Ukubukeza Inqubo Yokwenza Inqubo:

Ukuqonda indlela imithetho enziwa ngayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela esebenza ngayo uhulumeni nendlela izinqumo ezithinta ngayo ukuphila kwansuku zonke eziqala ngayo. Inqubo yokwenza inqubo iguqula imiqondo, izinkinga, nemfuno yomphakathi ibe imithetho ephoqelelwe. Nakuba izinqubo eziqondile zihlukahluka ngokwezwe, ukuhluzeka okuyisisekelo kuhlala kungaguquki ngokuphawulekayo: phawula impikiswano, sungula ikhambi, impikiswano, futhi uma ivunyelwe, iwuguqula ube umthetho. Lesi sihloko siqeda uhambo kusukela enkingeni kuya ekunqumeni iqiniso, sichaza isigaba ngasinye ngezibonelo eziqinile futhi siqokomisa imidlalo eshintshayo.

Enhliziyweni yayo, ukwenza umthetho kuyindlela ehlelwe kahle yokuxazulula izinkinga. Izakhamuzi, amaqembu enzalo, amabhizinisi, noma izikhulu zikahulumeni ziveza igebe noma isidingo sezempilo ("njengesigungu sezempilo esingenele, iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile eziphelelwe isikhathi, noma usongo lokuvikela. Laba bahloli bahlolela ukusabela okucupheka ngokucophelelayo ngezinqubo zomthetho. Umkhiqizo wokugcina, uthwele izinga lokugcinwa kwemithetho futhi ubeke izindinganiso ezibophayo zokuziphatha. Ukuqaphela ngokugcwele lenqubo, kusiza ekuhloleni i-sclective of translation, kusukela ekutholeni kwayo, kuya ekusebenzeni kwayo nangalé kwayo.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala Siveza Ukwazi Nokuhlelwa Kwe - agenda

Iqophelo lokuqala liqala ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe noma isiphi isikweleti. Indaba kumelwe iqokonyiswe ngokwanele ukuba ibekwe ezihlokweni ezihleliwe zenqubo. Lokhu kungenzeka ngezindlela eziningi:

  • [[FLT: 0] IPublic Concern: Izindaba ezisakazekile, imikhankaso, noma imikhankaso yotshani iphoqa impikiswano ekuqashelweni. Ngokwesibonelo, inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi yabangela ukuba ubandlululo lobuhlanga luthathelwe phambili enkambisweni ye-U.S.
  • Imibiko yezemali noma ye-Commission: Ukuhlola ngokucabanga amathangi, izindikimba zesayensi, noma izikhomishane zikahulumeni kuqokomisa izinkinga ezifuna ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho. Inkinga yezezimali ka-2008 yaholela kwimibiko eminingi eyathi kamuva yazisa i-Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act.
  • [ Izinyathelo ezithatha isinyathelo: Omongameli, ababusi, noma amameya angamemezela izinto eziza kuqala futhi aqondise izinhlangano ukuba zifake iziphakamiso.
  • [ I-Acentium e-' I-Insenator noma ummeleli ufakwa ngokobuqu empikiswaneni futhi asebenzele ukwakha ukusekelana phakathi kwabangane.

I-Agenda iwubudlelwano nezombangazwe. Akuyona yonke inkinga ethatha isikhathi kuqala; isikhathi, imithombo, nezombangazwe okuzodingeka ngayo. Ukuze uhlole ngokujulile ukuthi izimpikiswano zifinyelela kanjani engxabeni ye-conoration, bheka i- Contralioneal Research Service ibika[ leyo elandela izihloko zenqubo yomphakathi.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Ukulungisa Ibhola

Lapho nje indaba isihleliwe, umsebenzi wobuchwepheshe uqala. Abenzi bomthetho (noma izisebenzi zabo) baveza umbhalo wesimemezelo. Ezindlini eziningi zezishaya-mthetho, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kusekelwa amahhovisi angochwepheshe njenge Office of Legislative Resource e-U.S. Congress, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ulimi lwencwadi lunembile futhi luzwakala ngokomthetho. I-drafting ihlanganisa:

  • Ukuqeda inkinga: Lemali iqala “ngenjongo” noma“ithola” ingxenye echaza ukuthi kungani umthetho udingeka.
  • [[QULT:0] Ukuhlukanisa i-Remedia: Iziqondiso ezicacile − njengokudala uhlelo olusha, ukuguqula imithetho ekhona, noma ukufaka intela(ukubhala) kulotshiwe.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ufaka imishini ephoqelelwayo: Ubani ozosebenzisa umthetho? Yiziphi izijeziso ezikhona ezingavumelani nomthetho? Iyiphi inkampani ethola imali?
  • Kuhlanganise izincazelo: amagama acacile avimbela ukungaqondakali kamuva. Ngokwesibonelo, isimemezelo esiphathelene “nokuhlola kogesi” kumelwe sichaze kahle ukuthi yini emboze leyo nto.

Abangenisi bezemboni, amaqembu agunyaza izigebengu, noma amanxusa kahulumeni, ngokuvamile banikeza umkhakha ngisho nangaphambi kokuba imvume iqaliswe ngokomthetho. Ezimisweni zephalamende njengeUnited Kingdom, izikweleti zikahulumeni ziboshelwa izisebenzi zomphakathi emnyangweni wezezimali, ngokuvamile zisebenza eduze nehhovisi lomfundisi. E-U.S., noma yiliphi ilungu lingasungula umthetho, kodwa obaluleke kakhulu usuka egatsheni lesikhulu noma eliphethe iqembu.

Isinyathelo Sesithathu: Isingeniso Nokufunda Okokuqala

Imali ibekwa ngokomthetho phambi kwendikimba yemithetho. Izimiso ze-bameral zenza i-congress (Indlu Nendlu) noma iPhalamende le-UK (Indlu Yamakhomu nendlu Yobukhosi). Imali ingaqala kunoma yiliphi igumbi, nakuba ezinye izikweleti zemali kumelwe ziqale endlini engezansi. Isethulo ngokuvamile singokomthetho: umthetho ufundwa ngokuzwakalayo (noma, emsebenzini wanamuhla, isihloko sawo singeniswe embhalweni) futhi sabelwe inani (umz. H.R. 1 noma S. 123). Lokhu kungena okungokomthetho kufaka izicelo futhi kwenza ukuba kuqondwe. Noma yiliphi ilungu lingasencwadi yokusekela uphawu.

Kuleliqophelo, lesi sikwethi asikaqashelwa. Kubhekiselwa ekomitini elifanele noma kumakomiti asekelwe ezindabeni. E-U.S., uMkhulumeli wendlu noma uMholi weSigele unikeza i-majornal, isinqumo esingathinta ngokuphawulekayo isiphetho semali (amakomiti obungane angase ayiqhubele phambili, nakuba aphikisayo engase ayingcwabe). E-UK, i-First Reading ihlelwe ngendlela esemthethweni; umsebenzi wangempela uqala ekufundeni kweSend Reary.

Isinyathelo 4: Ukubukeza Nezindlebe Zekomiti

Amakomiti alapho ama-soseji emithetho enziwa khona. Lokhu kuyisigamu esibucayi kakhulu ngoba amakomiti ahlunga izikweletu eziningi. Ikomiti evamile iyothi:

  • Bamba Ukuzwa:[ [ihlanganise ochwepheshe, izikhulu zikahulumeni, abameleli bezimboni, nezakhamuzi ezithintekile]. Izindlebe zingavuleka emphakathini futhi ziqoshwe noma zithuthelwe. Bakha umbhalo oyiqiniso wemali.
  • Phakamisa iBhili:[ amalungu amaKomiti asikisela ukulungisa, ushintsho lwengxoxo, kanye nokuvota ukuthi ubhali ungathumela yini egumbini eligcwele. Amaphawu alapho umbhalo ushintsha khona, ngezinye izikhathi ngokukakhulu kakhulu.
  • Umbiko weBill: Uma i-komiti ivunyelwe, ikhipha umbiko ochaza ukutusa kwayo kanye nemiphumela elindelekile yomthetho. Lombiko uvame ukuhlanganisa ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwengxenye ngengxenye.

Amakomiti anezihlalo ezinamandla ezilawula iziphakamiso. E-U.S., isihlalo sekomiti singase senqabe ukuhlela isikhwama sokucabangela, sibulale ngokuphumelelayo. Ezimisweni zephalamende, amakomiti amile anethonya futhi anamandla amancane okuvimbela izikweletu zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, eCanadian House of Commons, amakomiti angahlola izikweletu kodwa angakwazi ukuvimbela uhlelo lukahulumeni lwemithetho ngaphandle kwemiphumela ephawulekayo yezombangazwe.

Ukuze uhlole indlela amakomiti asebenza ngayo e-U.S., vakashela isikhulu .Gov ikhasi lekomiti, esibala wonke amakomiti nemisebenzi yawo.

Isinyathelo Sesihlanu: Impikiswano Nezingoma Ezigqamile

Ngemva kwekomiti ibika isikweletu, sifinyelela phansi egumbini ukuze kube nempikiswano egcwele.

  • Indlu yabameleli (U.S.): Impikiswano ilawulwa ngokuqinile yiKomiti yeMithetho, emisa imingcele yesikhathi futhi enquma ukuthi ikuphi ukubuyiselwa okunganikezwa. Indlu ngokuvamile isebenzisa “umthetho osondeleneyo” onqabela noma yiziphi izinguquko.
  • Senate (U.S.): Impikiswano ivame ukubangalingani, ivumela ama-filibuster ngaphandle kokuba i-rable ibizwa (kuvulwe amavoti angu-60). Abavoti banganikeza indawo evulekile yokulungisa, okuholela ezingxoxweni eziyinkimbinkimbi.
  • Indlu yama-Commons (UK):[ Ingxoxo yesibili yokufunda igxila ezimisweni zemali. Ngemva kwalokho, isaziso sidlulela ekomitini yendlu yonke noma ikomiti yemali yomphakathi ukuze ihlolwe ngomgca. Ukufunda kwesithathu kuyithuba lokugcina lokulungisa nokuvota.

Inkulumo-mpikiswano ye-Floor ifeza izinjongo eziningi: itshela abanye abashaya imithetho, ivumela umphakathi ukuba ubone izimpikiswano futhi uphikise, futhi inikeza amathuba okulungisa izikhawu zokugcina. Ukuqamba kulandela. Ezimisweni eziningi, iningi lalabo abakhona nabavotayo lanele, nakuba ezinye izinyathelo zidinga izimo ezinkulu kakhulu (umz., ukuguqula noma ukuphakamisa i-veto).

Isinyathelo 6: Ukucabangela Kwesinye Isigungu

Uma igumbi lesibili lidlula umlomo ngemishini yokulungisa, inqubo yokuxoxisana iqala. Inqubo ejwayelekile ihlanganisa:

  • [ Ikomiti yokuhlanganisa (U.S.): Ikomiti yesikhashana enamalungu asemagumbini womabili ihlangana ukuze kuvumelane nomehluko. Umphumela “umbiko wesivumelwano” kumelwe uvunyelwe ngawo womabili amagumbi ngaphandle kokulungisa.
  • Imiyalezo ye-Exchange (Izimiso ze-Parliamentism): E-UK, iNdlu yeSimiso nendlu yoMkhosi woPhinsho kuze kufinyelelwe isivumelwano, noma uMthetho wePhalamende (ezimweni ezilinganiselwe) uvumela iziNkathi ezivamile ukuba zithathe impikiswano yoMasters.
  • Imifantu phakathi kwezindlu (Australia): Izincwadi zingazinika i-everse, indlu ngayinye icabangela izihlongozo zomunye.

Abaholi bemithetho nezihlalo zamakomiti ngokuvamile baxoxa ngokwethukela ukuze bagweme i-logjam yengqungquthela.

Isinyathelo 7: Ukugunyazwa Noma Ukukhishwa Kweziqu

Uma amagumbi amabili esedlulise isikweleti esifanayo, sithunyelwa kumphathi-(_paderent, umbusi, noma umbusi ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo. Isikhulu sinezinketho eziningana:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Uphawu lwebhuloho:[[Umthetho:1] Iba umthetho ngokushesha noma ngosuku olucaciwe.
  • Ukuvotelwa kuBill: Umphathi uyibuyisela kundlu yomthetho ngempikiswano. E-U.S., kudingeka amavoti amabili-sithathu egumbini ngalinye ukuze athathe i-veto. Ezimisweni eziningi zephalamende, inhloko yezwe (umz., i-UK monarch) inendima engokwesiko futhi cishe njalo inikeza imvume yasebukhosini.
  • Pocket Veto (U.S.): Uma umongameli engasayini izindleko phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi lapho uMkhandlu ufushanisiwe, awuwubeki umthetho.
  • I-Item-line Veto (Enye i-Engizimu): Ezizweni ezithile zase-U.S., ababusi bangasho izinto ezithile ngaphandle kokwenqaba yonke izindleko. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. yashaya i-metain-metam-mesto ka-1998.

Ukuvunyelwa kwesikhulu akusona nje isitembu senjoloba. Abameli nababusi bavame ukuxoxa nabashaya umthetho phakathi nenqubo yokuhlela ukuphoqelelwa. Ezimisweni zephalamende, umphathi (ikhabinet) uyingxenye yendlu yomthetho, ngakho ukungezwani akuvamile, ngakho izindleko zikahulumeni cishe zisuke ziwumthetho njalo.

Isinyathelo 8: Kusukela EMthethweni Kuya Eqinisweni: Imithetho Nemithetho

Ukusayina isikweleti akukushintshi ngokushesha ukufezeka kwansuku zonke. Imithetho eminingi inikeza inxusa likahulumeni igunya lokubhala imithetho eningiliziwe egcwalisa izincazelo ezicacile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Ceac Air Act ayichazanga kahle ukuthi ingalinganiswa kanjani igesi ekhishwayo; i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) eyamisa imithetho ebophayo kamuva. Inqubo yokubuyisela imingcele ihlanganisa:

  • Ukwenza umthetho omisiwe: Izimo ze-APTS zinyathelisa isaziso sokwenza i-Proced Rulement (NPRM) eFederal Register noma iphephabhuku elingokomthetho elifanayo, limema ukukhulumela komphakathi.
  • [ Inkathi yokuphendula: Izakhamuzi, amabhizinisi, namaqembu anesithakazelo kunikeza ukuphazanyiswa. Izimo zokuphuthuma kudinga ukubheka lokhu kukhulumela futhi ziphendule ekubuseni kwazo kokugcina.
  • [ Ukubusa okuphakathi:[ Inhlangano ikhipha umthetho ngesethulo esiningiliziwe esichaza icebo layo. Umthetho unamandla omthetho.
  • [ Jodicial Review:[ Amaqembu athintekayo angabekela umthetho inselele enkantolo, aphikisa ngokuthi idlula igunya lenhlangano lomthetho noma aphule amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo.

Leliqophelo livame ukubizwa ngokuthi “i-quasi-legislative” ngoba ukwenza imithetho kufana nomthetho. Izimo zokusebenza kumelwe zilandele izinqubo ezimiswe yi-Administrative Procedure Act (U.S.) noma imithetho efanayo kwamanye amazwe. Ukuze uthole ukuthi iziqondiso zikahulumeni zenziwa kanjani, bheka iziphakamiso.gov ., lapho ungalandela khona imithetho ehlotshisiwe futhi unikeze iziphelo.

Isinyathelo Sesi - 9: Ukubhekisisa Nokuhlola

Lapho umthetho ususebenza, isishaya - mthetho negatsha eliphethe ihhovisi bahlola ukumiswa kwawo. Imisebenzi yokuqondisa ihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukulalela okungalawuleki: Amakomiti abiza izikhulu zezinhlangano ukuba zifakazele ngokugcinwa kwamandla nemiphumela.
  • Ihhovisi lobufakazi (GAO) Imibiko: IGAO, inhlangano ezimele e-U.S., ama-flugist nama-program.
  • Faka u-Claus:[ Eminye imithetho iphela ngokuzenzekelayo ngemva kwenkathi emisiwe ngaphandle kokuba ivunyelwe futhi yisishaya-mthetho. Lokhu kugunyaza ukuphinde kuphinde kuphinde kuphinde kucaciswe.
  • Ukuchaza kwe-judicial: Izinkantolo zichaza umthetho uma kuphakama izingxabano, ezingacacisa noma zifake isilinganiso somthetho wokuqala.

Uma umthetho ubonakala ungaphumeleli noma udala imiphumela engalindelekile, umjikelezo uqala kabusha: abaphethe i - nkinga bayazi ukuthi ikhona, bafune ukuguqula noma ukubuyisela, futhi isimiso sokwenza inqubo siqala. Lendalo enamandla iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ishintsha ngokushintsha kwezimo zezenhlalo nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe.

Ukwehlukahluka Kwezimiso Zezombangazwe

Nakuba lezi zigaba ezichazwe ngenhla zisebenza kabanzi, kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezimiso zomongameli nephalamende, izishaya - mthetho ezingobani nezika - bimameral, nohulumeni abahlangene:

  • Presidential Systems (umz., United States, Brazil):[ Umphathi uhlukene nendlu yomthetho, okuholela ezimpikiswaneni eziningi nasekuxoxisaneni. U-Veto ungokoqobo, futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuyashesha ushintsho.
  • Imithetho yokulungisa (umzk., United Kingdom, Germany, Japan):[ Isikhulu (ikhabinethi) sivela kumphathi wendlu yomthetho, ngakho izindleko zikahulumeni zidlula njalo. Ukugxila ekuyaleni kwangaphakathi nezivumelwano zomfelandawonye.
  • Unicameral Legislatures (umzk., Sweden, New Zealand, izifundazwe eziningi zase-U.S. ngaphandle kwe Nebraska): Igumbi elilodwa kuphela, ngakho lenqubo ilula kakhulu, ngakho kudingeka i-biyameral.
  • Izimiso ze-Federal (umz., U.S., Canada, eNdiya): igunya lokwenza imithetho lihlukaniswa phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni wezwe/iprovincial. Imali ingathinta indawo kahulumeni kuphela noma idinga ukubambisana phakathi kwamazinga.

Ukuze kufanelwe izinqubo zomthetho emhlabeni wonke, i-website yePhalamende UK inikeza iziqondisi ezibanzi zendlela isimiso seWestminster esisebenza ngayo, kuyilapho Library of Congress ukucwaninga kwezwe[ inikeza izici zezimiso zezombangazwe ezihlukene.

Isihluthulelo: Ukwakheka Kwesimiso Somthetho

Inqubo yokwenza inqubo akusona isenzakalo esisodwa kodwa umjikelezo oqhubekayo. Umthetho awuvamile ukuba ukuphela; uyingqophamlando engxoxweni eqhubekayo mayelana nendlela umphakathi okufanele ubuswe ngayo. Ukuqonda izigaba (ukusukela ekuhlelweni kwezinhlelo zokufeza nokuqondisa) /ams, izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokugcwele. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufakaza ekuzweni, unikeza ukukhulumela obala ngemithetho, noma ukuvota, ukuthatha isinyathelo ngasinye kuhlela ukuhlanganisa umjikelezo. Imithetho ayithathiwe i-scrensi; ikhona edinga ukunakwa njalo, uma kudingeka, futhi uma kudingeka, ilungiswe.

Ngokuqinisekisa izinyathelo, siyabona ukuthi ukushaya umthetho kuyafinyeleleka. Noma ubani angabhala phansi intuthuko yemali, afinyelele abameleli bayo, noma asekele ushintsho ngesenzo esihleliwe. Isimiso sivikela, njengokubukeza kwamakomiti nokwengamela kokwahlulela, kodwa sincike kubantu abanolwazi nabakhuthele ukuze basebenze kahle. Ngokuzayo uma uzwa ngenqubo entsha, cabangela ukuthi ihlalaphi kule nqubo, futhi ungasithonya kanjani isimo sayo sokugcina.