Indlela Imithetho Esekela Ngayo Noma Ebeka Imingcele: Okudingeka Wazi

Abasebenzi basebenza ekwahlukaneni kwamalungelo ezindawo kanye nemingcele elawulayo. Imithetho yezwe inganika izakhamuzi amandla okuphoqelela ukuzama ushintsho noma indawo evimbelayo ukwenza kube nzima. Noma uhlanganyela ekuvukeleni kwendawo, ufeza umkhankaso wokulwa, noma usekela umzabalazo wezenhlalakahle, uqonda ukuthi izakhiwo zomthetho ziyasiza futhi zivimbele ukusebenza akusizi nje kuphela, kuyasiza. Lesi sihloko sihlola amathuluzi angokomthetho avikela ukuthatha isinyathelo, imithetho evimbela ukuthatha i-galelo, futhi sisiza ekuqhubeni le ndawo eyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukusekela Okungokomthetho Umthetho Wokuthatha Isinyathelo

Ezimisweni zentando yeningi, isivikelo esingokomthetho sobuProfethi sivame ukutholakala ezinsikeni ezintathu: inkululeko yokukhuluma , inkululeko yokuhlangana [, [[FLT]], ilungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni [. Lamalungelo ahlanganiswe emithetho-mthetho, izivumelwano zezizwe zonke, nezimiso zasekhaya. Uma ephoqelelwa ngokufanelekile, akha indawo lapho abantu ngabanye namaqembu bangaveza khona ukuphikisa, bahlela futhi bafune ukulandisa ngaphandle kokwesaba isijeziso esiwubala.

Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nesezinye Izizwe

ISichibiyelo sokuqala [ kumthetho-mthetho we-United States singesinye sezibonelo ezaziwayo kakhulu zokusekela okungokomthetho kokwenza isenzo. Ayivikeli nje amagama akhulunywayo kodwa futhi nezenzo ezingokomfanekiso ezinjengokushisa ifulege kodwa ukubopha izibopho zengalo, nokuhlanganyela emashadini. Isivumelwano seSivumelwano sezizwe esiphathelene nomphakathi (ICCPR), esigunyazwe amazwe angu - 173], ngokufanayo siqinisekisa amalungelo okuhlangana okunokuthula nenkululeko yokuveza. Lezi zinsimbi zomthetho zimisa isisekelo esilandelwa izizwe eziningi, nakuba izinga lesivikelo sangempela lilandelwa.

Amakhonsathi enza indima ebucayi [ ekuchazeni lezisivikelo. Imithetho yeLandmark − njenge-Londmark Court ePhakeme kakhulu yase- nomaACP v. Alaba[[FLT]] [1958] [i-1988] ivikela ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokungaziwa ngokumelene nezindawo zokuvikela. [Izinqumo ze-Landmark] njengezinqumo zeNkantolo ephezulu yeNkantolo ephezulu], ifuna ukuba imithetho evimbela inkulumo ngokucuthayo futhi ikhonze isithakazelo sikahulumeni esinelisayo. Lokhu kwenza uhlelo lapho kucatshangelwa khona ukuthi ukushisekela ukulwa kuvumelekile ngaphandle kokuba isimo singabonisa ingozi.

Amathuluzi Angokomthetho Abenza Izenzo Zokunikeza Amandla

Izinqubo ezithile ezingokomthetho zisekela ukwenza imisebenzi ethile:

  • Imfundiso ye-Public ye- - Ikhetha imigwaqo, amapaki, nezindlela zomgwaqo njengezindawo zomphakathi ezingokwesiko lapho inkulumo nemihlangano kuthola khona isivikelo esiphakeme kakhulu.
  • i-Procest ivumela izimiso[ – Uma isetshenziswa kahle, ivumela ukuphepha futhi ivumela izenzakalo ezinkulu ukuba ziqhubeke ngaphandle kokungenela kwamaphoyisa.
  • [ Isivikelo se-wistlever [ - Imithetho emazweni athile ivikela abantu abadalula uhulumeni noma ububi benkampani ekuphindiseleni.
  • [[QULT:0] Usizo lwezentengiselwano kanye nokumelela i-probono - Izinhlangano ezinjenge ACLU[ kanye ne inikeza ukusekela okungokomthetho kwabashisekeli bezocalucalucalulo noma abafuna ukubekela imithetho evimbelayo imingcele.

Ngokwesibonelo, inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi eUnited States yathembela kakhulu ezivikelweni zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala, njengoba abashisekeli babebhekene nokuphikiswa okunobudlova. Ikhono lokukhokha isigwebo ngaphansi kwemithetho yamalungelo omphakathi (njengo - 42 U.S.C. 1983) lanikeza usizo olungokomthetho ngokumelene nokuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, likhuthaza ukuhlelwa okuqhubekayo.

Ukulinganiselwa Okungokomthetho Ekuthatheni Icala

Ngisho nasemazweni anamasiko aqinile okukhuluma, imithetho evimbela ukuthatha isinyathelo. Lokhu kulinganiselwa ngokuvamile kuyafaneleka njengokudingekile kukhuseleko lomphakathi, ukulondeka kwesizwe, noma isivikelo samanye amalungelo. Nokho, imithetho efanayo ingaba, futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa kulokhu kungavumelani nomthetho ocindezelayo . Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi komthetho onengqondo nemingcele echaphayo kuyisihluthulelo sanoma yimuphi umshisekeli.

Imingcele Yesikhathi, Indawo, Neyomuntu

Ohulumeni bangalawula isikhathi, indawo, nendlela yokubhikisha ngaphandle kokwephula inkululeko yokukhuluma, uma imithetho ingeyokungeniswa, ihlelwe ngokulinganiselwe, futhi ishiye eminye imikhondo yokuxhumana. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa ukufuna imvume yokuhamba okuvimbela ukudlula kwezimoto, imithetho yomsindo elinganisela ukuhlobana, kanye nemingcele ezungeze izinkundla zenkantolo noma imitholampilo yokukhipha izisu. Nakuba lemithetho ingase ibonakale ingathathi hlangothi, ngokuvamile ihlasela amaqembu angathandwa.

EUnited Kingdom, I-Public Order Act 1986 inikeza amaphoyisa amandla okuphoqa izimo emihlanganweni yomphakathi, kuhlanganise nokufuna abahleli ukuba banikeze isaziso sangaphambili futhi bavumele amaphoyisa ukuba ashintshe indlela yokumasha. Isenzo siye sasetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukuvinjelwa kwendawo ezungezile, kanye namaphoyisa avimbela imiboniso ehamba kancane noma imiboniso ebeka umthetho. Kukhona amalungiselelo afanayo emazweni amaningi ngaphansi kwelebula “lo hlelo lomphakathi."

Imithetho Emelene Nempiliso Neminye

Eminyakeni yamuva, ohulumeni abaningana baye bamisa imithetho ehlasela ngokuqondile amasu abashisekeli:

  • Imithetho yezesisekelo ye- engokonyaka - Izifundazwe zase-U.S. ziye zenza kwaba yicala ukuphambana kwezindawo zamandla noma “ukufaka amapayipi” ngemibhobho, ngokuphumelelayo ukwephula izindlela eziningi zesenzo esiqondile.
  • [ umthetho we-Anti-bott [ - Imithetho ejezisa abantu noma izinkampani ezilahla amazwe athile (ngokuvamile u-Israel) ulinganisela ukusetshenziswa kokucindezela kwezomnotho njengethuluzi lokubhikisha.
  • Imithetho ye-Surveillance - Ezizweni eziningi, ohulumeni bangaqoqa imetametha metam kubashisekeli noma i-monitor yezokuxhumana ngaphansi kokulunga kokuvikela kwesizwe okungaqondakali. I-Experificial Surveillance Act (FISA) ku-U.S. isetshenziselwa ukuqoqa ukwaziswa ngamaqembu asekhaya.
  • "I-Riot” kanye nencazelo engavumelekile” izincazelo[ – Vague noma izincazelo ezibanzi kakhulu zivumela iziphathimandla ukuba zimangalele ababhikishi abanokuthula ngobugebengu obuphethe izijeziso ezinzima.

I-NUFUN Rights Committee[ ibonise ngokuphindaphindiwe ukukhathazeka ngemithetho evimbela ngokuthula ukubhikisha, iqaphela ukuthi amazwe amaningi asebenzisa izimpikiswano zokuphepha kwesizwe ukuze athethelele ukucindezelwa. Kubantu abashisekeli, ukuqaphela lezizicupho ezingokomthetho eziqondile kubalulekile.

Zonda Inkulumo Nemithetho Yokuvusa Inkanuko

Cishe wonke amazwe alinganisela inkulumo evimbela ukuvela kwezikhundla eziqinile [ ukushumayeza ubudlova noma ukuzonda inkulumo. Nakuba imithetho enjalo ilwela ukuvikela imiphakathi evikelekile, akha futhi umthambeko oshelelayo. Actijaria abakhuthaza ukufuduka okuqinile"nezenzweni" ukuguqula inguquko, noma inkululeko engokwenkolo (inkululeko ) ingazithola izimangalela ukuvuselelwa kwempoqo. Intambo ivame ukuvezwa ngokwehlukile yizinkantolo: eUnited States, [[FLT:] Branburgburg ifuna ukuba inkulumo ishukuswe ngokunokwenzeka “izenzo zokungalungisi mthetho,” kanti eYurophu, imithetho ivimbela imingcele kanye nenzondo esheshayo.

Ingoma yokubhikisha ebhekwa njengenkululeko yokukhuluma eNew York ingaba ubugebengu eParis noma eBerlin. Abasekeli bamacala angokomthetho ngokuvamile batusa ukugwema ulimi olufuna ubudlova ngokuqondile noma ukusebenzisa iziphakamiso zobuhlanga, ngisho noma injongo ingaphenduli.

Ukulinganisela Amalungelo Nemingcele

Ubunzima phakathi kokwenza inqubo kanye nokuyilinganisela kusemnyombweni womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wanamuhla. buqondisa izinkantolo lapho amalungelo engqubuzana (ngokwesibonelo, lapho ukubhikisha kuphazamisa izimoto noma lapho inkulumo engokomfanekiso iphazamisa umzwelo womphakathi. Izimiso ezingokomthetho zihlanganisa:

  • Iprojekthi i-projectiation[-Ovilers kumele zilingane nomonakalo eziwuvimbelayo. Umthetho ovimbela yonke imibhishongo phakathi kwedolobha ungayihluleka lendlela yovivinyo; umthetho odinga imvume yemibuthano emikhulu ungase ungayi.
  • Isidingo[ - uhulumeni kumele abonise ukuthi akukho okunye okungavimbela kakhulu. Uma uhlelo lwemvume lungaqinisekisa ukuphepha, ukuvinjelwa okuphelele akudingekile.
  • [ ukungathathi hlangothi okuqinile[--Oyal ayikwazi ukukhomba imibono ethile phezu kwabanye. Idolobha elinikeza imvume yemibuthano ye-propulses kodwa eliyiphikayo ngenxa yokubhikisha okumelene nohulumeni liphula lesi simiso.

Abasebenzi bangabekela imingcele inselele ngokucela lemivimbo enkantolo. Ukukhipha isigwebo se-Stractic carigiation esicacisa izinga lomsebenzi ovikelweyo, "iye yandisa indawo engokomthetho engokomlando yezinhlangano. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ePhakeme e-U.S. ingasibekela inselele isinqumo Texas v. Johnson [1998] waqinisekisa ukuthi ukushiswa kwefulegi kuyinkulumo evikelwe, isinqumo esacasula abaningi kodwa saqinisa isimiso sokulungisa Isinqumo Sokuqala.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Indlela Imithetho Ethonya Ngayo Isenzo Sobushiqela Emhlabeni Wonke

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu YaseUnited States

Phakathi nonyaka ka-1950 no 1960, abashisekeli baphula ngamabomu imithetho yokuhlukanisa izinhlanga − njengaleyo Jim iziyalezo. Lelicebo lokungalaleli [ nokungalaleli okuphoqelelwe [ izinkantolo eziphoqelelwe ukulwa kwempi phakathi komthetho wendawo namalungelo omthetho-mthethwe wezwe. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [FLT]] Act ka-194 [[FLT] noMthetho we-Qult:5] [[F:] Active Act [[F]] Act ka-D [[FLT]] kwakuyimiphumela eqondileyokulwayokulwayomthetho wokulwa. Isivikelo sawokubhishosholo olusemthethweni.

Ukugadla Kwesimo Sezulu Nomthetho Womphakathi We - UK

Amaqembu anjenge Ukuhlubuka okungalawulekiyo kanye Make ume uwoyela asebenzise amasu aphazamisa ngamabomu ukuhleleka komphakathi] amabhuloho avimbezelayo, ahamba kancane, futhi azifake ekwakheni isisekelo sezesisekelo. Uhulumeni we-UK wasabela [[FLT:] uPrice, uCrice, u-Crime, u-Accentium neNTS, u-ct 2022[FLD[FL:5], okuthiwandisela izijeziso “yokuphatha kwembulo, nokunika amandla amaphoyisa okuyekelela ukuphikisa akholelwa ukuthi ziyokwenza “itwe kakhulu.” Izinselele ezingokomthetho ziyanda, kodwa ukuthambekela kwemithetho enziwa kakhulu ekuphenduleni ngezindlela zokuzimela.

Umthetho Wesizwe Wokulondeka WaseHong Kong

Ngo-2020, iChina yamisa umthetho wesizwe wezokuphepha eHong Kong ukuthi ukuphambanisa, ukuvukela, ubuphekula, nokuhlangana kwamazwe angaphandle. Umthetho uye wasetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukuvinjelwa kwe-prodemocracy kanye nabaxhasi abavikeli. Ngaphambili, iHong Kong yayinezivikelo eziqinile zenkululeko yokuhlangana ngaphansi kwe-Basicle Law; umthetho omusha ususa amalungelo amaningi. Lesi sibonelo sibonisa indlela umthetho owodwa ongawaguqula ngayo ngokuphawulekayo ngayo ngokusemthethweni umsebenzi, ususa ekusekeleni okukhulu ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho yemithetho ye-province, ususa ekuncipheni kwemithetho eqinile cishe ngesikhashana. Izindikimba zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ziye zawulahla umthetho, kodwa ukugcinwa kwemithetho yasekhaya kuyaqhubeka.

Umbono Wezizwe Zonke Ngemisebenzi Yezomthetho

Isimiso esingokomthetho sokwenza izenzo sihluka kakhulu ezifundeni zonke. I-UN Special Rapporturer mayelana namalungelo enkululeko yokuhlangana ngokuthula kanye nenhlangano ihlola lemiqondo futhi isakaza imibiko ngemikhuba emihle kakhulu. Umehluko oyinhloko uhlanganisa:

  • I-Civil lomthetho vs. umthetho ovamile - amazwe omthetho womphakathi (umzk., eFrance, eJalimane) ngokuvamile anemithetho evunyelwe kakhulu, kuyilapho amazwe avamile (umz., US, UK, Canada) ethembele kakhulu esibonelweni sokwahlulela.
  • Izivikelo zeConstitution [[[FL:1] - Amazwe anomthetho-mthetho oqinile wamalungelo (njenge-South Africa noma iCanada) athambekele ekuhlolweni kakhulu komthetho womthetho wokubhikisha.
  • Imibuso yentando yeningi i- – Ezizweni zempoqo, imithetho ivame ukusetshenziswa njengamathuluzi okucindezela, nabaphathi abazimele abancane bokwahlulela. Ngisho nasebuthweni lentando yeningi, amandla aphuthumayo angasetshenziswa ekunciphiseni i-activeism phakathi nezikhathi ezibucayi.

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezwe lonke umisa indinganiso elinganiselwe, kodwa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu kubuthakathaka. Isimemezelo esihlangene samalungelo abantu (incazelo 20) (i-Actle 20) iqinisekisa inkululeko yokuhlangana ngokuthula, kodwa ayiboshelwa ngokomthetho. Izivumelwano ezinjenge-ICCPR zihlola izindikimba ezitusayo, kodwa ukuvuma kungokokuzithandela. Abashisekeli bempi basebenza emingceleni, lo msebenzi udinga ukuhlaziywa komthetho phambi kwanoma yisiphi isenzo.

Iziphakamiso Ezingokomthetho Zezimemezelo Zokuthatha Icala

Ukwazi umthetho akwanele, kodwa futhi kumelwe kusungule amasu asebenzayo okusebenzisa izivikelo ezingokomthetho nokugwema izihibe zomthetho. Lezi zinqubo ezilandelayo ziyatuswa kabanzi:

Yazi Amalungelo Akho

Phambi kokuhlanganyela kunoma ikuphi ukubhikisha noma umkhankaso, cwaninga imithetho ethile esendaweni ohlala kuyo. Wazi amakhadi akho amalungelo [ noma imithombo yezobuchwepheshe ingakusiza ukuba ukhumbule amaphuzu ayinhloko uma emiswa amaphoyisa. Ngokwesibonelo, e-U.S., unelungelo lokuthula futhi ucele ummeli. Emazweni amaningi, unelungelo lokuthwebula amaphoyisa ezindaweni zomphakathi. Ukuqonda lezizisekelo kunciphisa ingozi yokufuna ukudluliswa.

Bhala Yonke Into

Izinselele ezingokomthetho zixhomeke kakhulu ebufakazini. Ukubhikisha komthetho kudinga ukuphikisana (kukhona nemingcele engokomthetho) futhi kugcine amakhophi emvume, iposi nezikhulu, kanye nezitatimende zobufakazi. Le zincwadi zingabaluleka kakhulu uma kamuva ufaka icala elisho ukuphulwa kwamalungelo. Ukuvikelwa kwamanani kubalulekile futhi [1] Ukuxhumana okuyimfihlo kanye nemibhalo egciniwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphambana.

Sebenzela Izinhlangano Ezisekela Ngokomthetho

Amaqembu anjenge [[FLT: 0] ALU, LIBRITY , [[FLT:]] Ilungelo lomuntu Watch[[[FLT:], kanye [[FLT] ne Amnesty International [[ inikeza izingqapheli ezingokomthetho, ukwazi izakhi zakho, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukumelela okuqondile. Abaningi basebenzisa izikhonso ezishisayo zezikhankanyiso eziboshwayo. progoso ezikhethekile eziqondiswe elungelweni zomphakathi zingasiza ekuhloleni izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Sebenzisa Izindlela Ezifanele

Ezinye izimpi ezingokomthetho zifanele ukulwa hhayi nje ukunqoba icala elilodwa, kodwa ukubeka isibonelo esinwebela wonke amalungelo. Lendlela idinga ukukhethwa ngokucophelela kwezindaba nemithombo, kodwa ngokomlando iye yaba enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokulwa nemithetho evimbelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-American Liberties Union inomlando omude wokuthatha izigebengu ezichaza imingcele yenkululeko yokukhuluma, ngokuvamile ilahlekelwe ngenkathi emfushane kodwa edlulile.

Ukuhambisana Nemithetho Enengqondo

Nakuba ukungalaleli komphakathi ngezinye izikhathi kudinga ukwephula imithetho engalungile, abashisekeli kufanele bahlukanise phakathi kwemithetho edingekile ngempela ekulondekeni komphakathi naleyo ecindezelayo. Ukuthola imvume yokuthatha uhambo, ngisho noma ungavumelani nalemfuneko, kungavimbela ukuboshwa okungadingekile futhi kugcine ukugxila esigijimini sakho. Ukuwephula ngamabomu umthetho ocacile kungaba iqhinga, kodwa lokho ukukhetha kufanele kwenziwe ngokuqaphela ngokugcwele imiphumela engokomthetho.

Isiphetho

Imithetho iyinkemba ebambene kabili efuna ukwenza isenzo. Inganikeza uhlelo lwezinguquko eziqinile futhi ivikele amaphimbo asengozini kakhulu, noma angasontwa ukuze kuthuliswe ukuphikiswa kanye nokungalingani kwamandla angaphakathi. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi ukufunda nokubhala kuyikhono eliyinhloko kunoma yimuphi umshisekeli wenguquko . Ngokuqonda isivikelo esikhona, ukuqaphela imingcele ebekwe, nokwamukela izindlela ezihlakaniphile zomthetho, izinhlangano zingasebenza ngokuphephile nangokuphumelelayo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlela umbuthano wendawo noma uhlanganyela enhlanganweni yembulunga yonke, zinike isikhathi sokuthintana nochwepheshe bezomthetho, ufunde iziqondiso ezihlobene nomthetho, futhi ubheke izinguquko ezisemthethweni. Ukulwela ubulungisa akuzuzwa nje kuphela emigwaqweni, kodwa futhi nasezinkantolo () futhi uma ukulungele ngokwengeziwe, kulapho kunzima khona ukuba umthetho usetshenziswe ngokumelene nawe.