Ukuqonda Isisekelo Esingokomthetho Salabo Abafuna Imali Ekhokhwa Ngokuphandwa Kwemali

Ukuthungatha imali, inqubo lapho izimali ezingekho emthethweni zenziwa khona zibonakale zisemthethweni, inikeza izinselele eziyingqayizivele zophengululo. Enkundleni yanoma yiziphi izinhlelo ezingokomthetho kunezinqubo zokugunyaza. Abameli banikeza iziyalo zomthetho ezinikeza igunya lokuqapha izakhiwo, ukuthatha izinto, ukuhlola amarekhodi emali, noma ukubopha abantu abasolwayo ngokugawulwa ngemali. ISivumelwano Sesine se-U. somthetho kanye nesivikelo esilinganayo kwezinye izimiso zomthetho kudinga ukuba imfuneko isekelwe entweni elindelekile, ibekwe ngendlela eqondile, futhi ibulawe ngokufanelekile. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi buthembekile futhi bungakholeki enkantolo, kuyilapho kuhlonishwa kanye kanye kanye namalungelo abantu. Ngaphandle kokuqonda okuqinile kwalezi zimfuneko, ngisho nokugobeka imibandela, ukukhohlakala izimali nokukhwaba.

Imfuneko Eyinhloko: Imbangela Ephumelelayo

Imbangela efanelekile indinganiso yomthetho-sisekelo okumelwe ihlangatshelwe phambi komahluleli noma umahluleli othile anganikeza imvume. Ichazwa njengenkolelo enengqondo, esekelwe emaqinisweni nasezimweni, ukuthi ubufakazi bezenzo zobugebengu busekelwe emaqinisweni nasezimweni ezithile, − njengemali yokuthungatha, ikhona endaweni ethile, phakathi kwento ethile (njenge-akhawunti yebhange), noma kumuntu othile. Imbangela eqinisekile ayiyona indinganiso eqinile yezibalo kodwa ayiyona indinganiso esebenzayo, enengqondo. Emalini yokukhomba izigebengu, lokhu ngokuvamile kusho ukuveza i-nixus phakathi kobugebengu obaziwayo (umz., ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ubuphekula, ubuphekulalisa) kanye nentengo yemali noma impahla ekhona.

Ukumisa imbangela okungenzeka ihilela i-affidavit ehonjiswa yisikhulu somthetho. Le-affidavit kumele inikeze amaqiniso afungelwe − hhayi iziphetho noma amahemuhemu − okuholela ijaji elingathathi hlangothi ekuphetheni ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuba ubufakazi bokuthungatha imali butholakale. Ngokwesibonelo, abacwaningi bangase bachaze izimpawu zokuthengiseka, izimpawu ezihambisana nemiphumela yokuhlola, noma ukuhlaziya ngokwezimali. I-affidavit iyagxeka; uma iqukethe izinkulumo ezingamanga noma ukuphucwa ngamabomu, isiqinisekiso singancishwa ngaphansi kwe [[FLT:] FLD]. I-Delilarew.[FFFOLDA:1] indinga yokuqeda ubufakazi.

Emkhakheni wemali efakwayo, ngokunokwenzeka imbangela idinga ukuxhumanisa amachashaza phakathi komsebenzi ongekho emthethweni nentengiselwano yemali. Lokhu kungaba yinkimbinkimbi ngoba abahlanzi basebenzisa ukuhwebelana okunamagobolondo, izinkampani zamagobolondo, nama-akhawunti ogu lolwandle ukuze bafihle umzila. Ngakho abangenisi kumelwe bathembele emalini emithomboni enjengeyoMthonjeni wezezimali ([[[FLT:]]] FiN [FLT]] [FLT]][FLT] [FLT]] [[FLT]]), inikeza isiqondiso ezinhlotsheni zemibiko esekela imibiko.

Izimfuneko Zokulwa: Isisekelo Sesicelo Sobuqhawe

I-affidavit isebenza njengesiqinisekiso esingokomthetho sokungenela ekusithekeni. Emalini yokufaka uphenyo, i-affidavit akumelwe isho okushiwo ngekhanda izinsolo; kumelwe isungule uhide lwemifanekiso eholela ekubangeleni. Izici eziyisihluthulelo zihlanganisa:

  • Umthombo wokwaziswa: Indlela abacwaningi abaqala ngayo ukwazi ngomsebenzi osolwayo (umz., umsebenzi wokwaziswa, umsebenzi wobuso obuphansi, ukuhlaziywa kwezezimali). I-affidavit kumele ibonise ukuthembeka komthombo, ikakhulukazi uma izimemezeli eziyimfihlo zisetshenziswa.
  • I-exbus engokoqobo: amaqiniso aqondile ahlanganisa izinto noma izindawo okumelwe ziseshwa noma zithathwe ekuthungeni imali. Ngokwesibonelo, indaba ye-akhawunti yebhange ebonisa imali esele ekuthengisweni kwezidakamizwa okwaziwayo.
  • Ufuzo lwesikhathi: Ibonisa ukuthi ukwaziswa akuyona into eshaqisiwe. Amasu okuthungatha imali angaqhubeka, kodwa ama-affidavit kumele athethelele ukuthi kungani ubufakazi busekhona.
  • [ Ukuqeqesha nokuhlangenwe nakho: Izimpawu zivame ukuhlanganisa ifashoni yabo nolwazi lwabo lokuchaza ulwazi lwezezimali ukuze kuboniswe ukuthi iziphetho zabo zinengqondo.

I-affidavit efakwe kahle ibalulekile ngoba ingaphansi kokuhlola kokubili enkantolo engokomthetho futhi kamuva enkantolo. Abameli bavikela izikhali bavame ukubekela inselele ukwaneliseka kwe-affidavit, befuna ukuba nobufakazi obucishiwe. Ngakho abaxhasi kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi wonke amaqiniso ashiwo ngokunembile nokuthi noma yiziphi izinto ezishiywe (ezingezinye izincazelo ezingenacala) ziyagwenywa. Ukuze baqonde ngokujulile ukufakwa kwe-affidavit emacala ebugebenguni, abashushicileli nabaphathi bangahlola imithombo evela .

Izinhlobo Zabahlaseli Abasetshenziswa Ezindaweni Ezikhokhwa Imali

Ukugcinwa komthetho kunamathuluzi amaningana okugunyaza ukuba kwenziwe, ngalinye linezindinganiso ezingokomthetho eziqondile nezicelo.

Ukufuna Izindlela Zokufuna

Kufunwa imvume yokusesha indawo echazwe (ikhaya, ihhovisi, imoto) nokuthatha izinto ezihlelwe kulolu phawu. Kulokhu kuhlola ngemali, lokhu kungahlanganisa amacomputer, ukushayela kanzima, amaphepha emali, amasheke, kanye namarekhodi entengiselwano. Imvume ikakhulukazi kumelwe ichaze indawo okuzoseshwa nezinto ezizothathwa; izimvume ezivamile azigunyaziwe. Ukukhishwa kwesiqinisekiso sokufuna ubufakazi obungokwezimali kudinga ukuzimisela ngokucophelela ukugwema ukuthatha izinto ezihloniphekile (uml. ummeli-clentry-exply) noma ukugxazulula amalungelo engxenyeni yesithathu yesithathu.

Abashiyi Bempi (Izimo Ezizinhle)

Imvume yokuthola imvume yokuthatheka kwempahla noma yezobugebengu, ngokuvamile ekhishwa ngaphansi kwemithetho yomthetho ehlulwayo, ivumela uhulumeni ukuba athathe ifa lempahla ekholelwa ukuthi iyimali ekhona noma esetshenziswayo ukuze athole imali. Lokhu kungahlanganisa indawo, izimoto, ama-akhawunti ebhange, nezinto zokunethezeka. Ukuze athole imvume yokuthatheka, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ngokunokwenzeka ukuthi impahla incishwane. Kwezinye izifunda, ukuzwa kwempahla kungadingeka ngemva kokuphucwa yindawo. Ukulahlekelwa yithuluzi elinamandla, kodwa kumelwe kusetshenziswe ngokulandelana nenqubo efanele. Amasheya kufanele athintane [[FLT:]

Ukukhokha Izimali Nezindatshana Ezingokwezimali

Ukuthola amarekhodi emali ngokuvamile kubalulekile ekuhloleni imali. Izinqubo ziyahlukahluka ngokwesimiso. E-United States, Ilungelo lokuthola i-Namantary Finity Act (RFPA) ibusa ukuvubukulwa kwamarekhodi abathengi ezikhungweni zezimali. Nakuba ukuphenywa (ngokusekelwa yisizathu esilindelekile) kuyindlela eyodwa, abacwaningi futhi basebenzisa amajaji amakhulu asebenza ejaji, amabhande, noma imvume yokuphatha. Nokho, ikakhulukazi uphenyo olusheshayo noma olukhulu lwemali, isiqinisekiso sinikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho ngoba kudingeka ukuthola komthetho imbangela eyimfihlo futhi cishe kubekelwe inselele ezikhundleni zomthetho. Amanye amazwe anezivumelwano ezingokomthetho (MLMLM) ezidinga ukukhokhwazwa kwezivumelwano ezingokomthetho.

Izindawo Zokuthumba

Izivumelwano zokuboshwa emacaleni okuthumba zikhishwe uma kunesizathu esingase sikholwe sokukholelwa ukuthi umuntu othile uye wenza ubugebengu. Ngokungafani nemithetho yokufuna, imvume yokubopha imane nje igunya lokufaka umuntu ejele; ayigunyazi ukuphenywa kwempahla ngaphandle kokuba isenzakalo siboshwe noma ngaphansi kwezimo eziguquguqukayo. Abangenisi-mali kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi ummangalelwa ufaka isibopho sokuboshwa ngokusobala ekuhilelekeni kosolwayo eqhingani lokuthumba.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Nakuba isilinganiso segolide siyindinganiso, umthetho uqaphela ukuhlukana okuningana okuvumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kuthathe isinyathelo ngaphandle kwemvume ezimweni ezithile.

  • Izimo ezingathi shubile: Uma kudingeka isinyathelo esisheshayo sokuvimbela ukubhujiswa kobufakazi noma ukuvikela ukuphila, izikhulu zingangena zisesha ngaphandle kwemvume. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umcabangelwa esezokonakalisa amarekhodi ngokwezimali, ukungena okungena okungena okungena ngesiqinisekiso kungathethelelwa. Nokho, amathuba okubhubhisa kumelwe abe makhulu, futhi izinga okungalinganiswa lilinganiselwe.
  • I-conect:[ Uma umuntu onegunya elisobala phezu kwempahla evuma ngokuzithandela ekuhloleni, izikhulu zingaqhubeka ngaphandle kwemvume. Ukuvuma kumelwe kunikezwe ngokukhululekile, hhayi ngokuphoqelelwa.
  • Imfundiso yombono osemthethweni: Uma isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho futhi sibona ubufakazi bokuthunga imali ngokukhanyayo, bangayithatha ngaphandle kwemvume. Lokhu ngokuvamile kusebenza phakathi nokufuna okungokomthetho kwezinye izizathu noma phakathi nokuma kwezimoto uma izincwadi zezimali zibonakala.
  • Uphendlo lwezibalo: Uma kuvela ukubekwa okungokomthetho kwemoto noma impahla, izikhulu zingabala okungaphakathi ukuze zivikeleke futhi zivimbele ukulahleka kwempahla. Uma ubufakazi bemali ithungatha imali butholakala phakathi nohlu olungenayo, ingaba i-dmissuble, uma inike uhlu lwezinto luqhutshwa ngokwezimiso ezivamile.

Naphezu kwalokhu kungabi nandaba, ukuthembela ezivumelwaneni zokukhokhwa kwemali kutuswa kakhulu lapho kukhishwa amacala ngenxa yobufakazi obuyinkimbinkimbi obungokwezimali obuhilelekile. Abalweli banikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho esicacile futhi banciphisa ingozi yokucindezelwa. Izinkantolo ziyangabaza kakhulu ukuphenywa okungenacala lapho uhulumeni enesikhathi sokufuna imvume.

Izinselele Ekutholeni Nasekuphumeni Ngenxa Yokuphangwa Kwemali

Ukuthungatha imali kuhlanganisa izisulu ezishukumisayo: izimali zinqamula imingcele, zidlule ama - akhawunti amaningi, futhi zingene ezinhlanganweni ezingazaziwa.

Ubufakazi Obuyinkimbinkimbi Bezimali

Ngokungafani nekhophi yezidakamizwa noma isikhali, ubufakazi bemali buvame ukuba khona njengoba amarekhodi emishini esakazwa ezinhlanganweni eziningi. Imvume yokuhlola ikhaya elisolwayo ingaveza amacomputer, kodwa amarekhodi abucayi okuthengiselana angagcinwa ezisebenzini kwamanye amazwe. Abangenisi ngokuvamile kufanele basebenzise izivumelwano zezindawo eziningi futhi baxhumane neziphathimandla zakwamanye amazwe. Stored Comment Act nemithetho efanayo inezela izingqimba zemicikilisho lapho befuna izinkonzo zezemishini yezemishini.

Ubukhulu kanye nokuhlukahluka

Izinkantolo zidinga imvume yokuba ziqonde ngangokunokwenzeka. Emacaleni emali, izinto okumelwe zithathwe zingahlanganisa yonke i-data yezezimali noma ama-akhawunti e-imeyili. Uma imvume ibanzi kakhulu (umz., “wonke amarekhodi” ngaphandle kwesakhelo sesikhathi noma ukuhlobana nobugebengu), kungalahlwa ize njengemvume evamile. Abaxhasi-Pregitori kumele bafake ngokucophelela izinhlelo zabo zokwaziswa, bachaze ukuthi kungani ukuphenya okukhulu kudingekile okunikezwa ubufakazi obungokwezimali, futhi ngokuvamile bahlanganise umthetho ongokomthetho wokukhipha imvume ebhandeni elihloniphekile noma imniningo. Ukhankampanelo yezidakamizwa izidakamizwa

Ukukhula Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Ukukhomba imali kuyimbulunga yonke. Impoqo yecala ivame ukugelezela emagunyeni asemthethweni ebhange. Ukuthola imvume kwelinye izwe kungase kunganele ukufinyelela amarekhodi kwelinye. Izivumelwano zosizo olungokomthetho (MAMLAT) kanye nezinhlamvu zokucolova zingaba ngejubane futhi zinzima. Amanye amazwe adinga ubugebengu obubili obubonisa ukuthi umsebenzi uzoba ongekho emthethweni kuwo womabili amazwe. I-Finantact Task Force ([FLT: 0]]...FATF) itusa izinqubo zomjahosholo, kodwa izithiyo ezisebenzayo zingadinga ukulungiselela iziphakamiso zezicelo eziningi ezisemthethweni, ngokuvamile esebenza nge-omatila engokomthetho.

Ulwazi lomuntu

Ngenxa yokuthi ubufakazi obungokwezimali bungabhujiswa noma bushukunyiswe ngokushesha, isikhathi sokusebenza kwesicelo somthetho sibucayi. Isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kukwaziswa amasonto noma izinyanga ezindala singabhekwa njengesingasebenzi uma isimo secebo sivumela ukunyakaza kwemali okusheshayo. Abangenisi-mali kumelwe babonise ukuthi ubufakazi buhlala endaweni. Ekuhlinzeni okuqhubekayo, ukukhubazeka akuyona inkinga ngoba ukuthengiselana kuyaqhubeka.

Izinto Ezinamalungelo Akhethekile

Amarekhodi emali angahlanganisa ukuxhumana okuvikelwe yilungelo eliyi-glov, noma ukwaziswa kwamalungu amathathu. Abalindi kumelwe bathathe izinyathelo zokugwema ukuthatha izinto eziyigugu, futhi uma bezenza, izinkantolo zingazicindezela noma zidinge “iqembu eliphethe” ukuze libukeze ubufakazi. Lokhu kwenezela ukuyinkimbinkimbi okungokwesiko ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubulawa.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokuphoqelelwa Komthetho Ekunqandeni Abameleli

Ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi izimvume ziyasekelwa enkantolo nokuthi ubufakazi buyasetshenziswa, abacwaningi kufanele balandele amasu aqinisekisiwe.

  • Yakha inkambiso yezezimali ebanzi: Ngaphambi kokuba ufake isicelo sesiqinisekiso, qoqa ukuhlakanipha okukhulu ngokwezimali ngangokunokwenzeka ngamaSAR, amarekhodi ebhange, imithombo yomphakathi, nofakazi ababambisanayo. Lokhu kuqinisa imbangela okungenzeka ibonise.
  • Ihlangene nabahlaziyi bezezimali: Amandla asheshayo ahlanganisa ababali-zincwadi abanobuphi bemali abangasiza ekusunguleni ukulandisa okushukumisayo okuhlanganisa ubugebengu. Ukufakwa kwabo kufanele kube yingxenye ye-affidavit.
  • Funa ukubukezwa umshushisi: Ngaphambi kokunikeza imvume kumajaji, umshushisi onokuhlangenwe nakho uhlola imvume yokuthola ukwaneliseka okungokomthetho, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokubaluleka kwamalungelo athile.
  • Akha uketango lwelungelo lokuhlala: Uma ubufakazi buthathekile, kudingeka amarekhodi acophelelayo ukuze kufakazelwe ukuthi ayiqiniso futhi kuvinjelwe ukufushaniswa kwemvume.
  • I-Planel ukuze kutholakale ubufakazi bemitayela: Uma amacomputer noma izisebenzisi zingaseshwa, hlanganisa iprotocol ye-figmation kanye nokuhlola okuhambisana nomthetho we-Procedredal Procedre 41[ nomthetho osebenzayo. Cabangela ukusetshenziswa kwezimpawu zobukhombane bemishini ngaphansi komthetho [[FLT:]] Stored Expressicts Act
  • Cwangcisa amanye amathuluzi omthetho: Kwezinye izimo, i-comppoena enkulu yamajaji ingafaneleka kakhulu kunesiqinisekiso sokufuna, ikakhulukazi amarekhodi agcinwa amaqembu esithathu afana namabhange. Nokho, ama-topina awadingi sizathu esingalindelekile futhi angabekelwa inselele kalula.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nokuthambekela Okungokomthetho

Izindawo ezingokomthetho ezigunyaza ukugcinwa kwemali emacaleni okuthungatha ziyaqhubeka ziguquka. Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zihlola ubufakazi obungokwezinombolo, zidinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kokuhlola omakhalekhukhwini, ama-akhawunti ocingo asemafwini, kanye nokufihla izimali. Ngokwesibonelo, i-U.S. Ekakhulu iNkantolo e [[FLT:] [[FFFF:]] [FFFF:]] [3]] ngokuvamile zikhomba izisulu ezingaziwayo ezihlobene nokunyeliswa okuhlobene. Ezindaweni ezithengwayo, isimiso esihlanganisa izimali nezindlela ezithengiselelwe ngokwezezezentengiselwano. [[5]

Isiphetho

Uphenyo oluphumelelayo lwezinhlelo zokuthungatha imali luxhomeke ekunamatheleni ngokuqinile ekubopheni izimfuneko. Izimiso eziyisisekelo zokwenza izinto. Izizathu ezicatshangelweyo, ezikhethekile, nokubulawa ngokufanele zenzakalela, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwazo ezweni lezezimali kudinga ulwazi olukhethekile. Ngokwakha i-affidavit enamandla esekelwe ekusebenziseni ulwazi oluqinile lwezezimali ukuze kuqondiswe ubufakazi obuningi bezesayensi kanye nokubambisana kwezizwe zonke, ukugcinwa komthetho kumele kube nokucophelela. Isiqinisekiso esingenakuvinjelwa nje kuphela kodwa futhi nezimiso ezingokomthetho zifuna isivikelo. Ngokuqonda iziseke, izinhlobo zemithetho, ngaphandle, nezingibe, abahloli bangalandela imali ezindaweni ezinamagebekulondeke, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwahlulela kusebenza ngaphandle kwenqubo engokomthetho. Njengendlela yokuguqula izimali, imfuneko engokomthetho iyakuhlala ikhona.