululeko yezenzo zokwaziswa iyasebenza ezikhulwini zomphakathi futhi inikeza izakhamuzi ilungelo lokuthola ukwaziswa okusungulwe yilezoziphathimandla zomphakathi. Nokho, inkululeko enkulu yemithetho yokwaziswa ayihlanganisi ingxenye yomuntu siqu ebusayo, okunemiphumela engathi sína ngoba ingxenye yomuntu siqu yenza imisebenzi eminingi ngaphambili eyayiyindawo yomphakathi, okusho ukuthi ukwaziswa ngaphambili okwakuwumphakathi sekungaphakathi kwengxenye yomuntu siqu kanye nezindawo zokwakha zangasese ngeke kuphoqelelwe ukuba kwambule ukwaziswa.

Ukugcwalisa Izinselele

Nakuba ukwamukelwa kwemithetho yeFOI kuyintuthuko ephawulekayo, ukumiswa kwemithetho yeFOI kuseyinselele eqhubekayo. Ukumiswa komthetho weFOI kumane kuyisiqalo, njengoba kumelwe kusetshenziswe, ohulumeni kumelwe bashintshe amasiko abo angaphakathi, futhi umphakathi kumelwe ukuhlole futhi ufune ukwaziswa.

Nakuba izimiso zemithetho yezwe zisekela ngokuqhubekayo inkululeko yokwaziswa, ukuqondisa nokudlulisa izindikimba neziphathimandla zomphakathi ngazinye kungenza kangcono kakhulu ekulandeleni nasekuthumeleni izicelo zezicelo zezindaba nokunxusa.

Amazwe amaningi anezinkinga eziphathelene nokumiswa nokusebenza kwemithetho ye-FOI, nezinye izinkinga ezibangelwa ukuntuleka kwentando yezombangazwe nokubonakala kukahulumeni. Ngaphandle kokuzinikela kwangempela kwezikhulu zikahulumeni nemithombo eyanele yezindikimba zobubonisi, ngisho nemithetho ye-FOI ehlelwe kahle ingahluleka ukuveza ukukhanya okunengqondo.

Isivikelo Sokulwa Ne - sensitroship Nemingcele Engaphambili

Imithetho yokulwa nezokubusa yakha enye isivikelo esibucayi sezindaba zesihle nokwaziswa. Lemithetho ivimbela ohulumeni ekucindezeleni okuqukethwe imithombo yezindaba ngaphambi kokukhishwa noma ukujezisa izintatheli ngokubika izindaba ezithakazelisayo zomphakathi.

Uhulumeni ngeke avimbele indaba ngaphambi kokuba inyatheliswe, ngisho noma iphikisana noma inzima, umkhuba obizwa ngokuthi "ukunqanda ukunqanda" cishe njalo okungavumelani nomthetho. Lokhu kwenqatshelwa kokuvimbela kwangaphambi kokumiswa kuqinisekisa ukuthi ohulumeni abanakukwazi ukusebenzisa amandla abo ukuvimbela ukwaziswa ukuba kufinyelelwe emphakathini ngenxa nje yokuthi kungaba yihlazo noma kulimaza ngokwezombangazwe.

Elinye lamacala abaluleke kakhulu aveza lesimiso esenzeka phakathi neMpi yaseVietnam. Ngawo - 1970, iNew York Times yanyathelisa iPentagon Papers − imibhalo echaza ukuthi uhulumeni wase-U.S. wayedukise umphakathi ngempi − futhi lapho uMongameli Nixon ezama ukuvimbela ukunyatheliswa kwezincwadi eziphikisana nokusongela ukulondeka kwesizwe, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha i - Pentagon, iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nezinto ezizwela kakhulu zazinganyatheliswa uma zisiza ekufezeni isithakazelo somphakathi.

Umthetho-sisekelo weDenmark unikeza noma yimuphi umuntu inkululeko yokunyathelisa imibono yakhe ngokunyathelisa, ngokubhala, nangokukhuluma, futhi usho ngokucacile ukuthi ukuhlolwa nokunye ukuvimbela ngeke kuphinde kwenziwe. Lokhu kwenqatshelwe okuphelele kubonisa isibopho esinamandla esiye sasenziwa ekuvimbeleni ukucusumbulwa kukahulumeni.

Nokho, izivikelo zokumelana nezokuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi azizona eziphelele. Imingcele kahulumeni yenkululeko yezindaba ingahlanganisa ukwaziswa okungahlukaniswa, izimfihlo zikahulumeni, isijeziso sokujeziswa, isijeziso sokwephulwa komgunyathi, imfihlo, noma imithetho yokwahlulela, nalapho inkululeko yokunyathelisa intuleka khona, ohulumeni bangafuna ukuvunyelwa kwangaphambi kokukhishwa kwemvume noma ukujeziswa kwezincwadi ezigxeka uhulumeni. Inselele ikhona ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi lemingcele esemthethweni ayisetshenziswa kabi ekuvimbeleni amaqiniso angenamthethweni.

Imithetho Yokufakwa Kwemithombo Yezindaba Nezinhlobonhlobo

Imithetho elawula ukuba nemithombo yezindaba ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni imibono ehlukahlukene futhi ivimbele ukulawula imithombo yokwaziswa okungekhona okukhethekile. Uma inani elincane lezinhlangano lilawula izikhangiso eziningi zemithombo yezindaba, izinhlobonhlobo zemibono ezitholakalayo emphakathini ziyancipha, okungalulaza ukudayiswa kwemibono ebalulekile embusweni wentando yeningi.

Izimiso zokuthengwa kwemithombo yezindaba zihloselwe ukuvimbela ukugxilisa ingqondo ngokweqile ngokulinganisela ukuthi zingaki izimpahla ezingase zitholakale emakethe ethile. Lemithetho iyaqaphela ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kwendlela yokuba nempahla kukhuthaza imibono ehlukahlukene, okwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuthola izici nemithombo yemininingwane ehlukahlukene.

Isizathu esizwakalayo sale mithetho sidlulela ngalé kokuncintisana okulula. Uma ukuba nemithombo yezindaba kugxila kakhulu, isithakazelo esinamandla singathuthukisa inkulumo yeningi ngezindlela ezifeza izinhloso zabo siqu kunokuba zifeze isithakazelo somphakathi. Lokhu kugxilisa ingqondo kungaholela ekucindezelweni kwezinye izindaba, imibono ethile incishiswe, futhi izindaba ezibalulekile zingatholakali kahle.

Amazwe ahlukene asebenzisa imithetho yokuba nemithombo yezindaba ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Amanye abeka imingcele eqinile ekungeneni kwemidiya ehlukene (njenge maphephandanda, ithelevishini, nomsakazo), kuyilapho amanye egxila ekuvimbeleni noma iyiphi into eyodwa ukuba ilawule ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yemakethe yezokuxhumana. Amazwe amaningi futhi anemithetho ekhethekile yokusakaza umphakathi ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi okungenani ezinye iziteshi zezindaba zihlala zizimele ekucindezeleni kwezentengiselwano.

Inkathi yezokuxhumana inomthetho oyinkimbinkimbi wezokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yezindaba. Imithetho eklanyelwe amaphephandaba nokusakaza ithelevishini ingase ingawabhekisi ngokwanele amandla phakathi kwama-digital nama-computer ezokuxhumana. Abaqondisi emhlabeni wonke baphikisana nendlela yokuvumelanisa ubunikazi nezimiso ezihlukene kulendawo entsha kuyilapho kuphathelene nokusungulwa kwezinto nokugwema ukuphamba.

Imithetho Evikelekile Nesivikelo

Imithetho evikelayo ivikela izintatheli ekuphoqelekeni ukuba zembule imithombo eyimfihlo noma ukwaziswa okunganyatheliswanga. Lezivikelo zibalulekile emaphephandabeni ophenyisweni, njengoba izindaba eziningi ezibalulekile zixhomeke emithonjeni ezokhuluma ngesimo sokungazaziwa kuphela.

Izifunda eziningi zinemithetho evikela imithombo yazo, kodwa akukho mthetho kahulumeni ovikelayo, ngakho isivikelo siyahlukahluka kakhulu. Lolu khuselo oluqinile lubangela ukungaqiniseki ngezintatheli ezisebenza ezindabeni zezwe futhi lungashiya ezinye izintatheli zingavikelekile ekucindezeleni okungokomthetho.

EBranzburg v. Hayes (1972), iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi izintatheli azinalo ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokugoma imithombo lapho ingekho, futhi kusukela ngalesosikhathi kuseyindawo empunga engokomthetho ebanzi esaqala futhi eyingozi kakhulu kuphenya amaphephandali. Lokhu kukhipha izikhala zezesikhala ngaphandle kwesivikelo esicacile somthetho-sisekelo, kwenza imithetho yezihlangu ibaluleke kakhulu.

Ngaphandle kwesivikelo esiqinile, abashaya ikhwelo nabafaki bemoto bangase bangabaze ukudlulisela ukwaziswa mayelana nobubi, ukonakala, noma izindaba ezithakazelisayo emphakathini. Imiphumela eshaqisayo yesivikelo semithombo engafanele ingavimbela ukutshelwa izindaba ezibalulekile, ukuphuca umphakathi ukwaziswa okudingayo ukuze wenze izinqumo ezisekelwe olwazini.

Umbango phakathi kwesivikelo somthombo nezinye izithakazelo zomthetho − njengokuhlola ubugebengu noma ukukhathazeka kwezentengiselwano zezwe − . Nakuba izintatheli ziphikisa ukuthi isivikelo somthombo sibalulekile endimani yazo yokugada, abashushisi nezinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ngezinye izikhathi baphikisa ngokuthi izintatheli zinokwaziswa okubalulekile ekuphenyeni. Ukuthola ukulinganisela okulungile phakathi kwalezizithakazelo eziphikisanayo kuhlala kuyinselele eqhubekayo emikhakheni eminingi.

Imisebenzi Yokulwela Amalungelo Abantu Emhlabeni Wonke

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu womhlaba wonke unikeza isivikelo esengeziwe sokucindezela inkululeko nokuthola ukwaziswa.

ISiphakamiso 19 seSimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu sithi wonke umuntu unelungelo lenkululeko yokucabanga nenkululeko yokuveza imibono, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yokuba nemibono ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa nokufuna, ukwamukela nokudlulisela ukwaziswa nemibono nganoma imiphi imithombo yezindaba nanoma imiphi imigoqo. Leli lungiselelo liye lahlanganiswa ezivumelwaneni eziningi zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke nakwezifunda.

Ukwaziswa kokuhlola kunengxenye ekuqashelweni kwembulunga yonke kwe-SDG ebhekene ne-16.10 ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala komphakathi kokwaziswa nokuvikela inkululeko eyisisekelo, i-UNESCO isebenza njengenhlangano egcina i-SDG umboniso 16,10.2 kumazwe amukela futhi asebenzise imithetho engokomthetho nesimiso esiqinisekisa ukutholakala kokwaziswa komphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwenkululeko yokunyathelisa kwi-Stestainable Development Zomgomo okwandisayo.

Izimiso zamalungelo abantu zezifunda, njenge-European Convention on Human Rights, i-American Convention on Human Rights, ne-African Charter on Human and People’s Rights, nazo zihlanganisa amalungiselelo avikela inkululeko yokukhuluma nokuthola ukwaziswa. Lezi zimo zesifunda zinikeza isivikelo esiqondile nezimiso zokugcinwa kwezimiso zembulunga yonke kunamathuluzi embulunga yonke.

Izindikimba zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke zivame ukunikeza izinqumo nokutusa ezindabeni zenkululeko, zikhiphe iziphakamiso ezisiza ekuchazeni nasekusebenziseni lezi sivikelo.

Umthetho Ophikisayo Nezivikelo Zentatheli

Imithetho yokuzimela kumelwe ilinganisele kahle phakathi kokuvikela idumela lomuntu nenkululeko yokunyathelisa. Uma imithetho yokuhlambalaza iqine kakhulu noma isetshenziswa kalula kakhulu, ingasetshenziselwa ukuqeda ukugxeka amaphephandaba nokuvimbela ukwaziswa okubalulekile.

Izibalo zomphakathi zingamangalela ukuhlanjalazwa, kodwa insimbi ephakeme efuna ukuba zibonise izici ezithile, futhi lendinganiso ephakeme ivikela izintatheli ukuba zingangeni ekuthuleni. Ezimisweni eziningi, izibalo zomphakathi akumelwe zibonise nje ukuthi inkulumo ethile yayingamanga futhi ilimaza, kodwa futhi nokuthi yenziwa nge "ishwa elivamile"""" futhi isho ukuthi intatheli yayazi ukuthi yayiyinkohliso noma yenza ngokunganaki iqiniso.

Lendinganiso ethuthukisiwe kubantu abadumile iyavuma ukuthi impikiswano eqinile ngezindaba zomphakathi ingase ihlanganise ukuhlasela okunonya, okuhlaselayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi okungathandeki kuhulumeni nasezikhulwini zomphakathi. Ukubuza izintatheli ukuba ziqinisekise iqiniso lamazwi onke kungaba nomphumela owethusayo enkulumweni yeningi, njengoba izintatheli zingase zigweme ukuhlanganisa izihloko eziphikiswayo ngokwesaba ukukhangisa okubizayo.

Nokho, imithetho yokuhlambalaza ihluka kakhulu emazweni. Kwezinye izifunda, umthwalo wobufakazi uwela kummangalelwa ukuze afakazele iqiniso, kuyilapho kwezinye, ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi ungumqambimanga. Amanye amazwe anemithetho ehlazisayo ewubugebengu engaphumela ekuboshweni izintatheli, ibangele ithonya elishaqisayo ekumisweni kwenkululeko. Izinhlangano zenkululeko zamazwe ngamazwe zisekela ngokuqhubekayo ukuhlazisa nokuthatha izindinganiso ezivikela ukukhishwa kwamaphephabhuku asemthethweni.

Amacala asemthethweni ahleliwe amelene nokuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi (isuti ye-SAPP) amelela enye inselele. Lamacala awafakwanga ukuze anqobe, kodwa ukuze esabise izintatheli futhi akhiphe ingcebo yazo ngokuqashelwa komthetho obizayo. Amanye ama-arement aye athatha imithetho emelene ne-SAPP ukuze anikeze izinqubo zokuxoshwa kwasekuqaleni ezilungiselelwe ukuthumba abagxeki.

Izinselele Zeminyaka Yobuchwepheshe Nezivikelo Ezishintshayo

Ukushintsha kwezimiso zemishini yezokuxhumana kuye kwashintsha indlela edalwe ngayo, esakazwa futhi yasetshenziswa ngayo, kwadala izinselele ezintsha zemithetho eklanywe ngaphambili. Imithetho manje kumelwe ikhulume ngezindaba ezazingekho lapho kusungulwa izikhuselo eziningi zenkululeko.

Izicelo ezingokomthetho, ukuboshwa, nezingozi zokugada zikhonjiwe izinja eziqaphe njengeziwusongo olusebenzayo ekuthungatheni izindaba eziyimfihlo nasekuqoqeni izindaba. Ikhono lokuhlola ngamanani livumela ohulumeni ukuba baqaphele ukuxhumana kwezintatheli, baqaphele imithombo yabo, futhi balandelele indlela abahamba ngayo ngendlela eyayingenakwenzeka enkathini yangaphambi kwesigaba.

Ukubhala okuyimfihlo nokuphepha kuye kwaba usizo kubacosheli bezindaba abazama ukuxoxa izindaba ezibucayi, kodwa abanye ohulumeni baye bazama ukuvimbela noma ukululaza lemisebenzi yobuchwepheshe.

Ukuhlukunyezwa nge-intanethi kumelela olunye usongo olukhulayo. Izindaba, ikakhulukazi abesifazane namaqembu amancane, zibhekene nemikhankaso yokuhlukunyezwa, i-doxx, nezinye izinhlobo zokuxhashazwa nge-intanethi eziklanyelwe ukuvala imilomo. Nakuba amanye amazwe eseqalile ukwakha izimiso ezingokomthetho zokuxazulula lezi zinkinga, izintatheli eziningi zisesengozini yokuhlaselwa ngemishini okungaba nemiphumela enzima ngempela.

Imithetho ye-platform iletha izinselele ezengeziwe. Izinkampani zezenhlalo kanye nezinye iziteshi zemishini yezokuxhumana seziyisisekelo esibalulekile sokusakaza izindaba, kodwa ziyizinhlangano ezizimele ezingaboshelwanga ngokuqondile yisivikelo senkululeko yezindaba ezingokomthetho-sisekelo. Imibuzo egcwele ukulinganisela, ukufakwa kwemithetho esemthethweni, nokulandisa komthetho kudinga izindlela ezintsha zokulinganisela imibandela ephathelene nokungaqondi kahle nokuqukethe okulimazayo.

Ukubuswa Uhulumeni Nezinsongo Zokubusa

Naphezu kwesivikelo esingokomthetho, ukucusumbulwa kukahulumeni kusewusongo olukhulu ekucindezeleni inkululeko ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba.

ETurkey, ukugumbuqelwa kwemibuso ngoJuly kwabhebhethekisa isimo esiyingozi kakade semithombo yezindaba ezimele, lapho kuvalwa izikhangiso eziningi ngaphansi kwesimo esiphuthumayo, izinkulungwane zezisebenzi zezindaba nezokuxhumana zilahlekelwa imisebenzi yazo, neTurkey enezintatheli okungenani ezingu-81 ezivalelweyo kusukela ngoDecember 2016 2016. Lesisibonelo sibonisa indlela inkululeko yokucindezela engawohloka ngokushesha lapho ohulumeni besebenzisa amandla aphuthumayo ukuze bacindezele ukuphikisana.

Naphezu kokuvunywa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma okwandile, amazwe amaningi abeka imingcele enzima, eminye enjengeNyakatho Korea neSiriya ihlaziya kakhulu futhi ilawule ukwaziswa. Kulezindawo ezizungezile, isivikelo esingokomthetho senkululeko yokunyathelisa sitholakala kuphela ephepheni, uma nhlobo, futhi izintatheli zibhekene nokuboshwa, ubudlova, noma okubi kakhulu ngenxa yokuzama ukubika ngokuzimele.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi iQembu lamaKhomanisi laseChina liye lahluleka ukuphila ngokuvumelana nezithembiso zalo mayelana nenkululeko yemithombo yezindaba yaseChina, iFreedom House ibeka iChina ngokungaguquki njenge-'Not Free' nentatheli uHe Qinglian iphawula ukuthi imithombo yezindaba yePRC ilawulwa ngeziqondiso ezivela emnyangweni wenkulumo - ze yeQembu lamaKhomanisi futhi ihlolwe kakhulu okusongela isijeziso sabaphuli.

Ohulumeni abagunyazi bavame ukusebenzisa izinqubo ezibonakala zingokomthetho ukuze bacindezele inkululeko. Imithetho emelene "nezindaba ezingamanga," umthetho wesizwe wezokuphepha, nemithetho emelene nobuphekula yonke ingahlotshaniswa ngezikhali ngokumelene nezintatheli. Inselele yomphakathi womhlaba wonke ihlukanisa phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho engokomthetho kanye naleyo eklanyelwe ukuthulisa amazwi agxekayo.

Ukusabela Okungekuhle, Ukungaqondi Nasemthethweni

Ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okunganembile nokungahambisani nemininingwane kunikeza inselele eyinkimbinkimbi yezimiso zomthetho ezivikela izindaba zesihle nokwaziswa.

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ingathathwa kalula, nempikiswano eqhubekayo yokuthi ubani ongahlukanisa kanjani phakathi kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nokucasula, ukusongela, noma okulimazayo, ikakhulukazi esikhathini sokuxhumana lapho inkululeko yokukhuluma ingabhekwa njengemvume yokusakaza amanga alimazayo, ukuqinela abanye, nokukhuthaza inzondo nokungabekezeli.

Amanye amazwe aye athatha imithetho efuna amapulatifomu ukuze asuse "izindaba ezikhangiswe' noma izijeziso zobuso, kodwa lemithetho ngokuvamile ayinazo izincazelo ezicacile futhi ingasetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukuthunyelwa kwamaphephandaza angokomthetho. Ukuzimisela kokuthi izakhi zokwaziswa okungamanga zilawulwa yini ngokwemvelo, futhi inikeza ohulumeni amandla amakhulu okwenza lezizinqumo zibe izingozi ezenza ukucusumbulwa kwamaqiniso aphazamisayo kube nokwenzeka.

Izindlela ezithembisayo zigxile kakhulu ekuboneni, ekubhaleni, nasekusekeleni ukubheka imithombo yezindaba yezinga eliphezulu kunokuhlola. Imithetho edinga ukudalulwa kokukhangisa kwezombangazwe, ukunikeza i-algorithric, nokusekela ukuqashwa kokuhlola amaqiniso kungasiza ekukhulumeni amaphutha kuyilapho kugcinwa inkululeko. Izinhlelo zemfundo ezisiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlaziye imithombo yokwaziswa ngokuhluzekile zingakha ukuzimela ngaphandle kokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwenkulumo.

Inselele idinga ukuhlelwa kwemithetho esingatha ukulimala kwangempela okubangelwa ukwaziswa okunganembile − njengokungenela kokhetho noma izinkinga zempilo yomphakathi − ngaphandle kokwenza amathuluzi angasetshenziswa kabi ukuze kuncishiswe ukuthunyelwa kwamaphepha-ndaba angokomthetho nokusetshenziswa kokukhululeka. Lokhu kudinga ukudwetshwa ngokucophelela, ukuvikelwa kwemiklamo eqinile, kanye nezindlela zokuqondisa ezizimele.

Ukuhlolwa Kwenkululeko Yephephandaba Nokulandisa

Izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zihlola inkululeko yezindaba emhlabeni wonke, zinikeza izinqubo zokulandisa futhi zidonsela ukunakekela ephulweni.

Intatheli ezingenama-Borders ziyinzuzo yomhlaba wonke elondoloza iPress Freedom Index yaminyaka yonke enkulu kunazo zonke yohlobo lwayo futhi esetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa amazinga enkululeko yezindaba emazweni ahlukene, esekelwe ezikhombisweni eziningi ezihlanganisa isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo wezwe, izenzakalo ezingokomthetho, ukuphathwa kwezintatheli, kanye nezindawo zezindaba.

IKomiti Yokuvikela Izintatheli ilandelela ngokuhlelekile inani lezintatheli ezibulewe futhi eziboshiwe ekuphindiseleni umsebenzi wazo, inikeza izincwadi ezibucayi zokuhlasela inkululeko yokunyathelisa.

Ngokwe-Areports Without Borders' 2022 World Press Freedom Index, cishe amaphesenti angu-74 amazwe omhlaba ahlukaniswa ngokuthi "isimo esingokwembuyiselo" noma okubi kakhulu ngokuphathelene nenkululeko yamaphephandaba, enamanani aqopha umlando amazwe angu-28 athola isilinganiso "esibi kakhulu". Lezi zibalo zigcizelela izinselele eziqhubekayo zokucindezela inkululeko embulungeni yonke.

Ukugada kwezizwe zonke kusiza nasekutholeni imikhuba emihle nezimiso ezingokomthetho eziphumelelayo amanye amazwe angazifunda. Ngokuqhathanisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuvikela inkululeko yezindaba, abasunguli bezimiso bangabona ukuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezingokomthetho eziphumelela kakhulu nezingasebenzi kahle.

Ukucindezela Kwezomnotho Nokuzinziswa Kwemithombo Yezindaba Ezimele

Inhlekelele yezebhizinisi ebhekene nezindaba emhlabeni wonke isongela ukusekelwa kwezinhlangano zezindaba ezizimele, okungase kunciphise inkululeko yezindaba ngisho nalapho isivikelo esingokomthetho sihlala siqinile.

Imingcele esebenzayo ekubikeni ingavela ekucindezelekeni kwezomnotho, ukucindezela okungokomthetho, noma izingozi ezisebenzayo ngaphakathi emagumbini ezindaba. Uma izinhlangano zezindaba zintula imithombo yokufuna ukuphenya noma ukulondoloza izimemezelo zakwamanye amazwe, izindaba ezibalulekile azibikwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zivikelwe yini ngokomthetho.

Amanye amazwe aye athatha imithetho yokusekela ukuthunyelwa kwezincwadi okuzimele ngezindlela zomphakathi zokuxhasa imali, izisusa zentela, noma ezinye izindlela zosizo. Lezi zindlela kumelwe ziklanyelwe ngokucophelela ukugwema ukwenza i-CRC engaphazamisa ukuzimela komhleli. Umgomo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphephandaba anezinga eliphezulu angaqhubeka ngaphandle kokwenza izinhlangano zezindaba ziqaphele imithombo yezimali kahulumeni.

Imithetho ehlanganisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwezindawo zokuxhumana nabamemezeli bezindaba nayo ithinta ukugcinwa kwemithombo yezindaba. Amanye amazwe acabangela imithetho edinga ipulatifomu ukuze kukhokhelwe abamemezeli bezindaba, eqaphela ukuthi amapulatifomu ayazuza ezindabeni kuyilapho elulaza amabhizinisi ezinhlangano ezizikhiqizayo.

Inzuzo yokukhangisa etholakala ngemishini eziteshini ezimbalwa ezinkulu iye yachitha izimboni zezindaba ezingokwesiko. Izimiso ezingokomthetho ezikhuthaza ukuncintisana okulungile, zivimbela imikhuba emelene nokuncintisana, futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zezindaba zingaxhumana ngokulinganayo namapulatifomu amakhulu kungase kudingeke ukuze kulondolozwe imithombo yezindaba ehlukahlukene nezimele.

Ukukwazi Ukuthola Intuthuko Kahulumeni Namarekhodi Omphakathi

Ngaphandle kwemithetho ye-FOI engokomthetho, izifunda-mbuso eziningi zino "imithetho ekhanyayo" ezifuna ukuba imihlangano kahulumeni ivuleke emphakathini nasemithonjeni, futhi amarekhodi kahulumeni afinyeleleke. Lemithetho iyaqaphela ukuthi ukubonakala kwemisebenzi kahulumeni kubalulekile ekulandiseni ngentando yeningi.

Imithetho yaseSunshi ihlanganisa amarekhodi, amafayela nemihlangano kanye ne - Freedom of Information Act, inikeza amathuba amaningi okuthola ukwaziswa komphakathi ngohulumeni. Imithetho evulekile yemihlangano ifuna ukuba izindikimba zikahulumeni zinikeze isaziso sangaphambili ngemihlangano, ziqhube ibhizinisi ezimisweni zomphakathi futhi zilinganisele izimo ezingahlangana ngaphansi kwazo esiqeshini sokuvala.

Imithetho egciniwe yomphakathi iphelelisa imithetho ye-FOI ngokumisa ukuthi amabhukwana kahulumeni asobala ngaphandle kokuba angene ezikhungweni ezithile ezikhethekile. Lemithetho ivame ukunikeza izijeziso uma izikhulu zigodlela amarekhodi ngokungafanele noma zehluleka ukugcina izivumelwano ezifanele zemisebenzi kahulumeni.

Ukutholakala kwecala lenkantolo kumelela esinye isici esibalulekile sokubona obala. Nakuba amanye amacala engase avalwe ukuvikela ukwaziswa okuthathekayo noma amalungelo amaqembu, isimiso esivamile siwukuthi ubulungisa kufanele bunikezwe obala. Imithetho evikela ukutholakala kwemibhalo yenkantolo namacala iqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso sokwahlulela sihlala sinecala emphakathini.

Inkathi yokuxhumana kwemishini iye yavula amathuba amasha kahulumeni okuveza izicelo ze-inthanethi, ukuthatha amasu okufunda, nokuveza ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo. Ezinye izinhlangano ziye zamisa imithetho efuna ukuba ohulumeni bakhiphe izigaba ezithile zokwaziswa nge-inthanethi, okwenza isidingo sezicelo zomuntu ngamunye sinciphe futhi kwenze ukwaziswa kufinyeleleke emphakathini.

Isivikelo Sesiphepho Nendima Yaso Enkululekoni Yokunyathelisa

Imithetho yokuvikela ephehla amandla ifeza indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni inkululeko ngokuvikela labo abanikeza izintatheli nomphakathi ukwaziswa mayelana nobubi. Ngaphandle kwesivikelo esanele, imithombo engase ibhekane nokuphindisela okungawavimbela ukuba aqhubeke nokwaziswa okubalulekile.

Imithetho enamandla yokukhipha ikhwela ivikela abantu ababika ukuziphatha okubi njengokuziphindiselela, ukwehliswa, noma ukuhlukunyezwa.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwesivikelo sokufutha impempe nenkululeko yokunyathelisa buyimpicabadala. Izintatheli zincike kubafaki bezindaba abazimisele ukudalula ububi, kuyilapho abafuyi bekhwela ngokuvamile badinga izintatheli ukuze bandise ukudalula kwabo futhi babanikeze indawo yesikhululo ukuze bafinyelele umphakathi. Izisekelo ezingokomthetho ezivikela kokubili izintatheli nemithombo yazo zidala indawo lapho ukwaziswa okubalulekile ngohulumeni nokuziphatha okubi kwenkampani kungafinyelela khona emphakathini.

Nokho, izivikelo zokufutha ikhwelo zivame ukuba nezingakhokhi. Zingase zingakuvikeli ukudalulwa kokwaziswa okungahlelwa, zingadinga ukulandela izinqubo ezithile ngaphambi kokuya obala, noma zingadlulela nakwabanye abakhiqizi bemisebenzi.

Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ziye zasungula izindinganiso zokuvikela abacuphi bekhwela, ziqaphela ukuthi lezisivikelo zibalulekile ekulweni nokonakala nasekuthuthukiseni ukukhanya. Amazwe amukela noma aqinise imithetho yokushaya ikhwelo ngokusabela kulezizindinganiso zomhlaba wonke nokuqaphela ukubaluleka kwazo ekubuseni okuhle.

Indima Yokucindezela Komhlaba Wonke Nomzimba Ongcolile

Amazwe abusa ngentando yeningi angasebenzisa ithonya lawo ukuze akhuthaze amanye amazwe ukuba ahloniphe inkululeko ephoqelelwayo futhi abeke icala labo abaphula umthetho.

Sekuyisikhathi eside iphephandaba elikhululekile nelizimele libhekwa njengesici esibalulekile sokulondeka kwezwe lase - United States nezenzo ezithathwa ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe noma izinhlangano ezidambisa isivikelo sezindaba ezikhululekile ziwusongo lwesizwe e - United States.

Kuyinqubo ye-United States ukulahla ukuhlasela kwenkululeko ephoqelelwayo nezinsongo ekuphepheni kwabacosheli bezindaba, ukukhuthaza nokusiza abanye ohulumeni ekuthuthukiseni ukubaluleka kwezindaba ezikhululekile nezivulekile, nokusekela inkululeko ephokophele ngaphandle kuzo zonke izici zenqubo yamazwe aseMelika. Izivumelwano ezinjalo, uma zisekelwa yizenzo eziqinile, zingathonya ukuziphatha kwamanye amazwe.

Ukuncipha kwenkululeko yembulunga yonke yezindaba cishe kuyoqhubeka lapho kungekho ukuhola okunamandla kwe-United States, amalungu e-EU, nezinye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi, futhi uma abaholi beqhubeka nokugxeka okunzima kokubika okuyiqiniso, ikhono likaWashington lokusebenzisa ukucindezela okuvamile kwabaphula inkululeko yezokuxhumana emhlabeni wonke lizohlupheka. Lokhu kuphawula kuqokomisa indlela inqubo yenkululeko ephambili yokuhola idemokrasi embulungeni yonke ethinta ngayo izimiso zembulunga yonke.

Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, ubuhlobo obungokweziqu zamazwe, nezindawo zokuhweba ngezindawo eziningi zonke zinikeza izindawo zokuthuthukisa inkululeko yezindaba.

Nokho, ukucindezela kwezizwe zomhlaba kulinganiselwe. amazwe angase amelane nalokho akubheka njengokuphazamisa kwangaphandle ezindabeni zawo zangaphakathi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izithakazelo zezomnotho noma zokulondeka zingase zithathe indawo yokuqala kunenkululeko ekhathaza amaqembu ahlangene.

Izigaba Zesifunda Zenkululeko Yokuphuma Kwemishini

Imithombo yenkululeko yezindaba iyahlukahluka kakhulu ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba, ibonisa amasiko angokomthetho ahlukahlukene, izimiso zezombangazwe, kanye nezimiso zempucuko. Ukuqonda lezi zici ezihlukene kunikeza ukuqonda izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulinganisela inkululeko yezindaba nezinye izithakazelo zezenhlalo.

IYurophu ne-European Union ilondoloza inkululeko engcono kakhulu yezindaba ezitholakala emhlabeni wonke ngokwe-Arhente ezingenama-Reuters. Amazwe aseYurophu ngokuvamile anesivikelo esiqinile somthetho-sisekelo, izisekelo ezithuthukisiwe ezingokomthetho, kanye nezimiso zokuqikelelwa kwemithetho eziqinile zokucindezela inkululeko.

Amazwe angewona ama-Europe ahlonishwa kakhulu ahlanganisa i-Canada, i-New Zealand, i-Timor-Leste, i-Samoa, neJamaica, ebonisa ukuthi inkululeko enamandla yokunyathelisa ikhona ngaphandle kweYurophu. La mazwe asungule izimiso ezingokomthetho ezivikela izintatheli futhi aqinisekisa ukutholakala kokwaziswa.

IMpumalanga Ephakathi neNyakatho Afrika iyaqhubeka iyindawo yesibili yomhlaba engenisa inkululeko yokucindezela, ngaphambi kwe-Eurasia. Kulendawo, abacosheli bezindaba babhekana nezinselele ezinkulu ezihlanganisa imingcele engokomthetho, ukuhlukunyezwa nobudlova, emazweni amaningi antula isivikelo esingokomthetho esifanelekile senkululeko yokunyathelisa.

Amazwe amaningana eLatin America, kuhlanganise neArgentina, iBrazil, iColombia nePeru, anelungelo elingokomthetho (imininingwane ehlala kuwo) neFOI, kanye nemithetho ehlukahlukene yeFOI, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwezinselele kuqhubeka emazweni amaningi kulesosifunda.

Lezi zici ezihlukene zendawo zibonisa okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomlando okuhlukile, amasiko angokomthetho, nezindaba zezombangazwe. Amazwe avela ekubuseni kwempoqo ngokuvamile abhekana nezinselele ezithile ekumiseni nasekumiseni inkululeko yokunyathelisa, kuyilapho imibuso emisiwe yentando yeningi ingase ibhekane nezinselele ezihlukene ezihlobene nokushintsha kwenqubo nokushintsha kwemithombo yezindaba.

Ukuqalisa Izindaba Ezingokomthetho Nezinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nomphakathi kushintsha, izinselele ezintsha ezingokomthetho zokucindezela inkululeko ziyaqhubeka zivela. Ukuxazulula lezinselele kuyodinga ukuvumelana nezimiso ezingokomthetho ezikhona kanye nokwakha izindlela ezintsha zokuvikela inkululeko ezishintsha izimo.

Ukuhlakanipha okuzenzekelayo kanye nohlelo lwezincwadi oluzisebenzelayo kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi ubani ofanelekela ukuvikelwa kwemishini nokuthi angaqiniseka kanjani ukuthi uyakulandisa okuqukethwe yi-AI-generene. Njengoba imithetho yemithetho ifeza indima ekhulayo ekukhiqizweni kwezindaba nasekusakazweni, izimiso ezingokomthetho zingadinga ukudingida indlela izimiso zenkululeko ezisebenza ngayo kulomongo.

Amaza ajulile nemithombo yezindaba eqanjiwe kuletha izinselele ezintsha zokuhlukanisa phakathi kobuthadi obusemthethweni nokuqukethwe okusetshenziswayo. Imithetho ekhuluma ngalezizinto zobuchwepheshe kumelwe ivikele ekusebenziseni kabi kuyilapho ilondoloza ikhono lezintatheli lokusebenzisa lamathuluzi ngenjongo engokomthetho njengokuvikela imithombo enikeza ubufakazi noma izindaba ezibonisayo.

Ukwaziswa okungena esiphelweni somngcele kudala izinselele zemingcele engaphandle yombuso njengoba okuqukethwe ezweni elilodwa kungafinyelelwa embulungeni yonke. Imithetho yamazwe ahlukene ingaphikisana, futhi izintatheli zingabhekana nengozi engokomthetho emazweni ezingakaze ziwavakashele. Ukubambisana komhlaba wonke nokuvumelana kwezindinganiso kungadingeka ukuxazulula le zinselele.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuvela kwezindaba zendawo ezungezile kuveza izimpikiswano njengoba abanye ohulumeni befuna ukuvimbela ukubika ngezindaba zendawo ezungezile noma ukuphindisela izintatheli ezikhuluma ngesimo sezulu. Ukuvikelwa okungokomthetho kwezindaba eziphathelene nendawo ezungezile kungase kudinge ukuqiniswa njengoba lezizindaba ziba ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Umqedazwe we-COVOID-19 wabonisa indlela izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi ezingasetshenziswa ngayo ukuthethelela imingcele yenkululeko ephoqelelwayo. Umqedazwe we-COVOVID-19 wabangela ukucusumbula kwezwe, ukuhlukunyezwa, nobudlova kokubili ezifundazweni zobuphoqelelo bobuphoqelelo bentando yeningi, iziphathimandla ezivalela ukubika ngobhadane emazweni amaningi. Ukuthuthukisa izimiso ezingokomthetho ezivumela izinyathelo ezidingekile zempilo yomphakathi kuyilapho zifaka i-operation inselele inselele eqhubekayo.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuqinisa Isivikelo Esingokomthetho

Ukuqinisa izivikelo ezingokomthetho zezindaba zesihle nokwaziswa kudinga ukuthatha isinyathelo ngamazinga amaningi, kusukela ekushintshweni komthetho - sisekelo kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwemithetho ekhona.

Okokuqala, amazwe angenazo izivikelo ezifanele zomthetho - sisekelo zenkululeko yokunyathelisa kufanele acabangele izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo ukuze kumiswe lezi siqinisekiso eziyisisekelo. Nakuba umqondo obanzi wesibopho sokunyathelisa nokuthuthukisa ukuvuleka kakade ubekwe emithethweni eminingi, amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo angase angawenzi asebenze ngokwanele ukuba afeze ilungelo lokufinyelela ukwaziswa uma umthetho othile ungekho.

Okwesibili, amazwe kufanele athathe inkululeko ebanzi yemithetho yokwaziswa enezikhuselo eziqinile ezisekelwe ekuhlaleni, ukunqatshelwa kwenkululeko, kanye nezimiso zokuqondisa ezizimele. Lemithetho kufanele ibukezwe njalo futhi ivuselelwe ukusingatha izinselele kanye nezimpikiswano ezivelayo.

Okwesithathu, imithetho yezivikelo zokuvikela imithombo yentatheli kufanele iqiniswe futhi yandiswe. Imithetho yesivikelo se-Federal kufanele ithathwe emazweni antulayo, futhi imithetho ekhona kufanele ihlolwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi inikeza isivikelo esanele ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwemishini.

Okwesine, imithetho yokuhlambalaza kufanele ishintshwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ayinakusetshenziswa ekulweni nezintatheli. Ukuhlambalaza kwezenzo zobugebengu kufanele kuqedwe, futhi izindinganiso zokuhlambalaza umphakathi kufanele zinikeze isivikelo esanele sokubika izindaba ezithakazelisayo zomphakathi.

Okwesihlanu, izivikelo zokushaya ikhwela kufanele ziqiniswe ukuze zikhuthaze ukubika ububi futhi zivikele labo abanikeza izintatheli ukwaziswa.

Okwesithupha, imithetho ekhuluma ngezindaba zemishini kufanele ihlelwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuvikelwe inkululeko yokunyathelisa kuyilapho kukhulunywa ngezindaba ezifanele eziphathelene yimfihlo, ukulondeka, nokuqukethe okulimazayo. Imithetho yokuncintisana kufanele ihlanganise isivikelo esiqinile sezintatheli, futhi izimiso zokulinganisela ezigcwele kufanele zibuyisele ezimisweni zenkululeko.

Ekugcineni, kumelwe kunikezwe imithombo eyanele ekusebenziseni nasekuqinisekiseni inkululeko ephoqelelwayo. Izindikimba eziphethe zidinga ukuxhaswa ngokwanele nokuzimela ukuze kugcwalise iziqondiso zazo, futhi izimiso zokwahlulela kumelwe zihlonyiselwe ukusingatha izindaba zenkululeko ngokuphumelelayo.

Indlela Engaphambili: Ukusekela Izindaba Ezikhululekile Nokwaziswa

Izisekelo zomthetho zokuvikela izindaba zamahhala nokwaziswa kumelela ukufinyelela okunzima okudinga ukuqapha njalo ukuze kulondolozwe futhi kuqiniswe. Njengoba kuvela izinselele ezintsha futhi izinsongo ezindala ziqhubeka, isibopho sokuvikela kumelwe sihlale siqinile.

Inkululeko yezindaba ibalulekile esimisweni esikhululekile, esivulekile, nesibusa ngentando yeningi, futhi imithetho evikela lenkululeko isebenza njengesivikelo ekubuseni ngempoqo nasekukhohlakaleni.

Izinselele ezibhekene nenkululeko yezindaba namuhla zibalulekile futhi zinezici eziningi. Ukuhlola uhulumeni, ukucindezela kwezomnotho, ukuqapha ngemishini, ukuhlasela nge - Internet, kanye nokuqashelwa kwamagama okunganembile konke kusongela ikhono lezintatheli lokubika ngokukhululekile nomphakathi lokuthola ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa. Izisivikelo ezingokomthetho zizodwa azikwazi ukuxazulula zonke lezi zinkinga, kodwa zinikeza izisekelo ezidingekayo zokuzisingatha.

Ukusebenzisa imithetho yeFOI ukuze kuvikelwe ukwaziswa, kusekelwe ukusekelwa kwezincwadi ezingokomthetho, kulwelwe ukuvikelwa okuqinile, futhi kuvinjelwe ukuncishiswa kwenkululeko okucindezelelwayo konke kunengxenye ekusekeleni lamalungelo abalulekile.

Ukubambisana nobunye bomhlaba wonke nakho kubalulekile. Inkululeko yokunyathelisa iqashelwa ngokwandayo njengendaba yembulunga yonke kunokuba ibe indaba yasekhaya kuphela. Amazwe anezivikelo eziqinile angasekela izintatheli nabashisekeli emazweni lapho inkululeko yokunyathelisa isongelwa khona, futhi izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zinganikeza iziteshi zokuvikela nokulandisa.

Ukuguqulwa kwemidiya kuveza izinselele namathuba. Nakuba ubuchwepheshe obusha budala izinsongo ezintsha zokucindezela inkululeko, bunikeza namathuluzi amasha okwaziswa, izindlela ezintsha zokuthola nokuhlanganyela ulwazi, kanye nezindlela ezintsha zokubona nokulandisa. Uhlelo lwemithetho kumelwe lushintshele ekubhekaneni nezinselele zemishini kuyilapho lusebenzisa amandla obuchwepheshe obusha ukuthuthukisa inkululeko yokunyathelisa.

Imfundo nokufunda okukhishwa imithombo yezindaba kuyizici ezibalulekile ekuvikeleni okungokomthetho.Izakhamuzi eziqonda indlela yokuhlaziya imithombo yokwaziswa, ukugunyaza nokuqaphela ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yentando yeningi zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuvikela inkululeko nokusekela ukusakazwa kwamaphephandaba aphambili.

Uma sibheka phambili, ukulondolozwa kwezindaba ezikhululekile nokwaziswa kuyoxhomeka ekulondolozeni isivikelo esiqinile esingokomthetho, ukujwayela izinselele ezintsha, ukusekela ukuthunyelwa kwezincwadi okuzimele ngokwezimali, nokuthuthukisa isiko eligcizelela inkululeko nokubonakala. Imithetho elondoloza lamalungelo inikeza izisekelo ezibalulekile, kodwa ukuphumelela kwawo ekugcineni kuxhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwemiphakathi ukuzisekela nokuzivikela.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngenkululeko yokucindezela futhi bahlale benolwazi ngentuthuko kulendawo, imithombo eminingi yemali inikeza ukwaziswa okubalulekile. Abaholi abangenayo i-website ye-fulls banikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngenkululeko yokunyathelisa emhlabeni wonke, kuyilapho [ iCommettee [ukuvikela izintatheli ifaka izinsongo ezisongela izintatheli emhlabeni wonke. inhlangano ye-ARTLEGY [ inikeza ukuhlaziywandisa okuningi kwenkululeko yokuveza izimpikiswano, kanye ne [FLD6] Izikhululome] imibiko yaminyaka yonke imibiko yenkululeko nentando yezwe. Le zinhlangano, futhi isebenza nalense, i-edinging.

Ilungelo lokuthola izindaba ezikhululekile nokwaziswa akukona ukuziqeda noma ukuzinakekela. Kudinga isivikelo esiqinile esingokomthetho, ukuqapha, imithombo eyanele, kanye nokuzibophezela okuqinile kuzo zonke izigaba zomphakathi. Njengoba izinselele zivela futhi kuvela izinsongo ezintsha, lezi zici ezingokomthetho kumelwe zivumelane nakuba zihlala zivumelana nezimiso eziyisisekelo zokubona, ukulandisa, nenkululeko ezaklanyelwa ukuvikela. Ikusasa lentando yeningi ngokwalo lingase lixhomeke ekhonweni lethu elihlangene lokuvikela lamalungelo abalulekile ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.