Table of Contents

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States umisa uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokwakha nokuchaza imithetho ekhona ekhuthazelele amakhulu amabili eminyaka. Lesimiso sihlanganisa amagatsha kahulumeni amaningi asebenza ndawonye ngezinqubo eziklanywe ngokucophelela eziqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isungulwe ngedemokrasi, isetshenziswe ngokuphumelelayo, futhi ichazwe kahle. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho enziwa futhi ichazwe ngayo ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi isebenza kanjani idemokhrasi yaseMelika nokuthi izimiso zomthetho-mthetho zibulawula kanjani inqubo yansuku zonke.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokwenza Imithetho

ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 1, ye-United States Constitution sho wonke amagunya omthetho eSishayamthetho eUnited States, ehlanganisa iSigele nendlu yabameleli. Le lungiselelo eliyisisekelo limisa iSishaya - mthetho njengendikimba eyinhloko yomthetho kahulumeni kahulumeni, ikha isishaya-mthetho esibonisa ukulingana okukhona kokubili eSigeqeni nasemifanekisweni yenani labantu eMzini.

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo bakhetha ngamabomu lesi sakhiwo ukuze balinganisele izithakazelo ezincintisanayo futhi baqinisekise ukuthi umthetho udinga ukuvumelana okukhulu. Lamagumbi amabili ngokuyisisekelo alingana ezindima nasemisebenzini yawo yokumisa. Nokho, igumbi ngalinye linemithwalo ethile ehlukile yomthetho-sisekelo ehlukanisa indima yalo enqubweni yokushaya umthetho.

Indlu kuphela engasungula umthetho wenzuzo, futhi kuphela iSigele esiqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano ezivumayo, kodwa ukumiswa komthetho njalo kudinga ukuba womabili amakamu avumelane ngokuhlukana nomthetho ofanayo ngaphambi kokuba awunikeze kuMongameli. Lemfuneko yemvume ye-bidamaral iveza ukuhlola okubalulekile emthethweni osheshayo noma onganakiwe.

Indlela Ibhili Eba Ngayo Umthetho: Uhambo Olungokomthetho

Ukusungulwa Nokuthunyelwa

Imithetho iqala njengemibono, futhi okokuqala, ummeleli uxhasa isimemezelo. Isivumelwano siyisiphakamiso somthetho omusha noma ukushintshela kumthetho okhona, futhi umqondo wecala ungavela kwilungu elihlezi leSigele noma iNdlu yabameleli base-U.S., isiphakamiso phakathi nomkhankaso wokhetho, noma isicelo sabantu noma amaqembu ezakhamuzi atusa umthetho omusha noma osushintshiwe elunguni leSishaya-Hulumeni esiwamelelayo.

Ilungu ngalinye eMzini wabameleli lingase liqale isikhokhelo nganoma isiphi isikhathi lapho indlu iseqenjini ngokumane iyibeke e-"host" eceleni kwedeski likaClerk eMnyango wendlu, futhi isignesha yomxhasi kumelwe ivele esibhakabhakeni, esingase sibe nenani elingenamkhawulo lamaLungu asebenza ngokufaka umthetho owenziwe umphakathi. Le nqubo esobala iqinisekisa ukuthi noma imuphi ummeleli angaletha umthetho akholelwa ukuthi unikeza isithakazelo somphakathi.

Isabelo Sekomiti Nokubukeza

Imali yabelwa inani layo lemithetho yi-Clerk futhi ibhekiselwe ekomitini yokulawula, eyikomiti eboshelwe ukubukeza lesi sivumelwano. Kuwo womabili amagumbi, iningi lochwepheshe bezimiso basemakomitini amile – izishaya-hlu zamalungu aphuma kuzo zombili izigaba ezivame ukuhola ekuthuthukiseni nasekuhloleni umthetho, futhi amalungu avame ukusebenza ekomitini elincane, ngokuvamile iminyaka eminingi, ezivumela ukuba zibe nolwazi oluphezulu ezindaweni ezithile zezimiso.

Ngemva kokuba sekuqaliswe isikhwama futhi kubhekiswe ekomitini yezikhulu, ikomiti ivame ukuthumela lesisinyathelo emaqenjini ayo akhethekile, emacaleni, ekubukezeni, nasekuvumeni, futhi ngokuvamile, isinyathelo sokuqala kulenqubo ukuqulwa obala lapho amalungu ekomiti noma ikomiti eboshwe lizwa khona ofakazi bemibono ehlukahlukene elingana nesilinganiso. Lokhu kulalela kunikeza ithuba ochwepheshe, ababambi bemathikithi, namalungu omphakathi ukuba banikeze ubufakazi nangobufakazi obunikezwayo ngokuphathelene nomthetho ohlongozwayo.

Inqubo Yokuphawula

Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, noma uchungechunge lwezikhalo, iKomiti ihlangana ukuze iphawule umthetho, okungukuthi, yenza izinguquko ngokuguqula umbhalo wokuqala, futhi ukuqongelela kuyisinyathelo sokuqala enqubweni yomthetho lapho umthetho ungaba khona nezinguquko ezinkulu, lapho amalungu eveza khona imibono yawo, futhi anqume futhi avote ekulungiseni. Lesigaba esibucayi senza amalungu ekomiti alungise umthetho, anikeze iziphakamiso, futhi akhe ukuvumelana ngesicelo esisebenzayo.

Ukucabangela Ubuhle Nempikiswano

Uma ikhishwa yikomiti, izimali zifakwa ekhalendeni ukuze zivotelwe, ziphikiswane noma zilungiswe, futhi uma isambathi sidlula ngeningi (218 kubantu abangu- 435), isamba secala sidlulela eNkabeni. Ingxoxo yasesitezi yaphansi ihluka kakhulu phakathi kwamagumbi amabili, iveza izici zawo ezihlukile zomthetho-sisekelo namasiko.

Ngokuvamile, imithetho nemikhuba yendlu ivumela inani elikhulu ukuba lisebenzise umthetho ngokushesha, kuyilapho imithetho yeSigele nezinqubo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuvumelana nokuhlobana ngokuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo, njengoba kunikeza abashicileli abathile amandla aphawulekayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umthetho ngokuvamile uhamba ngokushesha kakhulu eMzini kodwa ubhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu kakhulu ezingathi zikhona eSigeqeni.

Ukuxazulula Ukungezwani Phakathi Kwezikhungo

Uma imvume idlula kwenye indikimba yeSishaya - mthetho, iya komunye umkhakha ukuba uqhubeke ngenqubo efanayo yokucwaninga, ingxoxo, izinguquko, nokuvota, futhi uma izindikimba zombili sezivotelwe ukuba zamukele isikweleti, kumelwe zikhiphe noma yikuphi ukungafani phakathi kwezinguqulo ezimbili. Uma iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izinguqulo ezihlukene zesivumelwano esifanayo, ukungehluka kumelwe kubuyisane ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uqhubeke kuMongameli.

Ngemva kokudlula kokubili kwendlu neSigele isikweleti ngokuvamile kuthunyelwa ikomiti yengqungquthela yeNdlu yeNdlu neSeneta lapho ukungefani kwezinguqulo zendlu nezigele kunqunywa khona, amalungu eKomiti yeNgqungquthela ngokuvamile akhiwa amalungu amakhulu amakomiti ayecabangela umthetho ekuqaleni, futhi abanikeli bamiswa yi House neNkathi. Le nqubo yengqungquthela ivumela abashaya imithetho abanolwazi ukuba baxoxe ngokuhlehla kokuhlehla okunganeliseka emagumbini womabili.

Isenzo Sobumongameli

Ngemva kokuba isilinganiso sesidlulisiwe ngendlela efanayo yindlu neSigele, sithathwa ngokuthi "sibhaliwe," futhi isikhwama esibhaliwe sithunyelwa kuMongameli ongase asisayine emthetho, sifakwe eqenjini futhi sibuyiselwe eSivumelwaneni, masibe umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwe, noma ekupheleni kwesimiso, esifakwa ephaketheni.

Umongameli angasivumela lesi sivumelwano futhi asisayine emthethweni, noma umongameli anganqaba ukuvuma isikweleti, esibizwa ngokuthi iveto, futhi uma umongameli ekhetha ukukhipha umthetho, ezimweni eziningi uMkhandlu ungavota ukuba uthathele kude lokho futhi umthetho ube umthetho. I-vetoto ewushicilelweyo idinga inani eliphindwe kabili lesithathu levoti kuwo womagumbi, isenze sibe isithiyo esiphawulekayo esiqinisekisa umthetho kuphela osekela kakhulu ukuba kube khona kwemithetho emelene nomongameli.

Uma umongameli engasayini encwadini futhi ihlala ingasayinwanga uma uMkhandlu ungasaphathwa, isaziso sizokhishwa ngephutha, futhi lesisenzo sibizwa ngokuthi iveto ephaketheni, futhi ngeke ingasebenzi nge-Congress. Leli lungiselelo livimbela uKhongolo ukuba luphoqelele isandla sikaMongameli ngokuthunga ngokushesha ngemva kokukhipha umthetho ophikisanayo.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nokuguquguquka Kwenqubo Yokushaya Umthetho

Inqubo yokuba umthetho okuthukela ukuba ikwenqabelana ngayo ikwazi ukutshelwa futhi ingahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngezindleko zemali, futhi eqinisweni, ezikweletini eziningi, lenqubo ngeke ilandele ukulandelana kwezigaba zomthetho ezivame ukuqondwa njengenqubo yomthetho. Lokhu kuveza amandla ayinkimbinkimbi ezombangazwe, imithetho ehleliwe, nokucabangela okuhleliwe okungabangela imiphumela yemithetho.

UKhongolo-mthetho unemithetho nezinqubo, ngokuvamile eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ezicwengisisiwe eminyakeni eminingi, eziqondisa indlela esebenza ngayo -- futhi, ikakhulukazi, indlela ezizoguqula ngayo imiqondo yemithetho ibe imithetho. Lezi zinqubo ziye zashintsha ukuze zivumelane nokusebenza kahle nokuhlela, ukubusa okuningi namalungelo amancane, nokusabela kanye nokuzinza.

Izinhlobo Zesenzo Senhlangano

Nakuba izikweleti ziwuhlobo oluvame kakhulu lomthetho, iSishaya - mthetho singasebenzisa izinsimbi eziningana ezihlukene. Isiphakamiso ngokuvamile sithatha uhlobo olulodwa kwezine eziyinhloko: isikweletu, isinqumo esihlanganyelwe, isinqumo esivumelanayo, nesinqumo esilula, kanye nezikweletu kuyimithetho esemthethweni.

Kunomehluko omncane osebenzayo phakathi kwemali kanye nesinqumo esihlanganyelwe kanye nalezi zinqubo ezimbili ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziswa inqubo efanayo, futhi umehluko owodwa uwukuthi isinqumo esihlangeneyo singahlanganisa isandulela esingaphambili esikhona. Izinqumo ezihlangene zivame ukusetshenziswa ngezinjongo ezithile njengokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo noma ukugunyaza izenzo eziphuthumayo.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sencazelo Yokwahlulela

Nakuba iSishaya - mthetho senza imithetho nezimpawu zikaMongameli noma siyenza igwegwe, igatsha lokwahlulela lifeza indima ebaluleke ngokufanayo esimisweni somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika ngokuchaza imithetho nangokunquma ukuthi iwumthetho-sisekelo ongokomthetho. Lamandla okwahlulela, nakuba engashiwonga ngokucacile eMthethweni, aseyisisekelo sokubusa kwaseMelika.

Imvelaphi Yokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Umbhalo woMthetho - sisekelo awunalo ilungiselelo eliqondile lokuhlola amandla okwahlulela, futhi kunalokho, amandla okumemezela imithetho engekho emthethweni aye abhekwa njengamandla asikiselwayo, athathwe eSiphakamisweni III naseSiphakamisweni Sesi - VI soMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. Naphezu kwalokhu kungabikho kombhalo ocacile womthetho - sisekelo, lomqondo unemisuka ejulile emlandweni.

Umlando ogciniwe ovela ekuFunyanweni naseminyakeni yokuqala yeRepublic usikisela ukuthi labo abahlela futhi bagunyaza uMthetho-sisekelo babekuqaphela ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, nokuthi abanye ababethanda ukunikeza izinkantolo amandla ngalelogunya, futhi umqondo wokwahlulela wawusumisiwe kakade ngesikhathi sokusungulwa. Izinkantolo zesifundazwe eziningi zase zisebenzise amandla kakade ukuze ziqede umthetho wezwe ongqubuzana nomthetho - sisekelo kazwe ngaphambi kokuba uMthetho-sisekelo kazwe wamukelwe.

Nakuba umsebenzi wokubukeza kokwahlulela unganikezwanga ngokuqondile eMthethweni - sisekelo, ngokwesibonelo, wawulindelwe ngaphambi kokwamukelwa kwaleyoncwadi, ngaphambi kuka - 1789, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zase zizishintshile kakade izenzo zomthetho ezazingqubuzana nomthetho - sisekelo wombuso, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, oFata abaningi abaFundiswayo babelindele ukuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ithathe lendima ngokuqondene noMthetho - sisekelo; u - Alexander Hamilton noJames Madison, babebonise ukubaluleka kokubukezwa komthetho kuyi - Federalist Papers, eyayikhuthaza ukwamukela uMthetho - sisekelo.

Marbury v. Madison: Ukumisa iRegacy Review

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kukahulumeni kwamiswa esinqumweni esiphawulekayo sikaMarbury v. Madison, isinqumo sokuqala seNkantolo Ephakeme sokuqeda isenzo soMkhandlu njengomthetho ongekho emthethweni, ngomugqa odumile ovela kuMahluleli Omkhulu uJohn Marshall: "Kuyisibopho esiqinile soMnyango Wezokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini." Lesi sinqumo sa-1803 saguqula indima ye-jaji likahulumeni eMelika.

Isimiso sokuhlola kokwahlulela samiswa ngokuqinile ecaleni eliyingqophamlando uMarbury v. Madison ngo-1803, lapho uMahluleli Omkhulu uJohn Marshall aqinisekisa khona indima yeNkantolo njengomchazi wokugcina woMthetho-sisekelo. Imibono kaMarshall yamisa ukuthi izinkantolo kumelwe zichaze futhi zisebenzise uMthetho-sisekelo lapho zinquma, futhi lapho umthetho ungqubuzana noMthetho-sisekelo, uMthetho-sisekelo kumelwe unqobe.

Izinga Nokubaluleka Kokubukeza Ukwahlulela

Indima eyinkimbinkimbi yeNkantolo ePhakeme kulesimiso isuka egunyeni layo kuya ephuculweni umthetho noma izenzo zezikhulu, esazicabangelayo isahlulelo, ephikisana nomthetho-sisekelo, naleligunya "lomthetho" linike iNkantolo umthwalo obalulekile elungelweni lomuntu ngamunye oqinisekisayo, kanye nasekulondolozeni "Umthetho-sisekelo ophilayo" o amalungiselelo awo aqhubeke esetshenziswa ezimweni ezintsha eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Igunya elaziwayo kakhulu leNkantolo Ephakeme ukubukeza kokwahlulela, noma ikhono leNkantolo lokumemezela isenzo somthetho noma sokuphatha ngokuphula uMthetho-sisekelo. Lombuso uhlanganisa kokubili imithetho kahulumeni nombuso, kanye nezenzo zokuphatha kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni.

Impinda yokwahlulela ibhekisela egunyeni leNkantolo Ephakeme lokuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. nemithetho noma izenzo ezilulazayo ebheka njengengenagunya. Leligunya lenza iNkantolo Ephakeme ibe umsizi wokugcina wencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, nakuba izinqumo zayo kungathiwa zingangaqondwa ngenqubo yokulungisa umthetho-siseko.

Ukubukezwa Kwemithetho Kahulumeni

Amandla eNkantolo Ephakeme okubukeza imithetho kahulumeni nezinqumo zenkantolo yezwe aye abaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni ukuvumelana kwesizwe ekuchazeni umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Ngokungafani nesimiso somthetho-mthetho waseBrithani, esingaliqapheli igunya elizimele lomthetho-sisekelo, isimiso se-U.S. sivumela iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba ikhiphe kokubili imithetho kahulumeni nombuso engekho ngokwemithetho.

Amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela aye aboniswa kulokhu kuhlela okusekelwe kulendlela elandelayo yokucabanga: Kuwumsebenzi ongokwemvelo wezinkantolo ukunquma umthetho osebenzayo kunoma iliphi icala, iSupremacy Claus ithi "[t] uMthetho-sisekelo wakhe" ngu-"mthetho wezwe," futhi ngakho-ke uMthetho-sisekelo uyimthetho oyisisekelo we-United States. Lokhu kuveza ukuthi uma imithetho kahulumeni iphikisana noMthetho-sisekelo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni kumelwe ziqhube umthetho-sisekelo njengomthetho ophakeme.

Indima YeNkantolo Ephakeme Kuhulumeni WaseMelika

INkantolo Ephakeme inendima ebalulekile esimisweni sethu sikahulumeni somthetho - sisekelo: Okokuqala, njengenkantolo ephakeme kunazo zonke ezweni, iyinkantolo yokugcina efuna ubulungisa; okwesibili, ngenxa yamandla ayo okuhlaziya ukwahlulela, ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni liqaphela imingcele yamandla alo siqu.

Okwesithathu, ivikela amalungelo nenkululeko yomphakathi ngokushaya imithetho ephula uMthetho - sisekelo; ekugcineni, ibeka imingcele efanele kuhulumeni wentando yeningi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu adumile awakwazi ukukhipha imithetho elimazayo futhi noma asebenzise kabi amaqembu amancane angathandwa, futhi empeleni, iqinisekisa ukuthi imibono eshintshayo yeningi ayizilulazi izindinganiso eziyisisekelo ezivamile kuwo wonke amaMelika, okungukuthi, inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yenkolo, nenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.

Ukugcina Kwezinqumo Zenkantolo Ephakeme

Nokho, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ishaya umthetho ngempikiswano yomthetho-mthetho, ukuthi isahlulelo sisokugcina; izinqumo zayo zingashintshwa kuphela ngenqubo esetshenziswayo yokulungisa umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo noma ngesinqumo esisha seNkantolo, lapho ichaza umthetho, kungathathwa isinyathelo esisha sokulawula. Lomehluko phakathi kwencazelo yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nemithetho ubalulekile ekuqondeni indima yeNkantolo esimisweni sezokuhlola nokulinganisa.

Izikhalo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngemibuzo ephathelene nomthetho - sisekelo zibopha ekugcineni futhi zibopha zonke ezinye izinkantolo neziphathimandla zikahulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingohulumeni noma uhulumeni.

Ubuntu Obuyingqayizivele Bokubukezwa Kokwahlulela KwaseMelika

INkantolo Ephakeme "ihlukile eMelika emqondweni nasemsebenzini," njengoba uMahluleli Omkhulu uCharles Evans Hughes aphawula, futhi zimbalwa ezinye izinkantolo emhlabeni ezinegunya elifanayo lokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo futhi ayikho eye yawusebenzisa isikhathi eside noma inethonya elikhulu. Lesisikhundla esiyingqayizivele sibonisa ukuzinikela kwaseMelika ekubhaleni umthetho-sisekelo kanye nokubusa komthetho.

Ama - check Nokulinganisela Esimisweni Somthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ekuqoqeni amandla amaningi kakhulu. Igatsha ngalinye linamathuluzi akhethekile okuhlola izenzo zamanye, lakha ukulinganisela okunamandla okuvikela inkululeko kuyilapho lenza ukubusa kube okuphumelelayo.

Ukuhlolwa Kwemithetho Egunyani Eliphethe

UKhomishane unezindlela eziningana ezibalulekile zokuhlola amandla okuphatha. Ngalé kwegunya lokudlula ama-vetoe aphethe umongameli anenani eliphindwe kabili, iSigele sinegunya elikhethekile lokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli ejajini likahulumeni, izikhundla zekhatheyini, namanye amahhovisi aphezulu. ISigele sinomthwalo okhethekile womthetho ngokomthetho wokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli nokuvunyelwa kwezivumelwano ezithile.

UKhongolose futhi ulawula uhlelo lwezimali lukahulumeni ngamandla akhe okuhlela, unqume indlela izimali zikahulumeni ezisetshenziswa ngayo futhi ngaleyondlela uthonye izinto eziza kuqala nemisebenzi yalo yobubonisi. Ngemisebenzi yayo, iSishaya - mthetho singahlola imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe, siphathe izikhalo, futhi sifune ukwaziswa okuvela kubaphathi abaphethe.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Amandla Okulawula

Igunya likaMongameli lisebenza njengesehlo esiyinhloko sokuhlola kwegunya lomthetho. Nakuba uMkhandlu ungayidlulisa i-veto, imfuneko ephindwe ka-3 thiyons yenza lokhu kube nzima, inikeza uMongameli ithonya elikhulu enqubweni yomthetho. Ngokuvamile abameli basebenzisa usongo lwe-veto ekulungiseni umthetho phakathi nokuthuthuka kwawo, ikhuthaza uMkhandlu ukuba usebenzise izikweletu zemisebenzi.

UMongameli uthonya futhi uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho ngekheli leSizwe se-Union kanye nezinye izindlela zokuxhumana ne-Congress. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, '' ukuxhumana ngokubulala' kuye kwaba umthombo omkhulu wezicelo zomthetho, futhi ukuxhumana ngokuvamile kuyindlela yomyalezo noma incwadi evela kwilungu leSigqekezo soMongameli, inhloko yenhlangano ezimele, noma uMongameli ngokwakhe, ukudlulisa umbiko wesivumelwano esihlongozwayo kuMmeli weNdluleki yeSigebengu noMongameli weSigele.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Amagatsha Ezombangazwe

Amandla ejaji lokuhlola kokwahlulela asebenza njengenhlolo - hlola kokubili amagatsha omthetho nabaphathi. Amagatsha kahulumeni aphethe nawabezomthetho abophekile futhi ukwenza imisebenzi yawo ngokunaka okukhulu izimiso zomthetho-mthetho, futhi namanje, lapho noma yiziphi izenzo zamagatsha aphethe noma awezomthetho zibekelwe inselele ezinkantolo, igatsha lokwahlulela linegunya lokunquma ukuthi yini engokomthetho.

Ukufaneleka kokubukezwa kokwahlulela okunjalo kuye kwamiswa ngokubekwa komthetho - sisekelo ophakeme, odinga ukuba yonke imithetho edluliswa eUnited States ivumelane noMthetho - sisekelo Wesizwe, ukuzimisela okungenakuba nakufezeka uma kwenziwa yindikimba efanayo eyamisa umthetho ocatshangelwayo, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziya kokwahlulela nakho kunikeza amandla amakhulu aphikisanayo, ukuze igatsha likahulumeni elilodwa elinezisebenzi ezingangaphansi kwesimo sezombangazwe esikhona noma izithakazelo ezikhethekile likwazi ukuchaza imithetho nezenzo zezikhulu ngokweMithetho.

Ukubaluleka Kokugxila Ezweni

Iqiniso lokuthi isiphakamiso asinakuba umthetho ngaphandle kokucatshangelwa nokuvunyelwa yizo zombili iziNdlu Zomthetho liwubuhle obuvelele besimiso sethu somthetho esinemithetho emisiwe, futhi ingxoxo esobala negcwele enikezwa ngaphansi koMthetho - sisekelo ngokuvamile iphumela ekuthuthukisweni okuphawulekayo kwemvume yecala ngokuyilungisa ngaphambi kokuba ibe umthetho noma ekunqotshweni ekugcineni kwesicelo esingalawuleki.

Isakhiwo se-bidamaral sifeza izinjongo eziningi esimisweni somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ucatshangelwa ngokucophelela ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene, nendlu emelela izigodi ezisekelwe emphakathini neSigele esimelela izifunda ngokulinganayo. Lokhu kucabangela okubili kusiza ekuvimbeleni umthetho othathela phambili noma ocatshangelwa kabi ukuba ungabi umthetho.

Imfuneko yesivumelwano se-bidamaral ivikela futhi ikhuthaza ukuvumelana komsebenzi wezindaba ezivamile futhi ikhuthaza ukuvumelana nolimi olufanayo. Ngenxa yokuthi womabili amakamu kumelwe avumelane nolimi olufanayo, abasekeli bomthetho kumelwe bakhe imifelandawonye ebanzi futhi baxazulule ukukhathazeka okuvela ezingxabanweni eziningi. Lenqubo, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ikhungathekisa labo abafuna isinyathelo esisheshayo, isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho inesisekelo esibanzi futhi ibhalwe kahle.

Ukulinganiselwa Komthetho - sisekelo Egunyeni Lobumbano

Nakuba uMkhandlu unegunya elikhulu lomthetho, uMthetho - sisekelo ubeka imingcele ebalulekile kulokho okungenziwa uMkhandlu.

Amandla Anamandla Nesimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iSishaya - mthetho amandla aqondile ahlelwayo kunokuba abe yigunya elivamile lomthetho. Nakuba lemibuso iye yachazwa kabanzi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi nge-Chommerce Claus no-Monity Clause, isimiso sisalokhu siwukuthi iSishaya - mthetho singaba nesisekelo kuphela ezindaweni lapho sinegunya lomthetho - sisekelo.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi esigciniwe esigcinwe ezindaweni yonke imibuso engaphathiswa uhulumeni kahulumeni, ilondoloza indima yohulumeni bezwe esimisweni sikahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwegunya phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni, abaziwa ngokuthi uhulumeni, kuyisici esiyisisekelo somthetho - sisekelo waseMelika izinkantolo eziwuphoqelelayo ngokuhlola kokwahlulela.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Nabantu Ngabodwa

ISivumelwano sama - Rights kanye nokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo okulandelayo kubeka imingcele ebalulekile kulokho okungenziwa uMkhandlu, ngisho nalapho usebenza phakathi kwemibuso yawo ebalayo. UMkhandlu awunakumisa imithetho ephula inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yenkolo, ilungelo lenqubo efanele, noma amanye amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo. Izinkantolo zigcizelela lokhu ngokuphula imithetho ephula isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo.

Lezi sivikelo somthetho-sisekelo siqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nezikhulu ezithandwayo azinakusebenzisa inqubo yomthetho ukuze ziphule amalungelo ayisisekelo. Lesi sici esiphikisanayo soMthetho-sisekelo sibonakalisa ukukhathazeka kwabenzi bemithetho ngobushiqela beningi nokuzimisela kwabo ukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Indima Yezinkolo Nezobuholi Bezombangazwe

Isenzo sombuso sihlongozwa futhi siqondiswe abaholi beqembu egunjini ngalinye, abaye bakhethwa amalungu eqembu labo siqu. Ukuhola kweqembu kufeza indima ebalulekile ekuhleleni inqubo yokushaya umthetho, ukubeka izinto eziza kuqala, nokwakha imifelandawonye ukuze kubekwe umthetho.

ENdlu, uSpeaker unamandla aphawulekayo ekuhleleni izinqumo zomthetho, enquma ukuthi iziphi izikweleti ezithathwayo futhi zithonywe ngezabelo zamakomiti. ESigele, uMholi weMajority unamandla aphansi kodwa usafeza indima ebalulekile ekuhleleni umthetho nasekulungiseni izivumelwano phakathi kwabameli.

Abaholi beqembu basebenzela ukuthuthukisa iziphakamiso zeqembu labo zomthetho eziza kuqala kuyilapho futhi belawula imibono ehlukene phakathi kwezindawo zabo zokuhlela. Kumelwe balinganisele izidingo zamaqembu ahlukene, baphendule ezikhathazayo, futhi basebenzise imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi ebusa igumbi ngalinye.

Ukwakhiwa Kwekomiti Nokuqashwa

Wonke amakomiti abekwa isihlalo yilungu leqembu elikhulu, nakuba izihlalo zivame ukusebenza eduze nelungu eliphezulu lekomiti, ilungu elikhulu kunawo wonke leqembu elincane ekomitini, futhi cishe kuzo zonke izimo, isilinganiso seqembu elikhulu kumalungu eqembu elincane ekomitini sibonisa ngokudabukisayo isilinganiso seqembu elihlukene kulo lonke igumbi lokuhlangana.

Isimiso sekomiti sivumela ukuba amaKhomishane athuthukise ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. amalungu amaKomiti nezisebenzi bagxila kakhulu esikhathini sabo ekuhleleni nasekucabangeleni iziphakamiso zomthetho, kodwa amakomiti ahlanganyela kweminye imisebenzi, futhi aqondisa amagatsha aphethe, aphenye izindaba zomphakathi, futhi aqule izikhalo ukuze aqoqe ukwaziswa futhi akhe ukusekela komphakathi izinyathelo zomthetho.

Lokhu kuhlukana kwezisebenzi kwenza iziKhongolo-khampani zikwazi ukusingatha umthetho wanamuhla omkhulu noyinkimbinkimbi. Kunokuba ilungu ngalinye lifune ukuba uchwepheshe kunoma isiphi isiphi isiphi isimo, amalungu angathembela emsebenzini wekomiti yabanye kuyilapho egxila emizamweni yazo ezindaweni ezinesithakazelo noma ezibalulekile kubantu abawamele.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Enqubweni Yomthetho

Lesivikelo somthetho - sisekelo siqinisekisa ilungelo lokucela isicelo ngeSichibiyelo Sokuqala kuMthetho - sisekelo ngokuthi izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela enqubweni yokushaya umthetho ngokudlulisela imibono yazo kubameleli bazo nangokusekela ukumiswa kwemithetho.

Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi kunezizindlela eziningi, kusukela ezincwadini nezingcingo, kuya emikhankasweni ehleliwe yokukhuthaza ukuhlasela nokushaya utshani. Amakomiti alalela anikeza amathuba angokomthetho okufaka umphakathi, avumela ochwepheshe, abafaki bemali, nezakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba zifakazele ngomthetho ohlongozwayo. Lokhu kufakwa komphakathi kuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ubonakalisa izidingo nezinkathazo zabantu ozothinta.

Ukubonakala kwenqubo yomthetho, nokuqulwa kwamacala, imibiko ekhishwa yikomiti, namavoti aqoshiwe, kwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuqaphela izenzo zabameleli bazo futhi zibone ukuthi banecala. Lokhu kulandisa kubalulekile ekumeleni idemokrati, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe ziyaqhubeka zisabela kumalungu azo.

Ukuziphendukela Kwencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo iye yashintsha ngokuphawulekayo phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka, ibonisa ukushintsha kwezimo zezenhlalo, izinselele ezintsha, namafilosofi okwahlulela ashintshayo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasungula izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza umthetho - sisekelo, ngamunye unemiphumela ehlukene yokuthi uMthetho - sisekelo uqondwa futhi usetshenziswa kanjani.

Ukuzisungulela Kwabantu Ngaphambili Nobufundisi Obuphilayo

Abanye abahluleli nezazi basekela ubuProfethi bokuqala, obufuna ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala yomphakathi ngesikhathi sokuhlaziywa. Lendlela igcizelela ukuthembeka embhalweni nasezinhloso zabahleli, iphikisa ngokuthi ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo kufanele luvele ngenqubo yokulungisa kunokuchaza kabusha kokwahlulela.

Abanye basekela ubuPystina obuphila ngomthetho-sisekelo, obubheka uMthetho-sisekelo njengencwadi evumelana nezimo okumelwe ivumelaniswe nezimo ezishintshayo. UMahluleli omkhulu uMarshall waveza inselele iNkantolo Ephakeme ebhekene nayo ekulondolozeni uhulumeni okhululekile ngokuphawula: "Akumelwe nanini sikhohlwe ukuthi uwumthetho-sisekelo esiwuchazayo . . ... uhloselwe ukukhuthazela iminyaka eminingi ezayo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukuze ivumelaniswe nezinkinga ezihlukahlukene zezindaba zabantu." Lombono ugcizelela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezibanzi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo ezimweni ezintsha ezingalindelekile ngabahleli bemithetho.

Ukuthatha Icala Nokuzithiba

Isilinganiso nokuhlola kokwahlulela kuye kwaba yizihloko zempikiswano eqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokulinganisela phakathi komthetho wokwahlulela nomthetho ozilawulayo. Izenzo zokwahlulela zibhekisela ekuzimiseleni ukushaya imithetho nokugumbuqela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho ukuvimbela kokwahlulela kugcizelela ukuthobela amagatsha ezombangazwe nokunamathela ezibonelweni ezilandelanayo.

Abameleli bezenzo zokwahlulela baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo kumelwe zivikele amalungelo omthetho ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kungathandwa, kuyilapho abasekeli bokuzinqanda bephikisa bephikisa ngokuthi abahluleli abangahleliwe akufanele bathathele isahlulelo sabo esikhundleni sezikhulu ezikhethwe ngentando yeningi ngaphandle kwalapho kusobala ukuthi ziphulwa umthetho.

Icala Eliyisibonakaliso EMthethweni Womthetho - sisekelo

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, izinqumo ezithile zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zathonya ngokuyisisekelo umthetho womthetho - sisekelo nomphakathi waseMelika. Lamacala aphawulekayo abonisa indlela ukuchaza kokwahlulela okuthonya ngayo incazelo nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo.

Ngalé kwe-Marbury v. Madison, eyasungula ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, amanye amacala abalulekile aye aphendula imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana namandla kahulumeni, amalungelo omuntu ngamunye, nobuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni nezakhamuzi. Lezi zinqumo zibonisa ithonya elikhulu incazelo yokwahlulela engaba nalo emthethweni nasemphakathini.

Izincazelo zeNkantolo ziye zakhuluma ngezindaba ezisukela kububanzi bamandla ezentengiselwano kahulumeni kuya encazelweni yokuvikela okulinganayo, kusukela ekulinganisweni kwenkululeko yokukhuluma kuya ezidingweni zenqubo efanele. Isinqumo ngasinye sinezela ekuthuthukisweni komthetho-sisekelo okuqhubekayo, sakhela ezibonelweni zesikhathi lapho sisabela ezinkingeni ezintsha nasezimweni zezenhlalo ezishintshayo.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kokuchaza Imithetho Nomthetho - sisekelo

Izinkantolo zichaza kokubili imithetho noMthetho-sisekelo, kodwa lezi zindlela ezimbili zokuchaza ziyahluka ngezindlela ezibalulekile. Lapho izinkantolo zichaza imithetho, zifuna ukuthola ukuthi isiphi isiKhongolo esihloselwe iSishaya-mthetho nokuthi ulimi olungokomthetho lusebenza kanjani ezimweni ezithile. Uma uMkhandlu ungavumelani nencazelo yenkantolo engokomthetho, kungadlulisa umthetho omusha ukuze kucaciswe noma kushintshwe umthetho.

Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho, ngokuphambene, kunzima kakhulu ukuyilawula. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo kudinga izikhulu ezinkulu ezisemkhandlwini nakwakhiweni ngezinqumo ezintathu kwezine zesifundazwe, izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme ziphela ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokuba iNkantolo ngokwayo iziphendule kamuva. Lokhu kunikeza incazelo ekhethekile yemithetho-mthetho-sisekelo futhi kwenza ukuqanjwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme kube yindaba yesithakazelo esikhulu sezombangazwe.

Ukumiswa Nokuqinisekiswa Kwamajaji Abamasahluleli AbangamaFederal

Inqubo yokumisa amajaji kahulumeni ibonisa isimiso somthetho-mthetho sokuhlola nokulinganisela. UMongameli umisa amajaji, kodwa iSigele kumelwe sibaqinisekise. Lokhu kwahlanganyela umthwalo wemfanelo kuqinisekisa ukuthi amagatsha aphethe nawabendlu yemithetho anendima ekulolongeni ijaji likahulumeni.

Ngaphambi kokuba ikomiti ithathe isinyathelo sokukhipha isiqu, ikomiti ingaqunga icala lapho ummeli ephendula imibuzo ebhekiswe emalungwini ekomiti, ukufushaniswa kwemisho kusempikiswaneni engenamkhawulo esitezi seSigele, futhi inqubo yokukhubaza ivame ukusetshenziswa ukufinyelela ukuvota ekuhlolweni, futhi ukuvuselelwa kwemibuzo eminingi kudinga ukuvota kwabanezinhlangothi ezintathu zeSigele, njengoba kuchazwe ekuqaleni, kodwa ihlule lingabizwa ngomnyango ovamile.

Inqubo yokuqinisekisa iye yaqala ukuphikisana emashumini eminyaka amuva, ikakhulukazi eNkantolo Ephakeme. Abahlaziyi bahlola amafilosofi okwahlulela, izinqumo zangaphambili, nemibono yezindaba eziphikisanayo. Lokhu kuhlola kubonisa ukuqaphela ukuthi ukumiswa kwamacala, ikakhulukazi eNkantolo Ephakeme, kungamisa umthetho womthetho wemithetho ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.

Ukubaluleka Kokuchaza Ngokomthetho

Imfundiso yokubheka, esho "ukuma ngokwezinto ezinqunyiwe," inendima ebalulekile emthethweni waseMelika. Ngaphansi kwale mfundiso, izinkantolo zilandela izinqumo zazo siqu zangaphambi kwecala kanye nezasezinkantolo eziphakeme lapho zinquma amacala afanayo. Lokhu kunamathela kumthetho kuthuthukisa ukuqina, ukubikezela, nokungaguquguquki komthetho.

Nokho, isibonelo asisona esiphelele. Izinkantolo zingazigumbuqela futhi zigumbuqele izinqumo zangaphambi kokuba ziphethe lezozinqumo zanqunywa ngokungalungile noma zaba ezingasebenzi. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaziguqula ezayo izicaba ezicatshangelwe ezingokomlando ezisingatha izindaba ezisukela ekuhlukaniseni kwesimiso ukuya kumalungelo abantu ngabanye. Lokhu kushintsha kubonisa ukuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo iyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, nakuba ukusekela inqubo yezenzakalo kunikeza ukuqhubekeka okubalulekile.

Ukuqondisa Nokugcwalisa Inhlangano

Lapho umthetho usumisiwe, uMkhandlu unelungelo nomthwalo wemfanelo wokunikeza ukumiswa kwezimiso, futhi amakomiti awo ahola. lomsebenzi wokwengamela uqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano eziphethe amagatsha zimisa imithetho njengenjongo yeSishaya - mthetho futhi zisebenzise izimali ezifanele.

Ikomiti inganikeza izikhulu izikhulu izikhulu ngemithetho, futhi itusa izinguquko emithethweni. Lokhu kuqondisa okuqhubekayo kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho ifeza izinjongo zayo nokuthi amandla aphethe asetshenziswa ngendlela efanele.

Indima KaMongameli Enqubweni Yomthetho

Nakuba uMkhandlu wenza imithetho, uMongameli ufeza indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokushaya umthetho ngaphandle kokumane nje usayine noma ukhiphe izikweletu.

Ikheli likaMongameli weSizwe se-Union linikeza ithuba laminyaka yonke lokuchaza izinto eziza kuqala zemithetho kanye nokusekela komphakathi ezinyatheloni ezithile. Omongameli futhi basebenzisa iziyalezo zezikhulu, izimemezelo, namanye amathuluzi ukuze bathonye isimiso, nakuba lezizenzo zingaphansi kokulinganisela okungokomthetho nomthetho-sisekelo futhi zingabekelwa inselele enkantolo.

Omongameli banamuhla baye basungula imisebenzi emikhulu yokuhlanganisa izishaya-mthetho phakathi kweWhite House, nezisebenzi ezinikezelwe ekusebenzeni noMkhandlu ohlela ukumiswa kwemithetho kaMongameli. Lobubukho bamandla bubonisa indima eyinhloko yempumelelo yemithetho ekufezeni umongameli nefa.

Ubumbano Nobuhlobo Phakathi Komthetho Wesifunda NowoMbuso

UMthetho - sisekelo umisa isimiso sikahulumeni lapho kokubili uhulumeni wesizwe nohulumeni bezwe benegunya eliphawulekayo.Ukuqonda indlela imithetho eyenziwa futhi ichazwe ngayo kudinga ukuqonda lesi simiso sikahulumeni nendlela umthetho kahulumeni nowombuso osebenza ngayo.

USupremacke uveza ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, nezivumelwano ziyimithetho ephakeme yezwe, okusho ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni ephikisana nomthetho kahulumeni osemthethweni incishisiwe. Nokho, imibuso igcina igunya elibanzi lokumisa ezindaweni ezingalawulwa umthetho kahulumeni, futhi imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni inganikeza isivikelo esikhulu kakhulu samalungelo abantu kunomthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke ofunwayo.

Lesi sakhiwo sikahulumeni sidala ubunkimbinkimbi kodwa futhi sivumela ukuhlola nokuhlukahluka kokubusa. Amazwe angasebenza njenge "imisebenzi yentando yeningi," ezama izindlela ezihlukahlukene zezimiso. Ukusungulwa kwezwe okuphumelelayo kungakhuthaza ukumiswa kwemithetho kahulumeni noma ukutholwa kwamanye amazwe, kuyilapho ukuhlola kuhlulekile ukunikeza izifundo eziqaphile.

Ithonya Lokuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo Emzamweni

Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zinethonya elibalulekile emphakathini, hhayi kubameli nakumajaji kuphela.

Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zakhuluma ngezinye zezindaba eziphikisana kakhulu nezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, kuhlanganise nobugqila, ukwahlukaniswa kwezinhlanga, umthetho wezomnotho, amalungelo okuzala, amalungelo okuvota, nenqubo yobugebengu. Lezi zinqumo ngokuvamile zibangela impikiswano enkulu, okubonisa ukungavumelani okukhulu ngencazelo engokomthetho - sisekelo nangendima efanele yokwahlulela.

Izincazelo zeNkantolo azithonyi nje kuphela imfundiso engokomthetho kodwa futhi nezinhlangano zezenhlalo, izimpikiswano zezombangazwe, nokuqonda okungokwesiko amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo. Ngaleyondlela umthetho womthetho-mthetho usebenza kokubili njengesisekelo esingokomthetho nephuzu eliyinhloko lezingxoxo ezibanzi ngezindinganiso nezimiso zaseMelika.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwesimiso Sanamuhla

Nakuba isimiso saseMelika sokwenza umthetho nokuchaza sekukhuthazelele amakhulu amabili eminyaka, sibhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo nokugxekwa. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi inqubo yomthetho iye yephuza kakhulu futhi yaqiniswa, yenza kube nzima ukuxazulula izinkinga eziphuthumayo. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlola kokwahlulela kunikeza abahluleli abangahlelwanga amandla amakhulu kakhulu ekwenzeni izinqumo zentando yeningi.

Ukukhathazeka ngokuhlukaniswa kwabantu, ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe, nokuncipha kwentengiselwano yomphakathi kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi lesi simiso sifeza izidingo ezinjani. Izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngendlela yokulinganisela izindinganiso eziphikisanayo njengokuphumelela nokuzicabangela, ukubusa okuningi namalungelo amancane, ukuzinza nokuvumelana nezimo.

Lezi zinselele azizintsha, kodwa zona ngokwazo azivumelani ngezici eziningi zomklamo womthetho-sisekelo, futhi amaMelika aye aphikisana ngokuchazwa nokusetshenziswa okufanelekile kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo kuwo wonke umlando wesizwe. Isimo esiqhubekayo salezimpikiswano sibonisa kokubili ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokubusa kanye nokusebenza kwemibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Ikusasa Lokubusa Komthetho - sisekelo

Njengoba umphakathi waseMelika uqhubeka uguqula, izinselele ezintsha zizovivinya ukuvumelana nokuzimela kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo. Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisayo, ukushintsha kwenani labantu, ukuxhumana kwembulunga yonke, nezinselele zenqubo ezintsha zizodinga ukuba abamisi-mthetho nabahluleli basebenzise izimiso zomthetho ezimweni abahleli be-fream bangacabanganga ngazo.

Isakhiwo esiyisisekelo esimiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo (ngo-"ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, uhulumeni, nokuvikela amalungelo omuntu ngamunye"inikeza uhlelo lokuxazulula lezinselele. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwalezizimiso okuqondile kuzoqhubeka kuguquka ngenqubo yomthetho nangencazelo yokwahlulela.

Ukuqonda indlela imithetho eyenziwa futhi ichazwe ngayo ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wase-US kubalulekile ukuze kube nezakhamuzi ezinolwazi nokuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Lolwazi lusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo nabameleli bazo, ziqonde izinqumo zenkantolo, futhi zifake iqhaza eziqhubekayo ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo nokusetshenziswa kwayo.

Izinkolo Eziyinhloko Esimisweni Somthetho - sisekelo

Inqubo yokwenza imithetho nokuchaza ihilela izinhlangano eziningana eziyinhloko, ngasinye esinezindima nemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile yomthetho - sisekelo:

  • Indlu yabameleli - imelela abantu abasekelwe emphakathini, isuka ezikweletini zemali, futhi ihlanganyela amandla alinganayo omthetho neSigele
  • Isigele - izimpawu zisho ngokulinganayo, iqinisekisa ukumiswa kukamongameli, ukuvumelana kwezivumelwano, futhi kuhlanganyela amandla alinganayo okumisa nendlu
  • UMongameli[ - Izimpawu noma i-vetoes wimessage, isikisela izinto eziza kuqala zomthetho, futhi imisa imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu
  • Inkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu – ichaza uMthetho-sisekelo nemithetho, ihlela ukubukeza kokwahlulela, futhi isebenza njengomsunguli wokugcina wencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo
  • Inkantolo ye-Lowder [[Federal Courts:1] - Sebenzisa umthetho kahulumeni emacaleni akhethekile, ukuchaza imithetho nezimiso, futhi kungamisa imithetho engekho ngokomthetho enqubweni ecubungulayo yeNkantolo Ephakeme
  • [ AmaKomiti akwa-Rongitution - Ubuchwepheshe obusemkhakheni othile wezimiso, ukubukeza umthetho ohlongozwayo, ukuphathwa, nokugcinwa kwecala
  • Izigaba zesifunda-Ohulumeni – Ukuvivinya umzimba okugcinelwe amandla ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi, ukufeza izinhlelo zikahulumeni, futhi kunganikeza isivikelo esikhulu kunomthetho kahulumeni odinga

Imithombo Yemfundo Eqhubekayo

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe mayelana nendlela imithetho enziwa futhi ichazwe ngayo ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wase-US, kunemithombo eminingi. I-Library yewebhusayithi ye-Congress inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngenqubo yomthetho, kuhlanganise neziqondiso ezinemininingwane kanye nezinto zokufundisa. Iwebhusayithi yeNkantolo esemthethweni yeNkantolo [[ inikeza ukufinyelela kwemibono, izimpikiswano zomlomo, kanye nemithombo yemfundo ngegatsha lokwahlulela.

I- Inqolobane yesizwe [ igcina imibhalo engokomlando nemisebenzi yemfundo ephathelene noMthetho-sisekelo nohulumeni waseMelika. Izinhlangano ze-Academic, izinqola zezengqondo, nezinhlangano zomphakathi zinikeza imithombo ewusizo yokuqonda umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nenqubo yemithetho.

Ukuhlanganyela nemithombo eyinhloko − ukufunda uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo, ukuhlola imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme, ukulandela izimpikiswano zomphakathi, nokufunda imibhalo engokomlando — kunikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngendlela isimiso somthetho - sisekelo saseMelika esisebenza ngayo. Lezi zincwadi zitholakala kalula kakhulu kuyi - Internet, okwenza kube lula kakhulu ngezakhamuzi ukuba zizifundise ngohulumeni wazo.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yokwenza nokuchaza imithetho ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo we-US ibonisa umklamo ocophelelayo wesimiso esilinganisela izindinganiso ezincintisanayo futhi sisakaza amandla phakathi kwezinhlangano eziningi. Inqubo yokushaya umthetho iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ihlolwa futhi isekelwe kabanzi ngaphambi kokumiswa, kuyilapho ukubukezwa komthetho-sisekelo kuvikela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo namalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Lesimiso siye sabonakala sihlala isikhathi eside futhi sivumelana nezimo ngokuphawulekayo, sisingatha izinselele kusukela eMpini Yombango kuya ekuwohlokeni Okukhulu Kwezomnotho kuya emzamweni wamalungelo omphakathi wamanje. Nakuba singaphelele, siye sanikeza uhlelo lokubusa kwentando yeningi oluvikela inkululeko kuyilapho senza ukuba kube nezenzo ezihlangene.

Ukuqonda lesi simiso kubalulekile ukuze sibe isakhamuzi esiphumelelayo eRepublic yentando yeningi. Ngokuqonda indlela imithetho enziwa futhi ichazwe ngayo, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela kangcono ekubuseni, zigcine abameleli bazo benecala, futhi zisekele umsebenzi oqhubekayo wentando yeningi yomthetho-sisekelo. UMthetho-sisekelo ungowabantu, futhi incazelo yawo kanye nesicelo sawo kuxhomeke ezakhamuzini ezifundile nezibolekile eziqonda futhi ezinokubaluleka komthetho sisekelo.